[1] Hein J R, Koschinsky A. Deep-ocean ferromanganese crusts and nodules[J]. Treatise on Geochemistry, 2014, 13: 273-291.
[2] Hein J R, Mizell K, Koschinsky A, et al. Deep-ocean mineral deposits as a source of critical metals for high-and green-technology applications: Comparison with land-based resources[J]. Ore Geology Reviews, 2013, 51: 1-14.
[3] Cormier R, Londsdale J. Risk assessment for deep sea mining: An overview of risk[J]. Marine Policy, 2020, 114: 103485.
[4] Cuyvers L, Berry W, Kristina G, et al. Deep seabed mining: A rising environmental challenge[M]. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN and Gallifrey Foundation, 2018: 74.
[5] Vanreusel A, Hilario A, Ribeiro P A, et al. Threatened by mining, polymetallic nodules are required to preserve abyssal epifauna[J]. Scientific Reports, 2016, 6: 26808.
[6] Gillard B, Purkiani K, Chatzievangelou D, et al. Physical and hydrodynamic properties of deep sea mining-generated, abyssal sediment plumes in the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (Eastern-central Pacific)[J]. Elements Science of the Anthropocene, 2019, 7(1): 5.
[7] ISA. Standardization of environmental data and information–development of guidelines[EB/OL]. Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Authority. (2001-06-25). https://www.isa.org.jm/documents/standardization-environmental-data-and-information-development-guidelines.
[8] ISA. Recommendations for the guidance of contractors for the assessment of the possible environmental impacts arising from exploration for marine minerals in the area[Z]. Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Authority, 2013. https://www.isa.org.jm/documents/isba19ltc8.
[9] 鲍根德. 太平洋北部铁锰结核富集区沉积物的元素地球化学特征[J]. 沉积学报,1990,8(1):45-55.

Bao Gende. Geochemistry of elements in sediments of the enrichment area of ferromanganese nodules from the Pacific[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1990, 8(1): 45-55.
[10] 陈圣源. 东太平洋多金属结核矿床地质[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1997:1-220.

Chen Shengyuan. The ore geology of polymetallic nodule in the East Pacific Ocean[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1997: 1-220.
[11] 金翔龙. 东太平洋多金属结核矿带海洋地质与矿床特征[M]. 北京:海洋出版社,1997:1-473.

Jin Xianglong. Marine geology and deposit characteristics of the polymetallic nodule ore belt in the eastern Pacific[M].Beijing: Ocean Press,1997: 1-473.
[12] 高素兰. 东太平洋深海沉积物元素地球化学特征及影响因素[J]. 黄渤海海洋,1997,15(4):23-30.

Gao Sulan. Elementary geochemical characters of deep-sea sediments and influencing factors in the East Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 1997, 15(4): 23-30.
[13] 付锋,郑洋,姚旭莹,等. 东太平洋CC区西区表层沉积物黏土矿物和地球化学特征[J]. 海洋学研究,2017,35(1):55-65.

Fu Feng, Zheng Yang, Yao Xuying, et al. Clay mineral and geochemical analysis of surface sediments in the western region of CC zone in the East Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Marine Sciences, 2017, 35(1): 55-65.
[14] 匡耀求,黄永样,钟和贤. 东太平洋海盆CC区沉积物因子分析揭示的沉积环境地球化学演化信息[J]. 中国地质,2004,31(3):325-331.

Kuang Yaoqiu, Huang Yongyang, Zhong Hexian. Clues to the geochemical evolution of the sedimentary environment as revealed by factor analysis of sediments in area CC of the East Pacific Oceanic Basin[J]. Geology in China, 2004, 31(3): 325-331.
[15] 刘彬昌,张守法,王永吉. 中太平洋北部沉积物中微量元素的地球化学[J]. 黄渤海海洋,1990,8(3):29-35.

Liu Binchang, Zhang Shoufa, Wang Yongji. Cepchemistry of minor elements in sediments from the north Mid-Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 1990, 8(3): 29-35.
[16] 刘季花,梁宏锋. 东太平洋表层沉积物中热液作用存在的记录[J]. 海洋地质动态,1996(9):4-6.

Liu Jihua, Liang Hongfeng. A record of the existence of hydrothermal action in the surface sediments of the East Pacific[J].Marine Geology Dynamics,1996(9):4-6.
[17] 孟宪伟,杜德文,孟毅. 东北太平洋东部CCB53孔沉积物Mn元素活化、迁移和沉淀与沉积环境演化的统一[J]. 矿物学报,1998,18(3):363-369.

Meng Xianwei, Du Dewen, Meng Yi. The unity between the remobilization, migration, deposition of Mn and the evaluation of sedimentary environment recorded by the CCB53 sediment core in northeastern Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 1998, 18(3): 363-369.
[18] 倪建宇,周怀阳,潘建明,等. 中国多金属结核开辟区沉积物中微量元素地球化学特征[J]. 地球化学,2002,31(1):71-77.

Ni Jianyu, Zhou Huaiyang, Pan Jianming, et al. Geochemistry of trace elements in sediments from the China Pioneer area, Northeast Equatorial Pacific Ocean[J]. Geochimica, 2002, 31(1): 71-77.
[19] 沈华悌. 中太平洋表层沉积物类型及其主要受控因素[J]. 东海海洋,1994, 12(4): 9-17.

Shen Huati. Types of surface sediments and its control factors in the Mid-Pacific Ocean basin[J]. Donghai Marine Science, 1994, 12(4): 9-17.
[20] 王汾连,何高文,王海峰,等. 中太平洋深海沉积物中元素组合特征及地质意义[J]. 海洋地质前沿,2016,32(7):11-18.

Wang Fenlian, He Gaowen, Wang Haifeng, et al. The element association characteristics and geological significance of deep-sea sediments in the central Pacific Ocean[J]. Marine Geology Frontiers, 2016, 32(7): 11-18.
[21] 王湘芹. 太平洋CC区多金属结核成矿元素迁移规律的界面地球化学研究[J]. 黄渤海海洋,1999,17(3):57-63.

Wang Xiangqin. Study on the geochemical migration laws of metallogenic elements at water-sediment interfaces during the metallogenic process of polymetallic nodules, in the CC area, Pacific Ocean[J]. Journal of Oceanography of Huanghai & Bohai Seas, 1999, 17(3): 57-63.
[22] 杨慧宁,沈桂海,陈永志. 多金属结核的沉积物地球化学场[J]. 岩石矿物学杂志,1996,15(4):307-315.

Yang Huining, Shen Guihai, Chen Yongzhi. Sediment geochemical field of polymetallic nodules[J]. Acta Petrologica et Mineralogica, 1996, 15(4): 307-315.
[23] 杨锐,李国胜,张洪瑞. 中太平洋CC区表层沉积物的地球化学[J]. 地质与资源,2007,16(3):200-208.

Yang Rui, Li Guosheng, Zhang Hongrui. Analysis on the geochemical characteristics and material origin of the surface sediments in the Mid-Pacific Ocean[J]. Geology and Resources, 2007, 16(3): 200-208.
[24] 周怀阳,叶瑛,沈忠悦,等. 东太平洋中国开辟区沉积物中热水活动的矿物学及地球化学证据[J]. 地球化学,2001,30(4):299-304.

Zhou Huaiyang, Ye Ying, Shen Zhongyue, et al. Mineralogical and geochemical evidences for hydrothermal activity found in surface sediments in the Chinese Pioneer area in the East Pacific[J]. Geochimica, 2001, 30(4): 299-304.
[25] Ni J Y, Zhou H Y, Pan J M, et al. Geochemical characteristics of sediments from the COMRA registered pioneer area (CRPA), equatorial northeastern Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 2001, 20(4): 553-561.
[26] 沈华悌. 中太平洋海盆表层沉积物及其与锰结核的关系[J]. 沉积学报,1986, 7(3):129-136.

Shen Huati. Surface sediments and relationship between it and manganese nodules in central Pacific Ocean basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1986, 7(3): 129-136.
[27] 黄永样,杨慧宁,匡耀求,等. 海底沉积物类型及其地球化学环境对多金属结核形成与分布的控制作用[M]. 武汉:中国地质大学出版社,1997:1-140.

Huang Yongyang, Yang Huining, Kuang Yaoqiu, et al. Controlling of the formation and ditribution for polymetallic nodules by the seafloor sediment type and its geochemical environment[M]. Wuhan: China University of Geosciences Press, 1997: 1-140.
[28] Chen S, Xu A Y. Geochemistry of manganese nodules in the northern Central Pacific[J]. Acta Oceanologica Sinica, 1986, 5(4): 543-551.
[29] 黄牧,刘季花,石学法,等. 东太平洋CC区沉积物稀土元素特征及物源[J]. 海洋科学进展,2014,32(2):175-187.

Huang Mu, Liu Jihua, Shi Xuefa, et al. Geochemical characteristics and material sources of rare earth elements in sediments from the CC area in the eastern Pacific Ocean[J]. Advances in Marine Science, 2014, 32(2): 175-187.
[30] 刘季花. 太平洋东部深海沉积物稀土元素地球化学[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,1992,12(2):33-42.

Liu Jihua. Geochemistry of REE of deep sea sediments in the East Pacific Ocean[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 1992, 12(2): 33-42.
[31] 任江波,姚会强,朱克超,等. 稀土元素及钇在东太平洋CC区深海泥中的富集特征与机制[J]. 地学前缘,2015,22(4):200-211.

Ren Jiangbo, Yao Huiqiang, Zhu Kechao, et al. Enrichment mechanism of rare earth elements and yttrium in deep-sea mud of Clarion-Clipperton region[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2015, 22(4): 200-211.
[32] 王汾连,何高文,孙晓明,等. 太平洋富稀土深海沉积物中稀土元素赋存载体研究[J]. 岩石学报,2016,32(7):2057-2068.

Wang Fenlian, He Gaowen, Sun Xiaoming, et al. The host of REE + Y elements in deep-sea sediments from the Pacific Ocean[J]. Acta Petrologica Sinica, 2016, 32(7): 2057-2068.
[33] 周世光. 中太平洋(CC区)海底沉积物中稀土元素的测试及其分布模式研究[J]. 海洋学报,1993,15(6):55-59.

Zhou Shiguang. The test of rare earth elements in submarine sediments in the central Pacific Ocean (CC Area) and research on their distribution models[J].Acta Oceanologica Sinica,1993,15(6):55-59.
[34] 朱克超,任江波,王海峰,等. 太平洋中部富REY深海粘土的地球化学特征及REY富集机制[J]. 地球科学,2015,40(6):1052-1060.

Zhu Kechao, Ren Jiangbo, Wang Haifeng, et al. Enrichment mechanism of REY and geochemical characteristics of REY-Rich pelagic clay from the central Pacific[J]. Earth Science, 2015, 40(6): 1052-1060.
[35] Maciag Ł, Zawadzki D. Spatial variability and resources estimation of selected critical metals and rare earth elements in surface sediments from the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone, Equatorial Pacific Ocean, Interoceanmetal Claim area[C]//Proceedings of the 20th annual conference of the international association for mathematical geosciences. State College, Pennsylvania, USA, 2019: 174-178.
[36] Volz J B, Mogollon J M, Geibert W, et al. Natural spatial variability of depositional conditions, biogeochemical processes and element fluxes in sediments of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Zone, Pacific Ocean[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2018, 140: 159-172.
[37] Paul S A L, Volz J B, Bau M, et al. Calcium phosphate control of REY patterns of siliceous-ooze-rich deep-sea sediments from the Central Equatorial Pacific[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2019, 251: 56-72.
[38] Zawadzki D, Maciag Ł, Abramowski T, et al. Fractionation trends and variability of rare earth elements and selected critical metals in pelagic sediment from abyssal basin of NE Pacific (Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone)[J]. Minerals, 2020, 10(4): 320.
[39] Choi J S, Hong S, Chi S B, et al. Probability distribution for the shear strength of seafloor sediment in the KR5 area for the development of manganese nodule miner[J]. Ocean Engineering, 2011, 38(17/18): 2033-2041.
[40] Müller R D, Sdrolias M, Gaina C, et al. Age, spreading rates, and spreading asymmetry of the world's ocean crust[J]. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 2008, 9(4): Q04006, doi: 10.1029/2007GC001743.
[41] Jeong K S, Kang J K, Chough S K. Sedimentary processes and manganese nodule formation in the Korea Deep Ocean Study (KODOS) area, western part of Clarion-Clipperton fracture zones, northeast equatorial Pacific[J]. Marine Geology, 1994, 122(1/2): 125-150.
[42] ISA. A Geological model of polymetallic nodule deposits in the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone[Z]. Kingston, Jamaica: International Seabed Authority, 2010. https://www.isa.org.jm/documents/geological-model-polymetallic-nodule-deposits-clarion-clipperton-fracture-zone.
[43] Rudnick R L, Gao S. Composition of the continental crust[M]//Rudnick R L. The crust. Oxford: Elsevier, 2003, 3: 1-64.
[44] Hyeong K, Park S H, Yoo C M, et al. Mineralogical and geochemical compositions of the eolian dust from the northeast Equatorial Pacific and their implications on paleolocation of the Intertropical Convergence Zone[J]. Paleoceanography, 2005, 20(1): PA1010, doi: 10.1029/2004PA001053.
[45] Radziejewska T. Characteristics of the Sub-equatorial North-eastern Pacific Ocean’s abyss, with a particular reference to the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone[M]//Radziejewska T. Meiobenthos in the sub-equatorial Pacific abyss: A proxy in anthropogenic impact evaluation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer, 2014: 13-28.
[46] 蔡观强,李顺,赵利,等. 南海海盆中部表层沉积物地球化学特征[J]. 海洋地质与第四纪地质,2018,38(5):90-101.

Cai Guanqiang, Li Shun, Zhao Li, et al. Geochemical characteristics of surface sediments from the middle deep-sea basin of South China Sea[J]. Marine Geology & Quaternary Geology, 2018, 38(5): 90-101.
[47] Sternberg E, Tang D G, Ho T Y, et al. Barium uptake and adsorption in diatoms[J]. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 2005, 69(11): 2745-2752.
[48] 吴必豪. 太平洋中部沉积物的矿物组成与沉积作用的研究[M]. 北京:地质出版社,1993:1-115.

Wu Bihao. Mineral composition of sediments and sedimentation in the central Pacific[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1993: 1-115.
[49] 吕华华. 赤道北太平洋粘土沉积物的标型特征及其应用研究[D]. 青岛:中国科学院海洋研究所,2005.

Huahua Lü. Study on the typical characteristics and application of clay sediments from the northern Equatorial Pacific[D]. Qingdao: The Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 2005.
[50] 孟宪伟,吴世迎,王湘芹. 太平洋CC区沉积物陆源物质时空分布与大气环流的关系[J]. 海洋科学,1998(1):37-40.

Meng Xianwei, Wu Shiying, Wang Xiangqin. Relationship between the temporal-spatial distribution of terrigenous sediments and atomspheric circulation in the Pacific CC area[J]. Marine Sciences, 1998(1): 37-40.
[51] Pennington J T, Mahoney K L, Kuwahara V S, et al. Primary production in the eastern Tropical Pacific: A review[J]. Progress in Oceanography, 2006, 69(2/3/4): 285-317.
[52] Kawabe M, Fujio S, Yanagimoto D. Deep-water circulation at low latitudes in the Western North Pacific[J]. Deep Sea Research Part I: Oceanographic Research Papers, 2003, 50(5): 631-656.
[53] Hein J R, Koschinsky A, Kuhn T. Deep-ocean polymetallic nodules as a resource for critical materials[J]. Nature Reviews Earth & Environment, 2020, 1(3): 158-169.
[54] 袁良榕,张恩. 大洋多金属结核的矿物学特征与南极底流(AABW)活动[J]. 矿物学报,2018,38(5):481-489.

Yuan Liangrong, Zhang En. Mineralogical characteristics of oceanic polymetallic nodules and the activities of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW)[J]. Acta Mineralogica Sinica, 2018, 38(5): 481-489.
[55] 韩杰,叶瑛,张维睿. 大洋锰结核(壳)中南极底流活动的矿物学与地球化学记录[J]. 矿物岩石地球化学通报,2006,25(2):154-159.

Han Jie, Ye Ying, Zhang Weirui. Mineralogical and geochemical features of the AABW activity recorded in manganese nodules (crusts) from the central Pacific Seamounts[J]. Bulletin of Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry, 2006, 25(2): 154-159.
[56] Hollister C D, Johnson D A, Lonsdale P F. Current-controlled abyssal sedimentation: Samoan Passage, Equatorial West Pacific[J]. The Journal of Geology, 1974, 82(3): 275-300.