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Jun.  2023
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DANG WenLong, GAO Gang, LIU JianPing, GANG WenZhe, WANG ChengYun, YANG ShangRu, LEI Yu, ZHANG LiLi, DUAN YanJuan. Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 879-889. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133
Citation: DANG WenLong, GAO Gang, LIU JianPing, GANG WenZhe, WANG ChengYun, YANG ShangRu, LEI Yu, ZHANG LiLi, DUAN YanJuan. Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 879-889. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133

Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133
Funds:

Major Key Projects of the Eastern Basin Natural Gas Exploration Project Team of the Exploration Division of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, No. Gas Exploration 2019-022 气探2019-022

  • Received Date: 2021-07-20
  • Accepted Date: 2021-10-18
  • Rev Recd Date: 2021-10-02
  • Available Online: 2021-10-18
  • Publish Date: 2023-06-10
  • The Ordovician Majiagou Formation is an important exploration field of the Lower Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin, which contains rich natural gas resources. However, there are relatively few studies on the influencing factors of the Ordovician source rocks, especially the influence of Carboniferous filling in Ordovician dissolution holes, which has not been previously studied. These mudstones have a great impact on the objective evaluation of the Ordovician source rocks. Based on the source rock field outcrop, core, logging curve, and geochemical parameter data, this paper comprehensively analyses the Carboniferous source rock filling in the Ordovician dissolution hole through geological and logging observations and proposes a method to eliminate the influence of Carboniferous filling in the evaluation of the Ordovician marine carbonate source rock. The research shows that the dissolution holes of the source rocks in the Ordovician weathering crust and its adjacent intervals are obviously filled with Carboniferous mudstone, the karst caves and fractures of outcrops and cores are filled with Carboniferous mudstone, and the logging curves show obviously high peak natural gamma(GR) values. The carbon isotope of kerogen in the filled Carboniferous mudstone is obviously heavier, and the molecular composition of the saturated hydrocarbon shows an obvious post peak advantage, which is consistent with the characteristics of the Carboniferous coal measure source rocks, while the carbon isotope of kerogen in the Lower Paleozoic authigenic mudstone is obviously lighter, and the molecular composition of the saturated hydrocarbon shows pre peak advantage. According to the development characteristics of a single well of Carboniferous mudstone and the distribution characteristics of the organic geochemical parameters, the influence range of Carboniferous filling is determined to be about 100 m below the top surface of the weathered crust, and the value of the Carboniferous filling influence can be corrected according to the relationship between organic carbon content and depth. This understanding suggests that the influence of Carboniferous mudstone must be deducted when evaluating the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Ordovician source rocks, especially those close to the weathering crust, so as to retain objectivity.
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  • Received:  2021-07-20
  • Revised:  2021-10-02
  • Accepted:  2021-10-18
  • Published:  2023-06-10

Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133
Funds:

Major Key Projects of the Eastern Basin Natural Gas Exploration Project Team of the Exploration Division of PetroChina Changqing Oilfield Company, No. Gas Exploration 2019-022 气探2019-022

Abstract: The Ordovician Majiagou Formation is an important exploration field of the Lower Paleozoic in the Ordos Basin, which contains rich natural gas resources. However, there are relatively few studies on the influencing factors of the Ordovician source rocks, especially the influence of Carboniferous filling in Ordovician dissolution holes, which has not been previously studied. These mudstones have a great impact on the objective evaluation of the Ordovician source rocks. Based on the source rock field outcrop, core, logging curve, and geochemical parameter data, this paper comprehensively analyses the Carboniferous source rock filling in the Ordovician dissolution hole through geological and logging observations and proposes a method to eliminate the influence of Carboniferous filling in the evaluation of the Ordovician marine carbonate source rock. The research shows that the dissolution holes of the source rocks in the Ordovician weathering crust and its adjacent intervals are obviously filled with Carboniferous mudstone, the karst caves and fractures of outcrops and cores are filled with Carboniferous mudstone, and the logging curves show obviously high peak natural gamma(GR) values. The carbon isotope of kerogen in the filled Carboniferous mudstone is obviously heavier, and the molecular composition of the saturated hydrocarbon shows an obvious post peak advantage, which is consistent with the characteristics of the Carboniferous coal measure source rocks, while the carbon isotope of kerogen in the Lower Paleozoic authigenic mudstone is obviously lighter, and the molecular composition of the saturated hydrocarbon shows pre peak advantage. According to the development characteristics of a single well of Carboniferous mudstone and the distribution characteristics of the organic geochemical parameters, the influence range of Carboniferous filling is determined to be about 100 m below the top surface of the weathered crust, and the value of the Carboniferous filling influence can be corrected according to the relationship between organic carbon content and depth. This understanding suggests that the influence of Carboniferous mudstone must be deducted when evaluating the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Ordovician source rocks, especially those close to the weathering crust, so as to retain objectivity.

DANG WenLong, GAO Gang, LIU JianPing, GANG WenZhe, WANG ChengYun, YANG ShangRu, LEI Yu, ZHANG LiLi, DUAN YanJuan. Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 879-889. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133
Citation: DANG WenLong, GAO Gang, LIU JianPing, GANG WenZhe, WANG ChengYun, YANG ShangRu, LEI Yu, ZHANG LiLi, DUAN YanJuan. Influence of Carboniferous Filling on the Source Rocks of the Majiagou Formation, Ordos Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(3): 879-889. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.133
  • 鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界奥陶系马家沟组蕴含丰富的天然气资源,是下古生界重要的勘探领域[13]。前人对鄂尔多斯盆地马家沟组及上古生界做了大量研究,包括沉积特征、天然气成因类型及来源、烃源岩特征以及成藏条件等,并取得了重要的进展和认识[410]。马家沟组作为下古生界奥陶系勘探的重要接替领域,其烃源岩的客观评价对油气资源进一步勘探尤为重要。目前,部分学者认为奥陶系马家沟组存在有机质丰度高的规模性有效烃源岩[11],也有部分学者认为马家沟组烃源岩有机质丰度相对较低,但也可作为有效的气源岩[1214]。笔者在研究中发现,奥陶系风化壳烃源岩主要为碳酸盐岩和薄层泥岩或云质泥岩[13],但在奥陶系风化壳及其邻近的碳酸盐岩烃源岩溶蚀孔洞和裂缝中充填石炭系泥岩,这些充填石炭系泥岩的有机碳含量明显高于奥陶系烃源岩本身,对评价奥陶系烃源岩造成极大影响,前人的研究中并未考虑石炭系充填的影响。因此,厘清奥陶系烃源岩溶蚀孔洞和裂缝中石炭系充填的影响,对奥陶系烃源岩的客观评价将格外重要。本文旨在根据烃源岩野外露头、岩心、测井和地球化学参数等资料,对奥陶系溶蚀孔洞中充填的石炭系泥岩进行地质、测井和地球化学等综合分析,研究其影响范围,并提出一种在奥陶系海相碳酸盐岩烃源岩评价中剔除石炭系充填影响的方法。该研究将有效指导奥陶系烃源岩的客观评价。

  • 鄂尔多斯盆地位于华北地台西部,是发育在太古代和早元古代变质岩系结晶基底之上的具有多旋回特征的克拉通含油气盆地,面积约为25×104 km2[15]。鄂尔多斯盆地内部根据构造特征可划分为晋西挠褶带、陕北斜坡带、天环坳陷带、伊盟隆起、渭北隆起、西缘冲断带6个一级构造单元。研究区主要位于鄂尔多斯盆地中东部(图1a)。鄂尔多斯盆地中东部发育中、下奥陶统,地层抬升使得上奥陶统遭受剥蚀而缺失。中、下奥陶统为浅海相沉积,自下而上依次发育冶里组、亮甲山组和马家沟组。马家沟组分为马一段至马六段,其中马五段又细分为马五1—马五10亚段(图1b)。马一段、马三段和马五段为海退期沉积,主要发育泥质白云岩、泥岩及膏盐岩类。马二段、马四段和马六段主要为海侵期,岩性以泥晶灰岩为主[13,16]

    Figure 1.  Location, comprehensive stratigraphic histogram, and weathering crust profile of the study area

    鄂尔多斯盆地奥陶纪晚期地层抬升遭受长达几亿年的风化淋滤剥蚀,直到石炭纪再次接受沉积[17]。马家沟组顶部形成了风化壳,马家沟组整体不同程度地受到风化壳渗滤的影响[1819]图1c),但受影响程度在东、西部区域不同。东部地层厚度大,不仅有巨厚的膏岩层,其上还有厚达200 m的盐上地层覆盖,故研究区东部盐下马五6-10亚段未受风化作用的影响;西部靠近尖灭线附近,盐上地层被剥蚀,盐下地层马五6-10亚段直接接触石炭系本溪组,受到风化作用不同程度的影响。

  • 对研究区170余块岩心样品观察和测试分析发现,鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界奥陶系风化壳地层溶洞和裂缝中普遍充填上古生界石炭系煤系泥岩,并在野外露头、岩心和测井中具有明显的特征。山西西硙口奥陶系野外露头显示(图2),下古生界碳酸盐岩溶洞和裂缝中充填大量的石炭系泥岩,与奥陶系碳酸盐岩相比,充填的石炭系泥岩颜色明显较深,且沿着溶洞和裂缝规律分布。

    Figure 2.  Filling characteristics of the Ordovician outcrop cave in Xiweikou, Shanxi province

    钻井岩心也显示具有溶洞充填的典型特征(图3),岩心中有明显的泥质充填结构,溶洞充填石炭系岩心特征表现在基质为奥陶系碳酸盐岩,呈不规则角砾状,有的颗粒边缘可以对接,但颗粒间为黑色泥岩,显示充填特征。

    Figure 3.  Core photos of the Carboniferous mudstone filling in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation karst cave

  • 下古生界奥陶系风化壳及邻近层段地层溶洞和裂缝充填的石炭系煤系泥岩,除露头与岩心有明显的石炭系泥岩充填特征外,测井曲线上也具有明显的响应特征[20]。研究区靠近奥陶系尖灭线的井,大部分在下古生界靠近风化壳顶部的地层中(主要为马五1—马五5亚段)发现受石炭系充填影响的层段,其特征为泥质含量高、GR测井曲线出现异常高尖峰、刺状,明显异于上、下地层(图4)。由于东部盐下地层有较厚的上覆膏盐岩,且距风化壳顶部较远,一般未受石炭系充填影响,受石炭系充填影响的地层主要分布在西部靠近奥陶系尖灭线附近。

    Figure 4.  Logging characteristics of Ordovician cave filling in wells Shuang148 (a) and Shan 474 (b)

    单井烃源岩综合柱状图显示(图5),下古生界奥陶系岩性可划分为3种,分别为石炭系充填泥岩、奥陶系自生泥岩和奥陶系碳酸盐岩。石炭系充填泥岩出现在奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶蚀孔洞和裂缝中,主要分布在靠近风化壳顶界地层,其泥岩为灰黑色或黑色,呈不规则充填状,TOC含量明显高于其他岩性;奥陶系自生泥岩主要分布在马五6亚段及下伏地层,为灰黑色或黑色,呈平行纹层状或薄夹层状,TOC含量也明显高于碳酸盐岩;奥陶系碳酸盐岩以灰白色或灰色白云岩、泥质白云岩、含云灰岩为主,分布范围广,TOC含量明显低于前两者[13]

    Figure 5.  TOC content and lithological characteristics of the source rocks in wells Tao 61 (a) and Tao 111 (b)

  • 已有研究表明,上古生界石炭系烃源岩为腐殖型烃源岩,而下古生界碳酸盐岩烃源岩为腐泥型[14,2122]。因此,奥陶系充填的石炭系泥岩与奥陶系自生烃源岩地球化学特征应具有明显差异。由于研究区烃源岩大都处于高过成熟阶段,岩石热解参数已不能有效区分两者,故本文采用干酪根碳同位素和生物标志化合物来识别石炭系充填泥岩。充填泥岩干酪根碳同位素与奥陶系烃源岩具有明显差异(图6),充填泥岩干酪根碳同位素值介于-27.5‰~-22‰,而奥陶系自生泥岩夹层和奥陶系碳酸盐岩烃源岩干酪根碳同位素值相近,介于-30.4‰~-25.5‰,明显较充填泥岩干酪根碳同位素轻。

    Figure 6.  Carbon isotope frequency distribution of kerogen in different types of Paleozoic source rocks in the Ordos Basin

    奥陶系马家沟组不同类型泥岩的生物标志化合物特征(图7)具有明显的相似性,但不同类型又具有明显的差异。相似性主要体现在总离子流图(TIC)均呈双峰型,C20、C21、C23三环萜烷呈上升型,且相对含量明显高于C30藿烷;差异性表现在奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶洞中充填的石炭系泥岩饱和烃分子组成具有明显的后峰优势特征(图7b),与上古生界石炭系本溪组泥岩色谱质谱图具有相似特征(图7a);而下古生界奥陶系自生泥岩的饱和烃分子组成具有明显的前峰优势特征(图7c)。表明奥陶系充填的泥岩与石炭系泥岩具有很好的可对比性,进一步证明奥陶系碳酸盐岩烃源岩受石炭系充填影响。

    Figure 7.  Comparison of chromatography⁃mass spectrometry (GS⁃MS) of saturated hydrocarbons in different types of Paleozoic mudstones in the Ordos Basin

  • 为了进一步研究石炭系泥岩充填影响的深度范围,将研究区170个样品分为石炭系泥质充填、奥陶系碳酸盐岩和奥陶系自生泥岩3类,并绘制了实测TOC含量与距风化壳顶距离关系图(图8),其中,石炭系泥质充填样品有机碳含量整体偏高,基本上都大于0.2%,最高可达0.61%,岩样基本分布在距风化壳顶100 m以内;奥陶系自生泥岩分布深度范围较广,其有机碳含量较石炭系充填样品低,TOC含量介于0.2%~0.4%;奥陶系碳酸盐岩有机碳含量明显偏低,绝大多数样品小于0.2%,因此将石炭系的影响范围定为距离风化壳顶部约100 m。

    Figure 8.  Relationship between total organic carbon (TOC) content and distance from the weathering crust top and typical core photos

    根据单井不同层位预测TOC含量平均值与距风化壳顶距离的关系图(图9),奥陶系马家沟组各层段预测TOC含量均值与距风化壳顶距离均呈负相关关系,即随着距风化壳顶距离的增加,烃源岩的TOC含量逐渐减小。图9显示,马五1—马五5亚段距离风化壳顶部较近,基本都受到石炭系泥质充填的影响,而马五6—马五10亚段距离风化壳顶部小于100 m的部分也受到石炭系充填的影响,且层位越深,受影响越小。当距风化壳顶部距离小于100 m时,部分井预测平均TOC数值明显偏离趋势线,本文将这部分TOC含量异常归因于受石炭系泥质充填的影响,并取趋势线上的数值作为未受石炭系影响的碳酸盐岩的TOC含量。在奥陶系烃源岩评价时,可将距风化壳顶部小于100 m内的异常值校正到整体的趋势线上。

    Figure 9.  Relationship between predicted TOC and distance from the weathering crust top of the Ordovician Majiagou Formation in the Ordos Basin

  • 通过对研究区单井测井响应和有机碳分布规律分析,认为石炭系充填的影响范围约为100 m,进而确定了不同层位石炭系影响的平面范围,其中马五6亚段和马五7亚段的石炭系影响的平面分布如图10所示。石炭系影响的范围主要集中在研究区地层尖灭线附近,呈环带状分布,且不同位置石炭系影响的范围有所差异。

    Figure 10.  Influence range of the Carboniferous mudstone to the Ordovician Om56 (a) and Om57 (b) source rock in the Ordos Basin (shaded area)

    以马五7亚段为例,预测TOC平面分布图(图11a)显示华池附近TOC含量异常高。根据马五7亚段TOC含量与距风化壳顶部距离关系,对异常值进行校正,校正后预测TOC含量平面分布特征如图11b所示。可以看出,校正后华池地区附近的TOC异常点消失(图11b),TOC平面图更加符合地质规律。石炭系充填影响TOC异常值的校正,使奥陶系烃源岩评价更加客观。

    Figure 11.  Plane distribution of Om57 member TOC content before (a) and after (b) removal of the influence range of the Carboniferous mudstone to the Ordovician, Ordos Basin

  • (1) 鄂尔多斯盆地下古生界奥陶系马家沟组风化壳及其邻近层段烃源岩溶洞和裂缝中明显充填石炭系泥岩。在野外露头和岩心上表现为溶洞、裂缝中充填石炭系泥岩,测井特征表现为GR曲线异常高尖峰、刺状,明显异于上、下地层。

    (2) 下古生界奥陶系碳酸盐岩溶洞和裂缝中充填的石炭系泥岩干酪根碳同位素明显比奥陶系自生烃源岩重;饱和烃分子组成具有明显的后峰优势特征,与石炭系本溪组泥岩具有相似特征,而奥陶系自生泥岩具有明显的前峰优势特征。

    (3) 确定石炭系泥质充填影响范围为距离风化壳顶面之下100 m左右,主要位于马五1—马五6亚段,平面上主要呈环带状分布在奥陶系尖灭线附近。下古生界烃源岩有机碳含量与距风化壳顶部距离呈明显的线性关系,据此可对石炭系泥质充填影响的TOC异常值进行校正。

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