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Volume 39 Issue 1
Feb.  2021
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LIU Rong, ZHANG Kun, LIU ZhaoJun, YAN Xu, YU JiaQi. Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(1): 10-28. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104
Citation: LIU Rong, ZHANG Kun, LIU ZhaoJun, YAN Xu, YU JiaQi. Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(1): 10-28. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104

Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42072122

  • Received Date: 2020-06-30
  • Publish Date: 2021-02-06
  • Research findings increasingly indicate that geological events such as volcanic action, hydrothermal fluids, ocean anoxia, climate mutation, transgression, gravity flow and so on are frequently evident in the sedimentary sequences of oil shale (a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock rich in organic matter). High paleolake productivity and a stable reducing environment are important considerations for oil shale mineralization. A summary of the genesis and distribution behavior of oil shale in 50 basins (95 mining areas) in China reveals that the geological events listed above have led to various degrees of algal and microbial blooms which changed the water conditions in ancient lakes and formed the stable layered lacustrine environments that are important for oil shale mineralization. However, frequent volcanic eruptions release large amounts of gas and ash, and intermittent hydrothermal fluids at high temperature and pressure. Also, frequent gravity flow is not conducive to oil shale enrichment. The present study focuses only on a single event. In future it will be necessary to promote interdisciplinary studies of sedimentology, geochemistry and microbiology from the perspective of earth system science to reveal the ecological cyclic accumulation processes of unconventional oil and gas resources and major geological environment mutation. This will add to our understanding of the combined effects of various geological events on oil shale mineralization, and enrich the theory of unconventional oil and gas sedimentology.
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  • Received:  2020-06-30
  • Published:  2021-02-06

Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 42072122

Abstract: Research findings increasingly indicate that geological events such as volcanic action, hydrothermal fluids, ocean anoxia, climate mutation, transgression, gravity flow and so on are frequently evident in the sedimentary sequences of oil shale (a type of fine-grained sedimentary rock rich in organic matter). High paleolake productivity and a stable reducing environment are important considerations for oil shale mineralization. A summary of the genesis and distribution behavior of oil shale in 50 basins (95 mining areas) in China reveals that the geological events listed above have led to various degrees of algal and microbial blooms which changed the water conditions in ancient lakes and formed the stable layered lacustrine environments that are important for oil shale mineralization. However, frequent volcanic eruptions release large amounts of gas and ash, and intermittent hydrothermal fluids at high temperature and pressure. Also, frequent gravity flow is not conducive to oil shale enrichment. The present study focuses only on a single event. In future it will be necessary to promote interdisciplinary studies of sedimentology, geochemistry and microbiology from the perspective of earth system science to reveal the ecological cyclic accumulation processes of unconventional oil and gas resources and major geological environment mutation. This will add to our understanding of the combined effects of various geological events on oil shale mineralization, and enrich the theory of unconventional oil and gas sedimentology.

LIU Rong, ZHANG Kun, LIU ZhaoJun, YAN Xu, YU JiaQi. Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(1): 10-28. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104
Citation: LIU Rong, ZHANG Kun, LIU ZhaoJun, YAN Xu, YU JiaQi. Oil Shale Mineralization and Geological Events in China[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2021, 39(1): 10-28. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2020.104
  • 油页岩是一种固体可燃有机矿产,灰分含量高,含油率≥3.5%,发热量通常≥4 187 J/g,有机质含量高,主要由腐泥和腐殖质以及腐泥—腐殖质组成,在低温干馏下,可以得到油页岩油,是一种重要的非常规油气资源。我国油页岩资源丰富,居世界第二位[1]。我国石油对外依存度突破70%,油页岩资源有望成为重要的战略资源及补充能源。目前吉林大学和吉林众诚油页岩公司已经成功地开采出原位油页岩油,结合我国资源开发现状,寻找适合原位开发的高含油率“甜点区”成为了加快推进我国油页岩原位开发的重点问题。

    随着油页岩资源勘探开发的不断推进,油页岩成矿机制成为了学者们研究的难点和热点的问题之一,研究发现:在这些含油页岩的沉积组合序列中,高含油率油页岩发育经常与火山作用、重力流作用、海侵作用等事件沉积伴生。在美国绿河油页岩[2-3],中国松辽盆地[4-5]、准噶尔盆地[6-7]、鄂尔多斯盆地[8-10]及北票盆地[11]的含油页岩岩系中均发现了数层凝灰岩层;鄂尔多斯盆地[12-13]、依兰盆地[14-16]、朝阳盆地[17]中的含油页岩岩系中还发现了频繁的重力流沉积。在松辽盆地[18-19]、黄县盆地[20]中发现了多种海侵沉积标志。鄂尔多斯盆地[21]、桐柏盆地[22]、银额盆地含油页岩岩系中发现了热液沉积[23]表1)。同时,油页岩也是一种有机质异常富集的沉积岩,其形成是否与这些事件之间存在一定的时空耦合关系?这些事件沉积对油页岩,特别是对高含油率的油页岩“甜点区”的发育是促进还是抑制?

    盆地 准噶尔盆地 银额盆地 鄂尔多斯盆地 朝阳盆地 松辽盆地 依兰盆地 桐柏盆地 黄县盆地
    地层 上二叠统 下白垩统 上三叠统 下白垩统 上白垩统 古近系 古近系 古近系
    沉积环境 半深湖—深湖 半深湖 半深湖—深湖 半深湖—深湖 半深—深湖 半深湖—深湖 浅湖 湖沼
    油页岩 赋存形式 单独油页岩矿 单独油页岩矿 单独油页岩矿 单独油页岩矿 单独油页岩矿 单独油页岩矿 与碱共生 与煤互层
    沉积构造 薄层状 块状、薄层状 块状、薄层状 块状、薄层状 块状、薄层状 块状 薄层状 块状
    最大累计 厚度/m 205 35.4 32 100 38.94 6.1 33.03 22
    最高含油率/% 22.1 11.47 10.56 7.71 16.37 8.37 7.9 24.38
    成因类型 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1 1 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1 Ⅰ型 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1 Ⅰ型 Ⅰ~Ⅱ1
    湖水性质 半咸水—咸水 半咸水 淡水 淡水 淡水—半咸水 淡水 半咸水—咸水 半咸水—咸水
    氧化还原条件 还原 还原 还原 还原 还原 弱还原 还原 弱还原
    古气候 温暖湿润 半湿润—半干旱 温暖湿润 温暖湿润 温暖湿润 温暖湿润 温暖湿润 温暖湿润
    事件沉积 火山、热液 热液 火山、热液、 重力流 大洋缺氧、 火山、重力流 大洋缺氧、 火山、海侵 重力流 热液 海侵

    Table 1.  Characteristics and event deposition of oil shale in oil⁃bearing shale series in China

    本文将从我国发育的50个盆地、95个含矿区油页岩出发[1],在系统的分析其分布规律、成因和成矿条件的基础上,总结并揭示地质事件与油页岩富集的耦合作用,从而丰富油页岩成矿理论及非常规油气沉积学的理论内涵。

  • 中国油页岩资源丰富且分布广泛,分布在27个省(自治区)和50个盆地、95个含矿区。目前海相油页岩探明程度相对较低,已发现的大部分油页岩矿床多为陆相成因,且主要分布于内蒙古、山东、山西、吉林、黑龙江、陕西、辽宁、广东、新疆等9省区[24],发育于松辽、鄂尔多斯、伦坡拉、准噶尔、羌塘、柴达木、茂名、大杨树、抚顺等盆地(图1),其中松辽、鄂尔多斯和准噶尔盆地占中国油页岩总资源的一半以上。

    Figure 1.  Distribution of oil shale resources in China

    中国发育多个含油页岩盆地,沉积时期跨度大,成矿时代长且分布广泛,从晚古生代到新生代都有沉积,其中,古生代的石炭二叠纪、中生代的侏罗纪、早白垩纪以及新生代的古近纪是中国油页岩四个重要成矿期(表1)。

    新生代油页岩主要发育在古近纪始新世和渐新世,主要分布在中国东部地区,如抚顺盆地、桦甸盆地、山东黄县盆地等;其次分布在南部地区,如广东茂名盆地、北部湾地区;西部地区也有少量分布,如西藏地区的伦坡拉盆地。古近纪古新世油页岩沉积较少,只在湖南湘县盆地有发现[25]

    中生代油页岩主要发育在侏罗纪和白垩纪。侏罗纪油页岩主要形成于中侏罗世,主要分布于中国的西部地区,如西藏自治区的羌塘盆地、青海省柴达木盆地以及内蒙古自治区的河套等地区。白垩纪是中国油页岩赋存的重要时期,早白垩世油页岩主要分布在中国东北地区大型盆地如松辽盆地农安地区,晚白垩世油页岩主要集中在中国东北地区一些小型盆地,如大杨树盆地、老黑山盆地、罗子沟盆地、杨树沟盆地、朝阳盆地、阜新盆地等。

    古生代油页岩主要分布在中国西部新疆自治区的妖魔山地区,其形成时代为中二叠世。在西北地区的济宁、六盘山盆地,有少量晚石炭世的油页岩发育。

  • 有机质作为油页岩的重要组成部分,其组成及类型与沉积环境密切相关。油页岩形成环境既有湖相、湖沼相,还有海相、海陆过渡相,但中国主要为湖相成因。湖泊有机质主要来源于两部分:一部分来自于湖泊底栖生物、浮游生物、底栖藻类以及微生物的自身生产,另一部分来自从陆地上搬运的陆源生物的碎屑(图2[26-28]

    Figure 2.  Sources distribution of organic matter in lakes (modified from reference [26])

    油页岩中有机质成因类型取决于藻类和微生物的堆积和陆源高等植物碎屑堆积的比例,主要有腐泥型和混合型(腐殖—腐泥型和腐泥—腐殖型)。我国油页岩以腐泥型(Ⅰ)和腐殖腐泥型(Ⅱ1)为主,腐泥腐殖型(Ⅱ2)次之[29]图3)。

    Figure 3.  Discrimination diagram for organic matter types of oil shale in different sedimentary environments (modified from reference [29])

    有机质成因类型主要取决于沉积环境。良好的保存条件、高湖泊生产力和适当沉积速率,有利于形成高品质油页岩,腐泥型油页岩形成于大中型盆地的坳陷期深湖沉积阶段,该时期盆地于规模大、水体稳定,如松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组和嫩江组、准噶尔盆地中二叠统芦草沟组、鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组等[4]图3)。

    腐殖—腐泥型和腐泥—腐殖型油页岩在中国油页岩中比较常见,主要形成于大中型坳陷盆地边缘地区和小型断陷盆地的半深湖环境,由于其地理位置及小型断陷盆地的特点,尽管半深湖沉积具有较好的古湖泊生产力,但受陆源碎屑供给的影响比较大,带来无机矿物碎屑同时也带来了丰富的陆源有机质,导致其自身生产力比例降低。如桦甸盆地古近纪桦甸组、梅河盆地古近纪梅河组、依兰盆地古近纪达连河组、朝阳盆地九佛堂组等[4]图3)。

    油页岩中有机质成因类型取决于藻类和微生物的堆积和陆源高等植物碎屑堆积的比例,主要有腐泥型和混合型(腐殖—腐泥型和腐泥—腐殖型)。我国油页岩以腐泥型(Ⅰ)和腐殖腐泥型(Ⅱ1)为主,腐泥腐殖型(Ⅱ2)次之[29]图3)。

    有机质成因类型主要取决于沉积环境。良好的保存条件、高湖泊生产力和适当沉积速率,有利于形成高品质油页岩,腐泥型油页岩形成于大中型盆地的坳陷期深湖沉积阶段,该时期盆地于规模大、水体稳定,如松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组和嫩江组、准噶尔盆地中二叠统芦草沟组、鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组等[4]图3)。

    腐殖—腐泥型和腐泥—腐殖型油页岩在中国油页岩中比较常见,主要形成于大中型坳陷盆地边缘地区和小型断陷盆地的半深湖环境,由于其地理位置及小型断陷盆地的特点,尽管半深湖沉积具有较好的古湖泊生产力,但受陆源碎屑供给的影响比较大,带来无机矿物碎屑同时也带来了丰富的陆源有机质,导致其自身生产力比例降低。如桦甸盆地古近纪桦甸组、梅河盆地古近纪梅河组、依兰盆地古近纪达连河组、朝阳盆地九佛堂组等[4]图3)。

    腐殖—腐泥型和腐泥—腐殖型油页岩也可以发育在大中型盆地的坳陷期深湖沉积阶段,这主要受到了该时期的远源浊积岩的影响。陆源碎屑中的颗粒有机碳碎屑可由河流和洪流带入,也可以从滨岸带再沉积。洪水期,大量的颗粒有机质被带入到盆地内,这种浊流沉积在许多淡水湖泊中几乎成为了一种规律。比如,在阿尔卑斯山边缘的几个湖泊中,这种事件沉积物中陆源植物有机碳总量(TOC)较高,为2%~6%[30],我国鄂尔多斯盆地上三叠统延长组长7段的油页岩中常发育浊积岩[31]图3)。

  • 我国油页岩主要为湖相沉积,大部分学者认为其有机质主要为藻类[32-34],藻类勃发往往导致高湖泊生产力的形成[35-38],是油页岩中有机质富集的重要作用。

    近年来,随着半定量—定量生物标志化合物与生物地球化学技术迅速发展,学者已经认识到生产力不仅来自浮游藻类、底栖宏观藻类,微生物对于生物生产力的贡献也应该得到重视[39-42]

    传统模式中认为,微生物即所有的细菌和古菌以及大部分真核生物(如原生生物,一些真菌等)只是分解者,但事实上微生物既是分解者又是生产者。现代海湖研究表明,细菌也是初级生产力的重要组成部分[43-44]。化合物是识别鉴定有机质来源的重要手段,Sachsenhofer et al.[45]认为,在未成熟沉积有机质中低OEP1[OEP1=(nC17+6nC19+nC21)/(4nC18+4nC20)]和高OEP2[OEP2=(nC25+6nC27+nC29)/(4nC26+4nC28)]的正构烷烃的中长链C20-32来源于微藻类和细菌微生物的贡献。银额盆地油页岩中具有高OEP2值和低OEP1值的特点,表明有机质母质类型中藻类和细菌微生物的贡献较大,且细菌在油页岩中活动强于贫有机质泥岩(图4)。

    Figure 4.  m/z=57 mass chromatogram of saturated hydrocarbons in oil shale and organic⁃poor mudstone, Bayingebi Formation, Bagmaode area, Yin'e Basin

  • 丰富的有机质来源是油页岩形成的前提,有机质的聚集和保存则是油页岩成矿的另一个重要过程,缺氧是这个过程的最佳条件。油页岩中有机质分别来源于湖泊自身生产力和陆源有机碎屑供给,在动荡的湖泊水体条件下,绝大多数的有机质会发生降解作用,不利于油页岩中有机质的保存[46]

    研究者围绕着绿河组的Wilkins Peak段油页岩开展了大量的研究,先后建立分层湖模式[47]、干盐湖模式[48]、干盐湖复合体模式[49]、生物化学分层湖模式[50]和外因分层湖模式[51]等(图5)。这些模式都强调了水体分层在油页岩形成过程中的重要作用。在松辽盆地青山口组和嫩江组的油页岩中,Pr/Ph、δU以及β-胡萝卜烷等地球化学参数都指示了强还原—还原的稳定水体分层环境更有利于油页岩的形成[52-53]。并且,在富矿段反应还原条件的Ni/Co比值和Ni/V比值都表现出很好的稳定性,反映出富矿段的还原性主要取决于稳定的湖水分层。

    Figure 5.  Comparison between simple stratified lake and dry⁃salt lake complex model in Lvhe Basin(modified from references [20,47⁃48])

    因此,缺氧是油页岩形成过程中有机质保存的必要条件,而长期稳定的水体分层导致的缺氧条件则最有利于油页岩形成。

  • 从与神学论相结合的灾变论到新灾变论,研究者针对众多地质事件开展了详细研究,一些科学问题已成为当今地球科学领域中的研究前沿,如板块构造学的超大陆聚合与裂解[54-57]、古生物学的“五大灭绝”[58-59]、沉积学的事件沉积[60-64]等。长期的渐变过程与瞬时的突变过程是地质过程的基本方式,地质作用过程的发展正是由二者的交互决定的[65]

    在地质事件研究中,随着理论、技术和方法的发展与创新,许多的研究表明,大洋缺氧、火山喷发、热液活动以及重力流沉积等诸多地质事件在有机质的富集过程中起到了重要作用,与油页岩、页岩油气等非常规油气资源也存在着密切联系。

    有机质富集是油页岩成矿的重要先决条件,也是研究的难点。八十年代末期,Katz[66-67]开展了大量的湖泊研究工作,提出了两种平衡作用:第一种是自生生产有机质与陆源有机质的输入平衡;另一种是有机质与无机矿物的输入平衡。前者将决定有机质的性质,后者将决定有机质的含量。除上述两个平衡外,决定油页岩成矿还存在着第三个平衡,那就是有机质保存与氧化分解的平衡。

    因此,有机质富集过程中的三个平衡是油页岩成矿的关键,在此过程中地质事件作用如何影响油页岩成矿呢?本文将从有机质来源、有机质保存和有机质稀释等方面进行论述。

  • 在火山活动中,火山喷发出的气体或尘埃可以形成硫酸盐气溶胶,气溶胶—云—气候反馈系统可引起区域性气候改变从而导致水体浮游生物发生变化[68-69],同时,火山碎屑物质经风化和搬运作用进入到湖泊或土壤,也在一定程度上影响了湖泊及土壤中微生物、真菌、藻类等生物种类和数量[70-71]。火山灰含有大量的必需营养元素,例如K,P,Fe和Ca,这些元素可以溶解在水体中,通过与海水接触并快速释放使藻类在短时间内大量繁盛[72-76]

    在我国鄂尔多斯盆地三叠系延长组、三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组、辽西盆地群下白垩统义县—九佛堂组、松辽盆地上白垩统青山口组和嫩江组油页岩层中均发现火山灰沉积[77-78],尤其在鄂尔多斯盆地南部延长组长7段,高含油率油页岩中发育多期凝灰岩或凝灰质夹层。

    因此,火山作用在沉积过程中虽然只表现为一个短暂的地质事件,但它对湖相的初级古生产力却做出了很大的贡献,是形成藻类勃发的重要因素[38,73]。近年来,也有一些学者研究发现过量的火山灰会降低水体的透明度,降低湖泊藻类及挺水植物对太阳能的吸收和转化效率,造成湖泊生物大量死亡。同时,频繁的火山爆发将释放大量气体,如HCl-和SO2,对气候产生强烈影响,使得区域温度持续性下降,导致初级生产者的富营养区不断减少[79-81]。因此,火山作用的过程及强度对油页岩富集的影响存在很大的差异,需要客观的系统评价。

  • 热液活动与火山活动往往同期发生,水底热液携带着大量营养物质(Si、N、P、Fe、Zn)进入湖泊或海洋[76,82-83],为有机物的富集提供物质来源。热液活动区域往往拥有更高的营养物质及热源,其周围水体中微生物也较为丰富,活动强度也更明显[84-85]。热液喷口附近的火山玻璃在水下发生氧化反应,为微生物群落提供生存所必需的养料[86-88],从而促进微生物群落生长发育[89-91]。此外,热液喷发释放出的H2S, SO2等气体造成了明显的水体分层,底部厌氧的沉积环境更有利于有机质的保存[92-95]

    近年来在中国湖相油页岩中发现了丰富的热液沉积特征[96-100],对三塘湖盆地二叠系芦草沟组、二连盆地下白垩统腾格尔组、鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段和渤海湾盆地古近系沙河街组的研究均可证明曾发生过湖底热液活动[77-78]。鄂尔多斯盆地延长组长7段是湖泊发育的高峰期,同时也被证实存在明显的湖底热液活动[101-103],长73段的厚层油页岩对应较为强烈的热液活动[101,103]图6)。在长7段早期,扬子板块向华北板块强烈俯冲,盆地南缘火山活动加剧,湖水沿基底断裂带与岩浆发生渗漏作用,在湖底形成大量的热液流体。P、Fe、Mn、Cu、Na等营养元素通过上升流进入湖面,促进了湖泊藻类的繁盛,为湖藻积累提供了充足的有机质来源。同时,H2S、SO2、HCl-和其他气体促进了缺氧沉积环境的形成,油页岩中较高的黄铁矿含量和硫含量指示了湖底厌氧硫化的沉积环境。热液的流入可能导致湖水盐度异常升高和水柱分层,有利于有机质的保存。

    Figure 6.  Sedimentary model of oil shale in the 7th member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation within the Mesozoic Ordos Basin, Central China (modified from reference [101])

    因此,大多数学者认为热液活动对有机质富集有着重要的促进作用,但同时,也有学者认为相对高温高压的间歇性热液流体有着较高的流体温度反而不利于生物生存,并且热液喷流产生的剧烈水体扰动也很有可能破坏湖底的缺氧环境,进而破坏有机质的富集[104]

  • 大洋缺氧事件OAE 1a的发生在国际上普遍认为与Ontong-Java太平洋超级地幔柱的喷发有关,海底大规模火成岩省(Large Igneous Provinces,LIPs)活动导致大陆边缘沉积物中甲烷水化合物的分解[105-106]。大规模火成岩省的活动,引起大气中CO2浓度升高,温室效应加强,促进了地表风化作用和水文循环活动,为湖泊藻类的繁盛提供了充足的陆源营养物质,极大地提高了古湖泊生产力[107-111]。全球性大洋缺氧事件不仅在海洋沉积黑色页岩,在陆相湖泊中也发育油页岩及暗色泥岩沉积,例如在大洋缺氧事件OAE1a时期,辽西地区的九佛堂组和酒泉盆地的下沟组均发育油页岩及暗色泥岩[112-113]。戴霜等[114]通过对六盘山盆地北部时代火石寨剖面马东山组进行研究,证实其下部发育的黑色页岩和灰岩组合受大洋缺氧事件OAE1b的影响。伊帆等[115]认为羌塘地区侏罗系油页岩形成于Toarcian缺氧(T-OAE)。胡广等[116]认为中国东南沿海地区下白垩统普遍发育的多套黑色泥页岩与大洋缺氧事件OAE2相关。晚白垩世松辽盆地青山口组的缺氧事件与全球的Albian-Cenomanian缺氧事件(OAE2)相吻合。嫩江组的缺氧事件与全球的Santonian-Campanian缺氧事件(OAE3)相吻合[117-118]。此外,在银额盆地含油页岩层系的巴音戈壁组二段发现了热河生物群的典型化石东方叶肢介(Eosestheria sp.),三尾类蜉蝣(Ephemeropsis trisetalis)和长肢裂尾甲[119]。且巴音戈壁组二段顶部结束年龄为116 Ma[120-121],这个时期正是全球大洋缺氧事件OAE1a的时期[106,109]图7)。此外,发生于55 Ma左右的古新世—始新世极热事件(PETM)引起的缺氧事件对古近系油页岩形成也具有一定的促进作用。

    Figure 7.  Geological events related to the Cretaceous global carbon cycle and their changes (modified from reference[122], geological age modified from reference [123])

  • 油页岩是一种富含有机质的岩石,藻类、低等生物及陆地高等植物为油页岩提供了丰富的物质来源,而气候又是控制地球表面古生物繁盛的重要因素。因此,温暖湿润的古气候条件是油页岩的有利形成环境[15,124-126]

    对全国50个盆地、95个含矿区的油页岩综合分析表明,油页岩成矿时期跨度大,成矿时代长,且从晚古生代到新生代都有沉积,其中一部分高品质油页岩发育于气候地质事件频发时期。

    例如,三叠纪初期的古气候继承了二叠纪末期干旱炎热的特点,中晚三叠纪的古气候逐渐向湿热过渡[127],并出现多期全球范围内的气候湿润事件,如卡尼期洪积事件(CHE)、拉丁—卡尼湿润间隔(L-CHI)等[128-131]。卡尼期湿润事件(CHE)的证据在特提斯地区的地层中被广泛记录[132-136],在CHE时期,随着降雨量的增加,海相层序的碎屑组分有所增加,碳酸盐岩沉积突然中断开始沉积陆源硅质碎屑岩,有些地区出现黑色页岩沉积[137]。陆相沉积主要表现为河流水位上升,风化作用加强,洪水引发冲积扇沉积,湖盆的陆源硅质碎屑和有机质的输入增多[136,138]。在意大利的Dolomites地区拉丁—卡尼阶界线附近碳酸盐台地的顶部发现淡水作用导致局部岩溶现象,堆积的火山陆源和火山碎屑岩层中显示出硅质碎屑输入,大量针叶树的遗骸和湿生孢粉资料都表明森林覆盖广泛,并存在显著的降雨,该时期被称为拉丁—卡尼湿润间隔(L-CHI)[130],并且在阿根廷的Mendoza地区及欧洲其他地区也出现了同时期湿润气候的指示[139-140]

    在我国华北鄂尔多斯盆地,拉丁—卡尼湿润间隔(L-CHI)和卡尼期湿润事件(CHE)分别对应延长组长7段底部和上部的油页岩层位,全球性的气候湿润事件不仅促进了海相页岩的沉积,而且为陆相富有机质沉积创造有利条件,长7段是鄂尔多斯盆地稳定沉降过程中有机质最为富集的沉积单元,发育优质烃源岩—油页岩,其有机碳最高达26.16%(图8)。长7段的古气候具有向温暖湿润转变的明显特征[101],温暖的古气候条件有利于湖泊藻类和陆生维管植物的繁盛生长,进而促进初级生产力的提高。此外,充足的降雨会增加地表径流,将大量陆源有机质及营养物质输入湖泊,从而提高初级生产力[146]。同时,温暖湿润的古气候带来的降雨有利于湖平面上升和湖水碱化。较高的古水深造成水体明显分层,加剧湖底的缺氧,有利于有机质的保存[147],古气候对油页岩的沉积起着重要作用。

    Figure 8.  Stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, paleoclimate, sea level change, volcanic and humid events and the distribution of events in Ordos Basin in the Middle⁃Late Triassic

  • 中国含油页岩盆地大多数为陆相湖盆沉积,但也有一些盆地不同程度的出现了海侵作用,海侵发生的层位与油页岩富矿富集层位具有很好的耦合性。有机质来源即高古湖泊生产力是油页岩形成的前提,海侵作用会向湖泊内带入大量海洋浮游生物,提高了古湖泊生产力,并在一定程度上改变了有机质来源的类型[148]。更重要的是,海侵作用会导致湖泊水体条件发生改变,海水中藻类所需的营养元素向湖泊输入会导致湖泊的富营养化,提高湖泊的初级生产力。此外,由于海水中碱性水体可以容纳更多的 C O 3 2 - 和CO2,为水中藻类及沉水植物的光合作用提供了碳源,因而碱性海水向湖盆的输入可以导致湖泊初级生产力升高[30]

    松辽盆地油页岩发育于上白垩统青山口组和嫩江组,学者先后发现在青一段和嫩二段存在海侵作用[149-156]。还有学者进一步讨论海侵了对油页岩成矿的影响[19,52,156]并通过对青一段和嫩一段和二段泥岩生物标志化合物中的甲藻甾烷含量和24-正丙基及24-异丙基胆甾烷的识别证实了海侵的发生[157-158]。海侵作用丰富了青一段油页岩微生物化石,除沟鞭藻、绿藻及疑源类和黄藻类外,还发现了反映淡水、半咸水环境的多刺甲藻,蝙蝠藻等,以及反映海相或半咸水三角洲及潟湖环境的沟裸藻、口堪斯藻,证实了青一段油页岩的形成与海侵事件有关[150]。此外,山东黄县油页岩的形成也与周期性海水进退有关[20,159-160]

    近年来,大量学者也开展了海侵事件对于湖泊有机质保存的影响的研究[118,161]。认为湖泊水体分层主要为温度和化学分层,当海侵事件发生时,由于湖泊与海洋相沟通,水体盐度快速升高,底部形成高盐度水体化学分层[26],在湖泊处于化学或热力分层的条件下,湖泊上下层的水体循环将会停止,造成湖泊底部水体中的氧气含量不断降低,还原性逐渐加强,为油页岩的发育提供了良好的保存条件[150]。在松辽盆地青山口和嫩江组的油页岩中,Sr/Ba、Ca/Mg和伽马蜡烷指数比值可分别高达3.05、2.15和0.48,均反映油页岩较其它泥页岩沉积时期具有半咸水—咸水性质。Pr/Ph、V/(V+Ni)、δU以及β-Carotane(β-胡萝卜烷)等参数显示油页岩沉积时期为强还原—还原环境[162]

  • 丰富的有机质聚集过程中,若受到外源陆源碎屑的输入,将会导致有机质被大量稀释。品质较好的油页岩大都形成于稳定的半深湖—深湖环境下,在该条件下重力流作用是将外源陆源碎屑带入的重要地质事件。重力流是一种重要的沉积物搬运和沉积机制,包括浊流、流体化流、颗粒流和碎屑流。近年来,很多的研究集中于重力流作用对于油气储集的影响,例如鄂尔多斯盆地中南部长7段、长6大面积分布的致密油储层是重力流事件沉积的产物。具有较好的储层物性的重力流砂体与长7段富有机质页岩相互叠置发育形成源储大面积紧密接触,聚集效率高的致密油甜点区[163]。但对比鄂尔多斯长7段和长9段油页岩发育情况发现,长9油页岩厚度较薄,含油率较低。这与长9段发育大量浊积岩有关。在鄂尔多斯盆地,重力流事件沉积发生时,岸上的陆源高等植物、浅湖生物以及大量泥砂被输入深水区,并且对原有沉积有机质造成强烈稀释,降低了有机质丰度[164-165],同样的现象也发生在依兰盆地[166]。同时,在长73段后期,由于频繁的火山活动,引发了许多地震,在深湖相中形成了浊积石沉积物,浅水中的氧气与砂体一起进入湖底,破坏了缺氧的沉积环境,有机质的保存条件变差,有机质的富集程度逐渐降低(图9)。

    Figure 9.  TOC and redox evolution of Chang 7 member of Yanchang Formation of Well ZK903 in Ordos Basin (modified from reference [101])

  • (1) 油页岩中有机质成因类型取决于藻类和微生物的堆积和陆源高等植物碎屑堆积的比例,主要有腐泥型和混合型,我国油页岩以腐泥型和腐殖腐泥型为主。藻类勃发和微生物繁盛是湖泊油页岩有机质的重要贡献。

    (2) 火山活动释放的火山灰为湖泊藻类提供了大量的营养物质,造成湖泊水体的富营养化,导致藻类和细菌的大量繁殖,有利于油页岩形成。但若过量的火山灰和频繁火山爆发释放大量气体将对油页岩富集带来不利的影响。

    (3) 热液事件与油页岩发育有着良好的耦合关系,热液携带营养元素的输入及释放的还原性气体,促进湖泊表层水体在生物的繁盛和底部厌氧的有机质保存条件,有利于油页岩富集;但也有学者研究表明相对高温高压的间歇性热液流体反而不利于生物生存并破坏稳定的缺氧环境,不利于油页岩富集。

    (4) 大洋缺氧事件普遍认为与海底大规模火成岩省有关,其引起的大气中CO2浓度升高导致的温室效应,改变了古湖泊水体条件从而引发藻类勃发和微生物繁盛,有利于油页岩富集。

    (5) 气候湿润事件不仅促进了湖泊生物和周边陆源植被的繁盛,同时,充足的降雨增加了地表径流,为湖盆提供了大量的陆源有机质,湖平面的升高促进了稳定的湖水氧化还原分层,有利于油页岩富集。

    (6) 海侵事件为陆相湖盆带来了藻类所需的营养元素,促进其勃发,同时,湖泊咸化也促进了水体盐度分层,氧化还原界面上移,有利于油页岩富集。

    (7) 重力流事件在一定程度上将原有沉积有机质造成强烈稀释,降低了有机质丰度,同时也将破坏原有的稳定还原环境,不利于油页岩富集。

  • 地球作为一个庞大而复杂的生态系统,各个因素间都有着不同程度的联系,地质事件代表了其中某个因素的改变,但往往可能导致一系列不同的结果。地球内部构造作用而引发的火山及热液活动与有机质富集的关系密切,推断火山活动释放CO2改变了区域或全球性的古气候,火山灰和热液流体可以增加水体中营养元素的输入而促进初级生产力的提高,热液活动通过营造缺氧硫化的底部水体条件为有机质提供良好的保存条件,但火山及热液活动释放的营养元素参与湖泊生态系统循环的过程及对有机质保存条件贡献的大小依然不清楚。同时,气候变暖促进海平面上升而引发的海侵事件对原有湖泊生态系统中物质循环所造成影响的研究较少。许多地质事件与有机质富集之间具有着良好的耦合关系,但缺乏从地质事件到有机质富集之间的生态变化过程的研究,如地质事件的发生对大气—陆地中各个循环系统的影响,今后需要促进多学科交叉,进一步加强多种地质事件耦合作用对油页岩成矿影响,丰富发展油页岩成矿理论与非常规油气沉积学,同时也为寻找非常规油气资源起到重要作用。

    同时,页岩层系内的非常规油气已成为全球油气勘探开发的热点,这些资源的形成与富有机质页岩密切相关,形成演化有序、空间分布上共生。油页岩是有机质成熟度较低的浅埋藏的沉积矿床,与中等成熟—中等埋深页岩油区、高成熟度—深埋页岩气区和紧邻—夹层致密砂岩油构成了页岩非常规油气的共生序列。重要地质事件的耦合作用对非常规油气资源共生序列时空分布与富集均产生重大影响,因此,从多种事件的耦合机制出发,也将成为揭示页岩非常规油气的共生序列机制的重要思路,在寻找非常规油气资源中发挥重要作用。

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