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Aug.  2023
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MENG XiangChao, ZHOU BoYu, CHEN Yang, MA HaiLong, LI Liang, WANG KePeng, LIN DaoFeng, ZHAO WenPing. Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(4): 1212-1226. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033
Citation: MENG XiangChao, ZHOU BoYu, CHEN Yang, MA HaiLong, LI Liang, WANG KePeng, LIN DaoFeng, ZHAO WenPing. Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(4): 1212-1226. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033

Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05001-002

Science and Technology Major Project, CNPC 2021DJ0402

Science and Technology Major Project, CNPC 2021DJ0202

  • Received Date: 2021-12-10
  • Accepted Date: 2022-04-29
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-03-18
  • Available Online: 2022-04-29
  • Publish Date: 2023-08-10
  • Research on coal-bearing rocks in the different sedimentary responses of multiple coal seams and the effect of adjacent glutenite diagenetic is not currently well developed. Through field observations, sporopollen combination, well-seismic profiles, core phase sequence, and logging responses, such as scanning electron microscope and electron probe energy spectrum data, a stable thick coal seam, and limited thin coal seam were analyzed in the study area for different sedimentary responses. The results showed that through the movement along thrust faults I and II of the basin edge, the oscillation behavior of the boundary faults and basin basement subsidence provides the study area with thick layers of peat accumulation, leading to wide slow-ancient slope cover lake invasion. This hinders the swamp drainage, preventing the oxidation of organic matter and reducing the river gradient. Weakening terrigenous clastic particles interfere with the favorable conditions. A large stable thick coal seam was formed near the first lake flood surface in the lacustrine basin, and the maceral indicates that the coal forming swamp has maintained a good hysteretic water reduction condition. The limited thin coal seams are scattered, have obvious phase-controlled characteristics, and are primarily distributed in the low energy facies zones, such as an interfan/interchannel with weak hydrodynamics. The maceral indicates that the coal forming swamp has a semi-oxidation stage with poor local hysteretic reduction conditions. In the penecongenic-early diagenetic stage, humic acid in coal measures formed dissolution pores in feldspar grains, and the dissolution particles were dominated by calcium-rich plagioclase. The occurrence of kaolinite cement products is found near the inner ring edge of the particles with high purity. Complete and partial kaolinite particles are formed by the dissolution of feldspar particles, kaolinite filling, and collapse polycondensation. The former is of high purity, and the latter is of low purity. In the middle diagenetic stage, organic carboxylic acid of the hydrocarbon source forms dissolution pores in feldspar grains; the dissolution components are primarily potassium feldspar, and the residual components are primarily albite. The occurrence of cemented kaolinite is located on the outer ring edge of the particles or filling intergranular pores with low purity. The influence of humic acid in coal measures on the quality of adjacent conglomerate reservoir is inhibition. Based on the limiting sedimentary facies zone and grain size, the vertical radiation thickness of the stable thick coal seam is 10⁃30 m, the porosity of conglomerate in the radiation zone decreases by 2.3%⁃5.2%, and the permeability decreases by (1.3⁃2.1)×10-3 μm2. The vertical radiation thickness of the limited thin coal seam is 3⁃8 m, the porosity of conglomerate in radiation zone decreases by 1.2%⁃3.5%, and the permeability decreases by (0.8⁃1.9)×10-3 μm2. The high content of rigid particles is a prerequisite for the effective preservation of the original intergranular pores, especially the humic acid solution pores in the penicsyngenetic and early diagenetic coal measures. The removal degree of dissolution products, such as kaolinite and silica, further restricts the effectiveness of the pores.
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  • Received:  2021-12-10
  • Revised:  2022-03-18
  • Accepted:  2022-04-29
  • Published:  2023-08-10

Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033
Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX05001-002

Science and Technology Major Project, CNPC 2021DJ0402

Science and Technology Major Project, CNPC 2021DJ0202

Abstract: Research on coal-bearing rocks in the different sedimentary responses of multiple coal seams and the effect of adjacent glutenite diagenetic is not currently well developed. Through field observations, sporopollen combination, well-seismic profiles, core phase sequence, and logging responses, such as scanning electron microscope and electron probe energy spectrum data, a stable thick coal seam, and limited thin coal seam were analyzed in the study area for different sedimentary responses. The results showed that through the movement along thrust faults I and II of the basin edge, the oscillation behavior of the boundary faults and basin basement subsidence provides the study area with thick layers of peat accumulation, leading to wide slow-ancient slope cover lake invasion. This hinders the swamp drainage, preventing the oxidation of organic matter and reducing the river gradient. Weakening terrigenous clastic particles interfere with the favorable conditions. A large stable thick coal seam was formed near the first lake flood surface in the lacustrine basin, and the maceral indicates that the coal forming swamp has maintained a good hysteretic water reduction condition. The limited thin coal seams are scattered, have obvious phase-controlled characteristics, and are primarily distributed in the low energy facies zones, such as an interfan/interchannel with weak hydrodynamics. The maceral indicates that the coal forming swamp has a semi-oxidation stage with poor local hysteretic reduction conditions. In the penecongenic-early diagenetic stage, humic acid in coal measures formed dissolution pores in feldspar grains, and the dissolution particles were dominated by calcium-rich plagioclase. The occurrence of kaolinite cement products is found near the inner ring edge of the particles with high purity. Complete and partial kaolinite particles are formed by the dissolution of feldspar particles, kaolinite filling, and collapse polycondensation. The former is of high purity, and the latter is of low purity. In the middle diagenetic stage, organic carboxylic acid of the hydrocarbon source forms dissolution pores in feldspar grains; the dissolution components are primarily potassium feldspar, and the residual components are primarily albite. The occurrence of cemented kaolinite is located on the outer ring edge of the particles or filling intergranular pores with low purity. The influence of humic acid in coal measures on the quality of adjacent conglomerate reservoir is inhibition. Based on the limiting sedimentary facies zone and grain size, the vertical radiation thickness of the stable thick coal seam is 10⁃30 m, the porosity of conglomerate in the radiation zone decreases by 2.3%⁃5.2%, and the permeability decreases by (1.3⁃2.1)×10-3 μm2. The vertical radiation thickness of the limited thin coal seam is 3⁃8 m, the porosity of conglomerate in radiation zone decreases by 1.2%⁃3.5%, and the permeability decreases by (0.8⁃1.9)×10-3 μm2. The high content of rigid particles is a prerequisite for the effective preservation of the original intergranular pores, especially the humic acid solution pores in the penicsyngenetic and early diagenetic coal measures. The removal degree of dissolution products, such as kaolinite and silica, further restricts the effectiveness of the pores.

MENG XiangChao, ZHOU BoYu, CHEN Yang, MA HaiLong, LI Liang, WANG KePeng, LIN DaoFeng, ZHAO WenPing. Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(4): 1212-1226. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033
Citation: MENG XiangChao, ZHOU BoYu, CHEN Yang, MA HaiLong, LI Liang, WANG KePeng, LIN DaoFeng, ZHAO WenPing. Differential Sedimentary Response of Coal Seams in Coal-bearing Rock Series and Oil and Gas Exploration: A case study of the J1b Formation in the Mahu slope area[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(4): 1212-1226. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.033
  • 早期煤层沉积学源于20世纪初关于北美上石炭统含煤岩系中岩性单元规律性重复原因的探讨,先后经历了“旋回层阶段”和“三角洲迁移模式阶段”[13]。20世纪80年代初期,国内学者开始关注聚煤作用与海水进退之间的关系[4],吴因业[5],李增学等[67],何起祥等[8],邵龙义等[9],雷振宇等[10]诸多学者对含煤岩系层序地层学及其与沉积环境的关系做过系列论述。逐渐形成了“海退成煤”、“海侵过程成煤”、“湖侵事件成煤”三种最具代表性的成煤模式。“海退成煤模式”类似于陆相成煤模式,强调沉积体系中陆源碎屑系统的阶段性废弃而使沉积体系内局部发生泥炭沼泽化继而成煤,所形成的煤层分布相对局限,区域上不具有严格的等时涵义。“海侵过程成煤模式”强调成煤作用随海侵过程逐渐向陆迁移,所形成的煤层同样具穿时性。“海侵事件成煤模式”则强调海侵的事件属性,海侵过程因具“短暂性”或“突发性”而被赋予等时涵义。

    上述成煤模式及煤层等时性的探讨多与大区域或全球规模的海相沉积背景有关。我国西北及中亚地区陆相湖盆的侏罗系八道湾组(J1b)、西山窑组(J2x)多发育含煤岩系[11]沉积,在单一陆相湖盆或湖盆内部的单一凹陷尺度内,无论是近物源区平原相带低能沼泽环境下形成的分布较局限的煤层,还是近湖盆区受控于湖平面升降形成的分布范围相对较大的煤层,地层格架内的同一套煤层在各自的分布范围内均可视为地学时限范围内的等时层。探讨煤系砂砾岩中煤层产状差异及测井响应差异的原因,及不同成因类型的煤层对邻近砂砾岩储层的成储影响差异的原因,更具有勘探指导意义,目前关于这方面的研究罕见文献报道。准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷下侏罗统八道湾组(J1b)含煤岩系内部夹杂的煤层在厚度、横向分布、测井响应特征、热演化程度等方面均具较大差异。且含煤岩系内的砂砾岩储层质量(储集空间、渗流性能)与该储层与煤层之间的距离有一定的相关性。本文通过剖析八道湾组稳定厚煤层、局限薄煤层两类煤层产状、垂向相序、空间展布等方面的不同,探究两类煤层差异沉积响应的控制因素及分布规律。剖析两类煤层排出煤系腐殖酸强度的差异,及煤系腐殖酸对含煤岩系内砂砾岩储层质量的抑制效应。综合微观产状特征、电子探针能谱元素特征等分析,给出准同生期—早成岩期煤系腐殖酸、中成岩期烃源有机酸溶蚀产物的判别证据。提出含煤岩系砂砾岩优质储层垂向及平面优选建议。为研究区及类似探区含煤岩系砂砾岩储层预测及区带优选提供启示和借鉴。

  • 准噶尔盆地是海西运动后期开始形成与发展的多期次叠合盆地,周缘被古生代褶皱缝合带围绕[1112]图1a)。自石炭纪至今,盆地依次经历了海西晚期、印支期、燕山期和喜山期等构造运动。石炭纪末期,准噶尔南缘的北天山—准噶尔洋开始闭合,并在局部发生陆块碰撞(称天山中期运动)。受其影响,西北缘早期褶皱造山带强烈隆升,并向盆地逆冲,形成叠瓦式前陆冲断推覆构造。二叠纪早期,准噶尔地块受造山带持续作用,受垂直载荷影响,岩石圈发生挠曲变形,西北缘周缘前陆盆地开始形成。自二叠纪始,盆地构造演化依次经历了前陆断陷期(下二叠统(P1 j~P1 f),以靠近逆冲推覆带下盘地层厚、近湖盆区地层薄为典型特征)、断陷—坳陷转换期(中二叠统(P2x~P2w),以近断裂带处地层薄、近湖盆区地层增厚趋势渐强为典型特征)、坳陷初期填平补齐期(上二叠统(P3w)—下三叠统(T1b),以近湖盆区地层厚,近物源区地层薄为典型特征)、坳陷期(中三叠统(T2k)—侏罗系(J)—白垩系(K),以凹陷范围内地层大致等厚为典型特征)(图2)。研究区玛湖斜坡区位于克百断裂—乌夏断裂带下盘(图1a),地层发育较齐全,自下而上发育石炭系、二叠系、三叠系、侏罗系及白垩系,各层系间呈区域性平行不整合或角度不整合接触[1315]

    Figure 1.  Regional structure and stratigraphic characteristics of the J1b, Mahu Sag

    Figure 2.  Structure and sedimentary evolution of the Mahu Sag

  • 煤层为植物遗体经复杂的生物化学作用、地质作用转变而成的层状固体。受古构造、古地理及古气候条件制约,在整个地史时期,全球范围内发育三个主要成煤期[45]:1)古生代的石炭纪和二叠纪,成煤植物主要是孢子植物,主要煤种为烟煤和无烟煤;2)中生代的侏罗纪和白垩纪,成煤植物主要是裸子植物,主要煤种为褐煤和烟煤;3)新生代的第三纪,成煤植物主要是被子植物,主要煤种为褐煤,其次为泥炭,也有部分年轻烟煤。

    从生物分异度、植物群演化及沉积演化等方面看,以准噶尔盆地西北缘为代表的我国北方侏罗纪总的气候背景和演化规律可划分为四个阶段。1)早侏罗世—中侏罗世早中期,以暖温带—温带潮湿气候为主,但存在一系列的次级变化。早侏罗世早中期,温带气候区范围较大,新疆北部各沉积区均在这一气候带内,发育湖泊、河流、沼泽沉积,煤层发育,反映温带暖湿气候的菱铁矿常见。准噶尔盆地以侏罗系八道湾组(J1b)含煤岩系地层为代表,此时期植被繁盛,显示出温暖潮湿的大气候背景,为重要的聚煤期。早侏罗世晚期,新疆地区经历了短暂的亚热带半干旱气候,煤层不发育,北疆地区以三工河组(J1s)中下部为代表。中侏罗世早中期,气候再次逐渐变得温暖潮湿,以侏罗系西山窑组(J2x)的煤系地层为代表。2)中侏罗世晚期,受早期燕山运动影响,构造运动强烈,炎热带向北扩张,新疆地区基本处于亚热带半干旱—半潮湿气候区,沉积岩中高岭石含量降低,伊利石增加,气候逐渐向干热转变,地层中出现红色碎屑岩条带,植物群整体衰落。3)晚侏罗世,新疆各盆地普遍沉积了一套红色碎屑岩[10],发育石膏层及钙质结核,未见植物化石,仅见少量脊椎动物化石,表明气候干旱炎热,基本已处于亚热带半干旱—干旱气候区[810]。4)侏罗纪末期,受中期燕山运动影响,准噶尔盆地经历了一次强烈隆升、削蚀夷平构造运动。在全盆地填平补齐式准平原化及盆地周缘隆升的古地理背景下,形成大面积分布的白垩系清水河组(K1q)底砾岩沉积。

    侏罗系八道湾组一段(内部自下而上细分为J1b11J1b12J1b13三个砂层组)最底部的J1b13砂层组以那氏芦木孢等真蕨类、双扇蕨类孢子为主,指示湖平面较低背景下的低位体系域富粗粒陆源碎屑沉积,以砂砾岩沉积为主。受控于J1b1段整体湖侵退积沉积背景,至顶部J1b11沉积期,以原始松粉、双束松粉为代表的银杏类、松柏类及楔叶类裸子植物花粉(该类花粉外围或两肋多带有气囊,在风力作用可以搬运较远)逐渐占据优势,指示较高湖平面背景下较远距离搬运沉积,主要为湖侵体系域、高位体系域相对较细粒陆源碎屑沉积,以含砾砂岩、中细砂岩、泥岩为主,夹薄煤层(图3)。

    Figure 3.  Map of paleoclimate and sedimentary characteristics from the J1b1 in the Mahu area

  • 研究区侏罗系八道湾组含煤岩系中煤层分布普遍,根据煤层的野外露头产状(图4a)及岩心产状(图4b)特征,将侏罗系八道湾组煤层分为稳定厚煤层、局限薄煤层两种类型。稳定厚煤层横向分布范围广,厚度较大(6~12 m,玛湖斜坡区均值9.5 m)。顶板多与一套砾质强陆源阻断沉积呈突变接触。局限薄煤层横向分布不稳定,呈断续—透镜状分布,厚度整体较薄(玛湖斜坡区测井可识别煤层厚度介于0.8~3.5 m,均值为1.3 m,岩心尺度可见5~10 cm极薄煤层),内部多夹杂(粉)砂质夹矸层。顶板层、底板层以水下分流河道间、河口坝、废弃河道、孤立河道等过渡相带沉积为主。与顶板层、底板层多呈相序渐变接触(图4b)。

    Figure 4.  Outcrop and vertical sequence characteristics of stable thick coal and limited thin coal seam

  • 目的层侏罗系八道湾组一段含煤岩系沉积(图1b)形成于晚三叠世(T3b)区域性湖侵背景下,属于印支运动末期盆缘边界断裂幕式活动与盆地基底振荡性沉降综合作用的产物。此时期,准噶尔盆地与周围不少较小的盆地连成一片,表现为泛盆沉积特征[16]。区域古地貌整体以宽缓斜坡为主(图2)。八道湾组沉积最早期(J1b13沉积时),在玛湖地区构造推覆最强烈的乌夏断裂带下盘靠近断裂带附近,尚存局部古地貌洼地。在多期(地震剖面上可识别出两期,图5a)填平补齐基础上,J1b13中晚期,自物源区向湖盆区,发育广覆式前积—加积充填过程。此时期陆源碎屑供给充分,煤层整体不发育,仅在局部河道间等低能相带零星分布局限薄煤层。在上述填平补齐—广覆式前积—加积充填作用下,古地貌形态也逐渐演变为区域上统一的宽缓古斜坡。沉积相带类型也由二叠系—三叠系相对窄陡斜坡背景下的扇三角洲沉积演变为侏罗系八道湾组一段宽缓斜坡背景下的辫状河三角洲沉积[16]。稳定厚煤层垂向上主要发育在J1b12早期(图5a,b),平面上主要发育于近湖盆区(图6b)。局限薄煤层垂向及平面分布均较零散,垂向上J1b12中上部—J1b11段相对集中(图5a,b),平面上近物源区相对集中(以J1b11段顶薄煤群为代表,图6a)。

    Figure 5.  Sedimentary characteristics and well⁃seismic analysis profile of a coal seam in J1b1

    Figure 6.  Plane distribution of stable thick and limited thin coal seams

  • 煤层多由沼泽环境中的厚层泥炭经复杂的生物化学作用、地质作用逐步演化形成。泥炭的堆积和保存需要足够高的水位以覆盖正在腐烂的植物残体并阻止其被氧化,同时水位又不能过高,以确保植物得以持续存活繁衍。因此,煤层厚度取决于可容纳空间增长速率与泥炭堆积速率之间的相对平衡状态,即平衡补偿[23,10]。研究区侏罗系八道湾组沉积处于整体宽缓斜坡古地形背景,稳定煤层能否堆积保存取决于两个条件:1)可容纳空间增长速率(有赖于潜水面或基准面的不断上升)与泥炭堆积速率之间的相对平衡状态,这是形成煤层的地质主因;2)陆源碎屑沉积物的阻断和干扰程度,这是决定煤层能否得以保存和持续沉积的外在保障。受控于上述两个条件的相对平衡,玛湖斜坡区侏罗系八道湾组稳定厚煤层、局限薄煤层的平面及垂向展布具较明显的分带特征。

  • 玛湖斜坡区八道湾组沉积,尤其是目的层八道湾组一段(J1b1)沉积,位于印支运动末期,早燕山运动之前区域构造背景下,仅盆缘的边界断裂活动较强,且继承了印支期断裂的活动属性,以同沉积逆冲推覆为主。在早侏罗世盆地整体坳陷期构造背景及整体温暖潮湿古气候背景下,盆缘边界断裂的振荡性逆冲推覆控制着近物源区的沉积物供给、古地形两大因素,进而影响近湖盆区基准面/湖平面的相对升降及层序地层的叠加样式。研究区盆地边缘发育逆冲断裂I、逆冲断裂II两大边界断裂(图7),从断面断距、断面两侧地层拖曳程度、断裂上下盘地层厚度差异分析知,逆冲断裂II断面两侧地层拖曳明显,以滚动逆冲为主,同沉积效应强,主要控制了J1b13所属的下盘低位体系域LST的盆底扇、斜坡扇、低位进积—加积三角洲楔状体的分布。逆冲断裂I则控制了J1b12J1b11沉积,并整体控制了整个J1b1沉积的层序地层格局。J1b13沉积时,逆冲断裂I上下盘地层厚度差异较小(上盘28 m,下盘44 m,厚度差16 m),但垂向推覆断距较大(115 m),整体以印支运动末期的构造应力调节释放为主,对近湖盆区J1b13段低位体系域LST沉积影响不大。J1b12沉积时,印支运动末期的振荡性构造复活在逆冲断裂I上盘、下盆形成了近两倍(上盘55 m,下盘101 m,厚度差46 m)的厚度差异(图7)。以逆冲断裂I、逆冲断裂II为代表的盆缘边界断裂的复活,及盆地基底的振荡性沉降,为J1b12底部稳定厚煤层的形成提供了四方面有利条件。1)使J1b1陆源碎屑物质向近湖盆区供给能力增强,大量细粒悬浮物质及有机物残体以悬浮或推移的方式向近湖盆区汇聚。2)经历了LST早—中期以盆底扇、斜坡扇、低位进积—加积三角洲楔状体沉积为主的填平补齐作用,LST末期,近物源区和近湖盆区两大区带的古地形高差大幅弱化。在整体宽缓斜坡古地形背景下,湖平面的微小变化会在平面上导致大范围湖水进退响应,即研究区湖侵期TST早期的首次湖泛事件在近湖盆区具有湖平面快速侵进、大范围覆盖的“广覆式”特征。同时,近湖盆区基准面的相对快速上升及可容纳空间的快速增加,为泥炭的快速堆积提供了充足的可容纳空间。3)基准面的相对快速上升阻碍了沼泽排水,有效地防止有机质氧化,进一步促进J1b12底部厚层泥炭的堆积、保存及煤化作用持续快速进行。4)潜水面/基准面的相对快速上升有效降低河流梯度,使携带陆源碎屑的河流收缩到成煤沼泽之外,保证成煤作用不被陆源碎屑阻断。在上述四方面因素的综合影响下,最终在近湖盆区首次湖泛面附近形成厚层、大面积分布的稳定厚煤层。地震反射特征表现为横向较连续的低频中强反射(图7b)。显微组分以常见大孢子体、小孢子体及角质体(注:叶、枝条、细茎的外皮层)等壳质组分[17]为典型特征。大、小孢子体化石及角质体化石保存条件较完整,指示其成煤沼泽一直保持较佳的滞水还原[17]条件(图8a~c)。

    Figure 7.  Depositional model of stable thick and limited thin coal seams

    Figure 8.  Maceral correlation of stable thick and limited thin coal seams

  • 近物源区(图7a,b,黄1井—百75井一带),以冲积扇—扇三角洲—辫状河三角洲内前缘沉积为主,陆源碎屑供给足,水动力较强,植被难以生长,煤层一般不发育。沉积物中残留的少量有机质主要来自于冲刷上游及周围堤岸的植被。同时由于水体搅动使氧气混入,这些局部残留的有机质也难以得到有效保存,岩心中可见河道砂体沉积中有机质仅仅以碳屑或植物茎秆化石的形式零星分布,局部薄—较厚、横向分布不稳定的局限薄煤层主要发育于最大湖泛面附近的TST中晚期—HST早中期(得益于该时期较快的可容纳空间增加速率与该区较快的泥炭堆积速率之间的相对平衡。近湖盆区,局限薄煤层以零散薄层沉积为主,在J1b1、J1b3中均有分布,层序格架上主要响应于三级层序低位体系域LST、湖侵体系域TST中期、高位体系域HST中期。概括而言,局限薄煤层分布较零散,具较明显的相控特征,多分布于水动力较弱的扇间/河道间等低能相带。显微组分以各类镜质体(注:植物碎片,树干/植根的细胞壁等)[17]组分为主(图8d~f),罕见壳质组分,指示其植物母体来源以较高大的木本植物为主,基质镜质体中见丝状、粒状的黑色惰性组分(注:氧化—部分氧化的植物物质[17],图8f),指示其成煤沼泽存在局部滞水还原条件稍差的半氧化阶段。

  • 煤系腐殖酸主要由煤层母质中的植物遗骸等有机质经过微生物的分解和转化,以及一系列的物理化学过程形成的一类高分子有机酸。在区域成煤环境及成煤母质背景大致相同条件下,单位体积的煤层原始沉积母质中的灰分(粉砂等陆源无机组分)含量越高,煤系腐殖酸的排出强度越小[18]。常用煤层的DEN(密度)值来定性表征煤层原始沉积母质中灰分含量的差异,煤层中灰分含量每增加1%,煤层的密度值增加0.01%。GR(自然伽马)值同样可以指示煤质的纯度(GR越低,煤质纯度越高)[1819]。研究区侏罗系八道湾组局限薄煤层的DEN均值皆高于稳定厚煤层(表1);局限薄煤层的GR均值同样高于稳定厚煤层。说明较之于局限薄煤层,稳定厚煤层的灰分含量更低,煤质更纯,在压实减孔最强烈的准同生—早成岩阶段煤系腐殖酸排出强度更强。平面上,断裂带/近物源区局限薄煤层的DEN值、GR值普遍高于斜坡区/近湖盆区。说明较之于近物源区,近湖盆区煤层的灰分含量更低,煤质更纯,准同生—早成岩阶段煤系腐殖酸排出强度也相对更强。

    煤层成因类型测井参数断裂带玛西斜坡区玛中区玛东斜坡区
    局限薄煤层DEN/(g/cm3)1.35~2.251.451.461.43
    均值1.84均值1.45
    GR/API16.85~60.8938.7337.9331.90
    均值45.04均值36.19
    稳定厚煤层DEN/(g/cm3)不发育1.301.261.34
    均值1.30
    GR/API37.2527.2121.54
    均值28.67

    煤系腐殖酸对含煤岩系砂砾岩储层质量(储集空间、渗流性能)的影响有建设性的一面,主要发生在准同生期(沉积期—早成岩浅埋期之间的过渡阶段,沉积物刚刚沉积,尚无上覆载荷,压实作用极弱—无):1)煤系腐殖酸对颗粒表面、粒间的泥钙质组分的充分溶解净化作用,导致煤系砂砾岩粒间的陆源泥质杂基含量普遍较低,以充填粒间孔隙、粒内孔隙或颗粒环边产状赋存的高岭石多为富长石质颗粒组分的溶蚀产物;2)煤系腐殖酸溶蚀骨架颗粒形成粒内溶孔甚至颗粒铸模孔。但这种建设性成孔作用主要发生在大规模压实减孔成岩阶段之前,随着后续压实程度渐增,该类孔隙难以得到有效保留。

    整体而言,煤系腐殖酸对邻近的砂砾岩储层质量的影响以抑制性为主[2022],主要体现在两方面。1)准同生—早成岩早期,对富长石质骨架颗粒(长石颗粒,及岩屑颗粒中的长石组分)的选择性溶蚀(溶塌)作用,导致八道湾组含煤岩系沉积整体抗压能力降低。2)早成岩中晚期,长石质组分溶蚀析出的高岭石、硅质(多以石英颗粒自生加大边形式产出)等自生矿物,尤其是高岭石,多以交代溶蚀颗粒的形式近原位充填于颗粒粒内溶孔(铸模孔)中,或充填于原生粒间孔隙、喉道、微裂缝中,阻塞孔喉,对储集空间、渗流性能的抑制作用较强。

    由于含煤岩系中煤系腐殖酸对邻近砂砾岩储层质量的抑制作用主要发生在准同生—早成岩期,经历了后期复杂的成岩作用改造,单纯的微观薄片手段难以有效识别和界定。本次研究通过微观产状—电子探针元素能谱综合对比分析,尝试对准同生期—早成岩期煤系腐殖酸溶蚀形成的长石粒内溶孔、高岭石胶结物及中成岩期烃源有机酸溶蚀形成的长石粒内溶孔、高岭石胶结物进行有效区分(图9)。并进一步对准同生期—早成岩期,煤系腐殖酸溶蚀骨架长石颗粒—高岭石充填长石粒内溶孔形成的高岭石完全拟颗粒、高岭石部分拟颗粒进行了产状—成分综合界定(图9,10),为含煤岩系准同生—早成岩期的骨架颗粒溶塌作用提供佐证。

    Figure 9.  Typical diagenetic phenomena and element content of diagenetic products in coal⁃bearing rock series in J1b

    Figure 10.  Dissolution⁃collapse process of skeleton particles in J1b

  • 含煤岩系中煤系腐殖酸对邻近砂砾岩储层质量的影响整体以抑制性为主。垂向上,较之于局限薄煤层,稳定厚煤层的灰分含量更低,煤系腐殖酸的排出强度较大,对邻近砂砾岩储层质量抑制效应的垂向辐射深度更大。进一步统计得出,垂向上,限定大致相同沉积相带(辫状河三角洲前缘水下分流河道)、相同粒度/岩性(含砾粗砂岩—砂质细砾岩)条件下,玛湖地区侏罗系八道湾组两类煤层对邻近砂砾岩储层质量抑制效应的垂向辐射规模如下:稳定厚煤层垂向辐射厚度10~30 m,辐射带砂砾岩孔隙度减少2.3%~5.2%,渗透率减少(1.3~2.1)×10-3 μm2图11,以稳定厚煤层为例);局限薄煤层垂向辐射厚度3~8 m,辐射带砂砾岩孔隙度减少1.2%~3.5%,渗透率减小(0.8~1.9)×10-3 μm2;两套煤层夹持的层位,优质储层不发育或厚度很薄。相对规模的优质储层主要位于距离煤层,尤其是稳定厚煤层较远的部位。平面上,较之于近湖盆区,近物源区稳定厚煤层不发育,局限薄煤层的发育规模及煤层演化程度较低,煤系腐殖酸对砂砾岩储层质量的抑制性作用较弱,优质储层相对发育。

    Figure 11.  Restraining effect vertical scale for stable thick coal seams on porosity and permeability in J1b

  • (1) 玛湖斜坡区侏罗系八道湾组含煤岩系中煤层分布较普遍,可分为稳定厚煤层、局限薄煤层两种成因类型。稳定厚煤层展布受控于以逆冲断裂I、II为代表的盆缘边界断裂复活及盆地基底的振荡性沉降,主要分布于近湖盆区首次湖泛面附近,横向分布范围广,厚度较大。顶板多与一套砾质强陆源阻断沉积呈突变接触。局限薄煤层横向分布不稳定,具较明显的相控特征,多分布于水动力较弱的扇间/河道间等低能相带。厚度整体较薄,内部多夹杂粉砂质、砂质夹矸层。与顶板层、底板层多呈相序渐变接触。

    (2) 准同生期—早成岩期,煤系腐殖酸形成早成岩期长石粒内溶孔,溶蚀颗粒成分以富钙斜长石为主。溶蚀产物高岭石胶结物产状以紧贴颗粒的最内部环边为主,纯度高。长石颗粒溶蚀—高岭石充填—压塌缩聚作用形成高岭石完全拟颗粒、高岭石部分拟颗粒。前者纯度高,后者纯度较低,含杂质钙(Ca)元素。中成岩期,烃源有机酸形成中成岩期长石粒内溶孔,溶蚀颗粒成分以钾长石为主,溶蚀残留组分以钠长石为主。溶蚀产物高岭石胶结物产状以颗粒的外层环边或充填粒间孔隙为主,纯度较低,含杂质钾(K)元素。

    (3) 煤系腐殖酸对煤系砂砾岩储集渗流性能的建设性作用主要发生在准同生早期:煤系腐殖酸对颗粒表面、粒间的泥钙质组分的充分溶解净化作用;煤系腐殖酸溶蚀骨架颗粒形成粒内溶孔甚至颗粒铸模孔。该类孔隙主要形成于大规模压实减孔阶段之前,难以得到有效保留。煤系腐殖酸对煤系砂砾岩储集渗流性能的影响整体以抑制性为主。限定沉积相带、粒度/岩性条件下,稳定厚煤层垂向辐射厚度10~30 m,辐射带砂砾岩孔隙度减少2.3%~5.2%,渗透率减小(1.3~2.1)×10-3 μm2;局限薄煤层垂向辐射厚度3~8 m,辐射带砂砾岩孔隙度减少1.2%~3.5%,渗透率减小(0.8~1.9)×10-3 μm2

    (4) 高刚性颗粒含量是煤系砂砾岩储层原生粒间孔,尤其是准同生期—早成岩期煤系腐殖酸溶孔有效保存的前提条件,高岭石、硅质等溶蚀产物的迁出程度进一步制约着孔隙的有效性。优质储层区带优选应重点关注物源区母岩类型为中酸性母岩提供物源的扇体,且沉积分异程度较高、成分成熟度较高的扇三角洲外前缘相带。水动力强、渗流条件优、高岭石/硅质等溶蚀产物迁移较彻底的水下分流河道、河口坝等沉积微相砂体是优质储层集中发育区。

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