[1] Tapponnier P, Molnar P. Active faulting and tectonics in China[J]. Journal of Geophysical Research, 1977, 82(20): 2905-2930.
[2] Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Le Dain A Y, et al. Propagating extrusion tectonics in Asia: New insights from simple experiments with plasticine[J]. Geology, 1982, 10(12): 611-616.
[3] Peltzer G, Tapponnier P, Zhang Z T, et al. Neogene and Quaternary faulting in and along the Qinling Shan[J]. Nature, 1985, 317(6037): 500-505.
[4] Yin A. Cenozoic tectonic evolution of Asia: A preliminary synthesis[J]. Tectonophysics, 2010, 488(1/2/3/4): 293-325.
[5] 邓起东,王克鲁,汪一鹏,等. 山西隆起区断陷地震带地震地质条件及地震发展趋势概述[J]. 地质科学,1973（1）：37-47.

Deng Qidong, Wang Kelu, Wang Yipeng, et al. On the tendency of seismicity and their geological set up of the seismic belt of Shanxi graben[J]. Scientia Geologica Sinica, 1973(1): 37-47.
[6]

Tapponnier P, Peltzer G, Armijo R. On the mechanics of the collision between India and Asia[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 1986, 19(1): 113-157.
[7]

Zhang Y Q, Ma Y S, Yang N, et al. Cenozoic extensional stress evolution in North China[J]. Journal of Geodynamics, 2003, 36(5): 591-613.
[8]

Kusky T M, Windley B F, Zhai M G. Tectonic evolution of the North China Block: From orogen to craton to orogen[J]. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 2007, 280(1): 1-34.
[9]

Zhang Y Q, Mercier J L, Vergély P. Extension in the graben systems around the Ordos (China), and its contribution to the extrusion tectonics of South China with respect to Gobi-Mongolia[J]. Tectonophysics, 1998, 285(1/2): 41-75.
[10] 邓起东,程绍平,闵伟,等. 鄂尔多斯块体新生代构造活动和动力学的讨论[J]. 地质力学学报,1999,5（3）：13-21.

Deng Qidong, Cheng Shaoping, Min Wei, et al. Discussion on Cenozoic tectonics and dynamics of Ordos block[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 1999, 5(3): 13-21.
[11] 魏荣珠,庄其天,闫纪元,等. 山西晋中盆地晚新生代地层划分、沉积环境及其先秦以来气候和湖泊演化[J]. 中国地质,2022,49(3)：912-928.

Wei Rongzhu, Zhuang Qitian, Yan Jiyuan, et al. Late Cenozoic stratigraphic division and sedimentary environment of Jinzhong Basin in Shanxi province, with the climate and lake evolution since the pre-Qin Period (2 500 years ago) [J]. Geology in China, 2022,49(3)：912-928..
[12]

Li B, Sørensen M B, Atakan K. Coulomb stress evolution in the Shanxi rift system, North China, since 1303 associated with coseismic, post-seismic and interseismic deformation[J]. Geophysical Journal International, 2015, 203(3): 1642-1664.
[13]

Zhao J F, Liu C Y, Mountney N, et al. Timing of uplift and evolution of the Lüliang Mountains, North China Craton[J]. Science China Earth Sciences, 2016, 59(1): 58-69.
[14]

Chang J, Qiu N S, Liu S, et al. Post-Triassic multiple exhumation of the Taihang Mountains revealed via low-T thermochronology: Implications for the paleo-geomorphologic reconstruction of the North China Craton[J]. Gondwana Research, 2019, 68: 34-49.
[15]

Clinkscales C, Kapp P, Wang H Q. Exhumation history of the north-central Shanxi rift, North China, revealed by low-temperature thermochronology[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2020, 536: 116146.
[16]

Clinkscales C, Kapp P, Thomson S, et al. Regional exhumation and tectonic history of the Shanxi rift and Taihangshan, North China[J]. Tectonics, 2021: 40(3): e2020TC006416.
[17]

Su P, He H L, Tan X B, et al. Initiation and evolution of the Shanxi rift system in North China: Evidence from low-temperature thermochronology in a plate reconstruction framework[J]. Tectonics, 2021, 40(3): e2020TC006298.
[18] 张岳桥,廖昌珍. 晚中生代—新生代构造体制转换与鄂尔多斯盆地改造[J]. 中国地质,2006,33（1）：28-40.

Zhang Yueqiao, Liao Changzhen. Transition of the Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic tectonic regimes and modification of the Ordos Basin[J]. Geology in China, 2006, 33(1): 28-40.
[19]

Shi W, Cen M, Chen L, et al. Evolution of the Late Cenozoic tectonic stress regime in the Shanxi rift, central North China Plate inferred from new fault kinematic analysis[J]. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, 2015, 114: 54-72.
[20]

Shi W, Dong S W, Hu J M. Neotectonics around the Ordos block, North China: A review and new insights[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 200: 102969.
[21]

Sun J M. Long-term fluvial archives in the Fen Wei graben, central China, and their bearing on the tectonic history of the India-Asia collision system during the Quaternary[J]. Quaternary Science Reviews, 2005, 24(10/11): 1279-1286.
[22]

Deng C L, Zhu R X, Zhang R, et al. Timing of the Nihewan Formation and faunas[J]. Quaternary Research, 2008, 69(1): 77-90.
[23]

Liu P, Deng C L, Li S H, et al. Magnetostratigraphic dating of the Xiashagou fauna and implication for sequencing the mammalian faunas in the Nihewan Basin, North China[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2012, 315-316: 75-85.
[24] 陈兴强,施炜,胡健民,等. 华北临汾盆地中部柴庄上新世—更新世剖面沉积学特征及其构造意义[J]. 地质力学学报,2016,22（4）：984-993.

Chen Xingqiang, Shi Wei, Hu Jianmin, et al. Sedimentation of the Pliocene-Pleistocene Chaizhuang section in the central of Linfen Basin, North China and its tectonic significance[J]. Journal of Geomechanics, 2016, 22(4): 984-993.
[25]

Chen X Q, Dong S W, Shi W, et al. Magnetostratigraphic ages of the Cenozoic Weihe and Shanxi grabens in North China and their tectonic implications[J]. Tectonophysics, 2021, 813: 228914.
[26] 刘少峰,张国伟. 盆山关系研究的基本思路、内容和方法[J]. 地学前缘,2005,12（3）：101-111.

Liu Shaofeng, Zhang Guowei. Fundamental ideas, contents and methods in study of basin and mountain relationships[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2005, 12(3): 101-111.
[27] 庆建春,季建清,王金铎,等. 五台山新生代隆升剥露的磷灰石裂变径迹研究[J]. 地球物理学报,2008,51（2）：384-392.

Jianchun Qing, Ji Jianqing, Wang Jinduo, et al. Apatite fission track study of Cenozoic uplifting and exhumation of Wutai Mountain, China[J]. Chinese Journal of Geophysics, 2008, 51(2): 384-392.
[28] 赵俊峰,刘池洋,王晓梅,等. 吕梁山地区中—新生代隆升演化探讨[J]. 地质论评,2009,55（5）：663-672.

Zhao Junfeng, Liu Chiyang, Wang Xiaomei, et al. Uplifting and evolution characteristics in the Lüliang Mountain and its adjacent area during the Meso-Cenozoic[J]. Geological Review, 2009, 55(5): 663-672.
[29] 李建星,刘池洋,岳乐平,等. 吕梁山新生代隆升的裂变径迹证据及其隆升机制探讨[J]. 中国地质,2015,42（4）：960-972.

Li Jianxing, Liu Chiyang, Yue Leping, et al. Apatite fission track evidence for the Cenozoic uplift of the Lüliang Mountains and a discussion on the uplift mechanism[J]. Geology in China, 2015, 42(4): 960-972.
[30]

Liu J H, Zhang P Z, Lease R O, et al. Eocene onset and Late Miocene acceleration of Cenozoic intracontinental extension in the North Qinling range-Weihe graben: Insights from apatite fission track thermochronology[J]. Tectonophysics, 2013, 584: 281-296.
[31]

Heberer B, Anzenbacher T, Neubauer F, et al. Polyphase exhumation in the western Qinling Mountains, China: Rapid Early Cretaceous cooling along a lithospheric-scale tear fault and pulsed Cenozoic uplift[J]. Tectonophysics, 2014, 617: 31-43.
[32]

Zheng D W, Zhang P Z, Wan J L, et al. Rapid exhumation at ~8 Ma on the Liupan Shan thrust fault from apatite fission-track thermochronology: Implications for growth of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau margin[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006, 248(1/2): 198-208.
[33] 邓起东,冉勇康,杨晓平,等. 中国活动构造图（1：400万）[M]. 北京：地震出版社,2007.

Deng Qidong, Ran Yongkang, Yang Xiaoping, et al. Map of active tectonics in China (scale1: 4, 000, 000)[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 2007.
[34]

Xu X W, Ma X Y, Deng Q D. Neotectonic activity along the Shanxi rift system, China[J]. Tectonophysics, 1993, 219(4): 305-325.
[35]

Yan J Y, Hu J M, Gong W B, et al. Late Cenozoic magnetostratigraphy of the Yuncheng Basin, central North China Craton and its tectonic implications[J]. Geological Journal, 2020, 55(11): 7415-7428.
[36]

Xu Y, Yue L P, Li J X, et al. An 11-Ma-old red clay sequence on the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2009, 284(3/4): 383-391.
[37] 岳乐平,邓涛,张云翔,等. 保德阶层型剖面磁性地层学研究[J]. 地层学杂志,2004,28（1）：48-51,63.

Yue Leping, Deng Tao, Zhang Yunxiang, et al. Magnetostratigraphy of stratotype section of the Baode stage[J]. Journal of Stratigraphy, 2004, 28(1): 48-51, 63.
[38]

Chen G D. On the geotectonic nature of the Fen-Wei rift system[J]. Tectonophysics, 1987, 143(1/2/3): 217-223.
[39] 王乃樑,杨景春,夏正楷,等. 山西地堑系新生代沉积与构造地貌[M]. 北京：科学出版社,1996：120-156.

Wang Nailiang, Yang Jingchun, Xia Zhengkai, et al. Cenozoic deposits and tectonicgeomorphology in Shanxi grabens [M]. Beijing: Science Press, 1996: 120-156.
[40] 国家地震局《鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系》课题组. 鄂尔多斯周缘活动断裂系[M]. 北京：地震出版社,1988：1-335.

The Research Group on Active Fault System around Ordos Massif, State Seismological Bureau. Active fault system around Ordos massif[M]. Beijing: Seismological Press, 1988: 1-335.
[41]

Xu X W, Ma X Y. Geodynamics of the Shanxi rift system, China[J]. Tectonophysics, 1992, 208(1/2/3): 325-340.
[42] 徐锡伟, 邓起东,尤惠川. 山西系舟山西麓断裂右旋错动证据及全新世滑动速率[J]. 地震地质,1986. 8(3): 44-46.

Xu Xiwei, Deng Qidong, You Huichuan. Evidence on dextral dislocation of fault at the western foothills of Mt. Xizhoushan, Shanxi province and its slip rate during the Holocene[J]. Seismology and Geology, 1986, 8(3): 44-46.
[43] 徐岳仁. 山西霍山山前断裂带晚第四纪活动特征研究[D]. 北京：中国地震局地质研究所,2013.

Xu Yueren. A study on the Late Quaternary faulting of the Huoshan piedmont fault zone in the central Shanxi faulted basin belt[D]. Beijing: Institute of Geology, China Earthquake Administration, 2013.
[44]

Huang Y L, Wang Q L, Hao M, et al. Fault slip rates and seismic moment deficits on major faults in Ordos constrained by GPS observation[J]. Scientific Reports, 2018, 8(1): 16192.
[45] 江娃利,邓起东,徐锡伟,等. 1303年山西洪洞8级地震地表破裂带[J]. 地震学报, 2004, 26(4): 355-362.

Jiang Wali, Deng Qidong, Xu Xiwei, et al. Surface rupture zone of the 1303 Hongtong M=8 earthquake, Shanxi province[J]. Acta Seismologica Sinica, 2004, 26(4): 355-362.
[46]

Clinkscales C, Kapp P. Structural style and kinematics of the Taihang-Luliangshan fold belt, North China: Implications for the Yanshanian orogeny[J]. Lithosphere, 2019, 11(6): 767-783.
[47] 山西省地质矿产局. 山西省区域地质志[M]. 北京：地质出版社,1989：267-276.

Bureau of Geology and Mineral Resources of Shanxi Province. Regional geology of Shanxi province[M]. Beijing: Geological Publishing House, 1989: 267-276.
[48] Willis B, Blackwelder E, Sargent R H. Research in China[M]. Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1907: 233-236.
[49] 李平日,梁全武. 滹沱河上游和牧马河河道变迁的一些新资料[J]. 地质论评,1965,23（3）：240-241,233.

Li Pingri, Liang Quanwu. Recent data on the course change of the upper reaches of the Huto River and the Muma Rivers[J]. Geological Review, 1965, 23(3): 240-241, 233.
[50] 程绍平. 论清水河和滹沱河的袭夺[J]. 河北地质学院学报,1983（2）：41-53.

Cheng Shaoping. Discussion on the capture of Qingshui River and Hutuo River[J]. Journal of Hebei GEO University, 1983(2): 41-53.
[51] 吴忱,马永红,张秀清. 华北山地的古河道与古水系[J]. 地理研究,1996,15（3）：33-41.

Wu Chen, Ma Yonghong, Zhang Xiuqing. Palaeochannel and palaeodrainage patterns in the North China mountains[J]. Geographical Research, 1996, 15(3): 33-41.
[52]

Dickinson W R, Suczek C A. Plate tectonics and sandstone compositions[J]. AAPG Bulletin, 1979, 63(12): 2164-2182.
[53]

Ingersoll R V, Bullard T F, Ford R L, et al. The effect of grain size on detrital modes: A test of the Gazzi-Dickinson point-counting method[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1984, 54(1): 103-116.
[54] Morton A C. Heavy minerals in provenance studies[M]//Zuffa G G. Provenance of arenites. Dordrecht: Springer, 1985: 249-277.
[55]

Morton A C, Hallsworth C. Identifying provenance-specific features of detrital heavy mineral assemblages in sandstones[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1994, 90(3/4): 241-256.
[56] Mange M A, Maurer H F W. Heavy minerals in colour[M]. London: Chapman & Hall, 1992: 147.
[57]

Dunkl I, von Eynatten H, Andò S, et al. Comparability of heavy mineral data: The first interlaboratory round robin test[J]. Earth-Science Reviews, 2020, 211: 103210.
[58] Prothero D R, Schwab F. Sedimentary geology: An introduction to sedimentary rocks and stratigraphy[M]. 3rd ed. New York: W. H. Freeman, 2014: 6.
[59] Farrell K M. Sedimentology and facies architecture of overbank deposits of the Mississippi River, False River region, Louisiana[M]//Ethridge F G, Flores R M, Harvey M D. Recent developments in fluvial sedimentology. Tulsa, Oklahoma: Society of Sedimentary Geology, 1987: 111-120.
[60] Collinson J D, Mountney N P, Thompson D B. Sedimentary structures[M]. 3rd ed. Harpenden: Terra Publishing, 2006.
[61] Middleton G V, Church M J, Coniglio M A, et al. Encyclopedia of sediments and sedimentary rocks[M]. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic Publishers, 2003: 286.
[62] Nichols G. Sedimentology and stratigraphy[M]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2009.
[63] 朱筱敏. 沉积岩石学[M]. 4版. 北京：石油工业出版社,2008.

Zhu Xiaomin. Sedimentary petrology[M]. 4th ed. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 2008.
[64]

Fielding C R. A coal depositional model for the Durham Coal Measures of NE England[J]. Journal of the Geological Society, 1984, 141(5): 919-931.
[65] Carlisle D. Concentration of uranium and vanadium in calcretes and gypcretes[M]//Wilson R C L. Residual deposits, surface-related weathering processes and material. Geological Society of London, 1983: 185-195.
[66] Jones S. Introducing sedimentology[M]. Edinburgh: Dunedin Academic Press Ltd, 2015.
[67]

Mills P C. Genesis and diagnostic value of soft-sediment deformation structures: A review[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 1983, 35(2): 83-104.
[68] Eugster H P, Kelts K R. Lacustrine chemical sediments[M]//Goudie A S, Pye K. Chemical sediments and geomorphology: Precipitates and residua in the near-surface environment. London: Academic Press, 1983: 321-368.
[69]

Hubert J F. A zircon-tourmaline-rutile maturity index and the interdependence of the composition of heavy mineral assemblages with the gross composition and texture of sandstones[J]. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 1962, 32(3): 440-450.
[70]

Garzanti E, Andò S. Heavy minerals for junior woodchucks[J]. Minerals, 2019, 9(3): 148.
[71] 李晨阳,王新春,何春珍,等. 全国1: 200 000数字地质图（公开版）空间数据库[J]. 中国地质,2019,46（增刊1）：1-14.

Li Chenyang, Wang Xinchun, He Chunzhen, et al. China national digital geological map (public version at 1: 200 000 scale) spatial database[J]. Geology in China, 2019, 46(Suppl.1): 1-14.
[72] 魏荣珠,李好斌,徐朝雷,等. 对山西隆起区中新生代构造演化的认识[J]. 中国地质调查,2017,4（1）：24-34.

Wei Rongzhu, Li Haobin, Xu Chaolei, et al. Review on Meso-Cenozoic tectonic evolution in Shanxi uplift[J]. Geological Survey of China, 2017, 4(1): 24-34.
[73]

Schomacker E R, Kjemperud A V, Nystuen J P, et al. Recognition and significance of sharp-based mouth-bar deposits in the Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah[J]. Sedimentology, 2010, 57(4): 1069-1087.
[74]

Gobo K, Ghinassi M, Nemec W. Gilbert-type deltas recording short-term base-level changes: Delta-brink morphodynamics and related foreset facies[J]. Sedimentology, 2015, 62(7): 1923-1949.
[75]

Lin C F, Liu S F, Zhuang Q T, et al. Sedimentation of Jurassic fan-delta wedges in the Xiahuayuan Basin reflecting thrust-fault movements of the western Yanshan fold-and-thrust belt, China[J]. Sedimentary Geology, 2018, 368: 24-43.
[76] Allen P A, Allen J R. Basin analysis: Principles and application to petroleum play assessment[M]. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons, 2013.
[77]

Birgenheier L P, Berg M D V, Plink-Björklund P, et al. Climate impact on fluvial-lake system evolution, Eocene Green River Formation, Uinta Basin, Utah, USA[J]. GSA Bulletin, 2020, 132(3/4): 562-587.
[78] Reading H G. Sedimentary environments: Processes, facies and stratigraphy[M]. 3rd ed. Cambridge: Blackwell Science, 1996: 83-106.
[79]

Jansen E, Sjøholm J. Reconstruction of glaciation over the past 6 Myr from ice-borne deposits in the Norwegian Sea[J]. Nature, 1991, 349(6310): 600-603.
[80]

Manabe S, Broccoli A J. Mountains and arid climates of middle latitudes[J]. Science, 1990, 247(4939): 192-195.
[81]

An Z S, Kutzbach J E, Prell W L, et al. Evolution of Asian monsoons and phased uplift of the Himalaya-Tibetan Plateau since Late Miocene times[J]. Nature, 2001, 411(6833): 62-66.
[82] Cheng X R, Zhao Q H, Wang J L, et al. Data report: Stable isotopes from sites 1147 and 1148[M]//Prell W L, Wang P, Blum P, et al. Proceedings of the ocean drilling program, scientific results. 2004, 184: 1-12(Online). http://www-odp.tamu.edu/Publications/184_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/223.PDF. http://www-odp.tamu.edu/Publications/184_SR/VOLUME/CHAPTERS/223.PDF
[83]

Guo Z T, Ruddiman W F, Hao Q Z, et al. Onset of Asian desertification by 22 Myr ago inferred from loess deposits in China[J]. Nature, 2002, 416(6877): 159-163.
[84]

Deng C L, Shaw J, Liu Q S, et al. Mineral magnetic variation of the Jingbian loess/paleosol sequence in the northern Loess Plateau of China: Implications for Quaternary development of Asian aridification and cooling[J]. Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 2006, 241(1/2): 248-259.
[85]

Nie J S, Song Y G, King J W, et al. Six million years of magnetic grain-size records reveal that temperature and precipitation were decoupled on the Chinese Loess Plateau during ~ 4.5-2.6 Ma[J]. Quaternary Research, 2013, 79(3): 465-470.
[86]

Ma Y Z, Wu F L, Fang X M, et al. Pollen record from red clay sequence in the central Loess Plateau between 8.10 and 2.60 Ma[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2005, 50(19): 2234-2243.
[87]

Wu N Q, Pei Y P, Lu H Y, et al. Marked ecological shifts during 6.2-2.4 Ma revealed by a terrestrial molluscan record from the Chinese red clay formation and implication for palaeoclimatic evolution[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2006, 233(3/4): 287-299.
[88]

Chen X L, Fang X M, An Z S, et al. An 8.1Ma calcite record of Asian summer monsoon evolution on the Chinese central Loess Plateau[J]. Science in China Series D: Earth Sciences, 2007, 50(3): 392-403.
[89]

Ao H, Rohling E J, Zhang R, et al. Global warming-induced Asian hydrological climate transition across the Miocene-Pliocene boundary[J]. Nature Communications, 2021, 12(1): 6935.
[90]

Shi N, Cao J X, Königsson L K. Late Cenozoic vegetational history and the Pliocene-Pleistocene boundary in the Yushe Basin, S. E. Shanxi, China[J]. Grana, 1993, 32(4/5): 260-271.
[91]

An Z S, Huang Y S, Liu W G, et al. Multiple expansions of C4 plant biomass in East Asia since 7 Ma coupled with strengthened monsoon circulation[J]. Geology, 2005, 33(9): 705-708.
[92]

Pan F, Li J X, Xu Y, et al. Uplift of the Lüliang Mountains at ca. 5.7 Ma: Insights from provenance of the Neogene eolian red clay of the eastern Chinese Loess Plateau[J]. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 2018, 502: 63-73.
[93]

Assie K R, Wang Y, Ma H M, et al. Late Cenozoic paleostress reconstruction and stress regimes in Taiyuan Basin of the Shanxi rift, North China[J]. International Journal of Earth Sciences, 2021, 110(1): 287-303.
[94]

Chen F H, Fan Y X, Chun X, et al. Preliminary research on Megalake Jilantai-Hetao in the arid areas of China during the Late Quaternary[J]. Chinese Science Bulletin, 2008, 53(11): 1725-1739.
[95] 李建彪,冉勇康,郭文生. 河套盆地托克托台地湖相层研究[J]. 第四纪研究,2005,25（5）：630-639.

Li Jianbiao, Ran Yongkang, Guo Wensheng. Research on the lacustrine strata of the Tuoketuo mesa, Hetao Basin, China[J]. Quaternary Sciences, 2005, 25(5): 630-639.
[96] 聂宗笙. 内蒙古河套盆地晚更新世地层划分、环境演变及黄河的贯通[J]. 地学前缘,2019,26（4）：259-272.

Nie Zongsheng. Stratigraphic division of the Upper Pleistocene, environmental change and formation of the Yellow River in the Hetao Basin, Inner Mongolia[J]. Earth Science Frontiers, 2019, 26(4): 259-272.