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WANG GuangWei. Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(2): 632-642. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062
Citation: WANG GuangWei. Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(2): 632-642. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062

Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41902130

  • Received Date: 2022-04-06
  • Accepted Date: 2022-07-01
  • Rev Recd Date: 2022-05-12
  • Available Online: 2022-07-01
  • Publish Date: 2024-02-04
  • Significance Dolomite is a common carbonate rock and servers as an important reservoir for oil and gas. In the Sichuan Basin marine carbonate successions, for example, approximately 96% of the proved gas reserves are in dolomite reservoirs. Thus, studies of the dolomitization process, and how pores originate in dolomite, have made significant progress. However, how dolomitization affects the development of pores is still argued. Methods By summarizing the main theoretical viewpoints of pore origin, combined with the results of various replacement experimental simulations, this study explains the formation and evolution of pores during dolomitization and suggests lines of future research on pore origin. [ Progress ] The pores in dolomite are either inherited from its precursor limestone, or they have resulted from the dissolution of calcite during or after dolomitization. Dolomitization might increase, maintain or reduce reservoir porosity, depending on the environment, residence time and nature of the dolomitizing fluids. [ Conclusions and Prospects ] Replacement observations in experimental simulations imply that replacement is a micro-process of dissolution, migration and precipitation, accompanied by the formation of new pores that act as a channel for fluid and ion exchange to maintain the reaction. The molar volume of minerals does not influence the formation of pores. This is determined by relative solubility: that is, if the dissolution of reactants is greater than the precipitation of products, pore volume increases. The whole replacement process is accompanied by the formation of new pores, but they are mainly micropores, and their contribution to the effective porosity of a reservoir remains to be further evaluated.
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  • Received:  2022-04-06
  • Revised:  2022-05-12
  • Accepted:  2022-07-01
  • Published:  2024-02-04

Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062
Funds:

National Natural Science Foundation of China 41902130

Abstract: Significance Dolomite is a common carbonate rock and servers as an important reservoir for oil and gas. In the Sichuan Basin marine carbonate successions, for example, approximately 96% of the proved gas reserves are in dolomite reservoirs. Thus, studies of the dolomitization process, and how pores originate in dolomite, have made significant progress. However, how dolomitization affects the development of pores is still argued. Methods By summarizing the main theoretical viewpoints of pore origin, combined with the results of various replacement experimental simulations, this study explains the formation and evolution of pores during dolomitization and suggests lines of future research on pore origin. [ Progress ] The pores in dolomite are either inherited from its precursor limestone, or they have resulted from the dissolution of calcite during or after dolomitization. Dolomitization might increase, maintain or reduce reservoir porosity, depending on the environment, residence time and nature of the dolomitizing fluids. [ Conclusions and Prospects ] Replacement observations in experimental simulations imply that replacement is a micro-process of dissolution, migration and precipitation, accompanied by the formation of new pores that act as a channel for fluid and ion exchange to maintain the reaction. The molar volume of minerals does not influence the formation of pores. This is determined by relative solubility: that is, if the dissolution of reactants is greater than the precipitation of products, pore volume increases. The whole replacement process is accompanied by the formation of new pores, but they are mainly micropores, and their contribution to the effective porosity of a reservoir remains to be further evaluated.

WANG GuangWei. Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(2): 632-642. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062
Citation: WANG GuangWei. Dolomitization and Dolomite Pore Formation: Insights from experimentally simulated replacement[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2024, 42(2): 632-642. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.062
  • 白云岩化作用是白云石矿物逐渐取代方解石或文石矿物的一种交代反应,微观上表现为方解石、文石等反应物溶解、同时伴随着白云石沉淀的耦合过程[1]。白云岩在全球范围内广泛分布[26],常发育不同类型的储集空间而成为优质的油气储集层[711]。据统计,四川盆地海相碳酸盐岩层系已获探明地质储量2.34×1012 m3天然气[12],其中白云岩储层中的探明储量占总探明储量的96.2%。因此,有关白云岩孔隙成因的研究引起了极大的关注,并取得了显著的进展[1319]。白云岩的孔隙可以形成于沉积期、大气淡水暴露溶蚀[2022]、白云岩化作用[2324]或者埋藏溶蚀作用[2528]等。其中,白云岩化作用对白云岩孔隙的影响仍存在较大争议。基于孔隙与白云岩形成的相对时间,白云岩的孔隙可划分为同生孔隙和后生孔隙[23];同生孔隙形成时间与白云岩形成时间一致,是继承/转化的原岩孔隙,抑或是白云岩化过程中新形成的孔隙;后生孔隙则是白云岩形成之后形成的所有孔隙。

    国内外学者对白云岩化作用本身对孔隙的影响(即同生孔隙的成因)已作出较多理论和实例分析,可总结为三个观点[23,29]:(1)白云岩化作用可以增加储层的孔隙度,方解石、文石转变为白云石的过程中,因摩尔体积的差异,生成物沉淀的总体积小于反应物消耗的总体积,导致交代体系中固相体积收缩和孔隙体积增大;(2)白云岩化作用对储层的孔隙度没有影响,白云岩的孔隙主要继承于灰岩原岩的孔隙;(3)白云岩化作用降低了储层的物性,如过白云岩化作用。因此,白云岩化过程中孔隙的增加、保持或破坏似乎与交代反应的环境、流体性质和反应时间密切相关[29]。地质环境下的交代作用类型丰富,是一类流体参与的溶解—沉淀相耦合的微过程[30]。本文归纳总结了白云岩化过程中孔隙形成与演化的主要理论观点,并列举了四类典型的交代反应实验模拟,通过总结和对比实验的观测结果,识别出交代反应的一些共性特征,为理解白云岩化作用对孔隙的影响提供不同的视角和理论借鉴。

  • 碳酸盐岩层系的油气勘探与实践表明,白云岩物性常优于同时期灰岩,尤其在古老地层中更为明显[2,6]。针对这种现象的成因,前人做了大量地质实例分析和实验研究,以下对白云岩孔隙成因的解释和理论模式进行系统的梳理和总结。

  • 受化学动力学障碍的限制,白云石极难从地表常温、常压环境的水体中直接沉淀[3032]。规模性发育的白云岩主要为次生交代成因,反应过程可用公式(1)表示[33]

    2CaCO3+Mg2+→CaMg(CO32+Ca2+ (1)

    该过程会消耗白云岩化流体中1 mol的Mg2+同时释放1 mol的Ca2+至流体中,因此称为等摩尔交代作用;同时,生成1 mol白云石会消耗2 mol方解石或文石。已知白云石的摩尔体积为64.365 cm3/mol,方解石的摩尔体积为36.934 cm3/mol,文石的摩尔体积为34.150 cm3/mol[34]。由于反应物与生成物摩尔体积的差异,反应前后体系中的固体体积会发生变化,孔隙体积也相应的发生改变。理论计算表明,若白云石交代方解石,则会造成矿物总体积缩小(36.934 cm3/mol×2 mol)-(64.365 cm3/mol×1 mol)=9.503 cm3,相应的孔隙度增加值为9.503 cm3/(36.934 cm3/mol×2 mol)×100%=12.86%;若白云石交代文石,固相体积会缩小(34.150 cm3/mol×2 mol)-(64.365 cm3/mol×1 mol)=3. 935 cm3,相应的孔隙度增加5.76%。由此,前人认为白云岩化过程中由于摩尔体积的变化会形成新的孔隙[33],这便是经典的白云岩孔隙成因理论,并用于解释碳酸盐岩地层中白云岩孔隙度一般好于同时期灰岩的地质现象。等摩尔交代理论自提出后一直备受质疑,关键在于白云岩化过程中是否有外源CO32-的混入。Weyl[35]研究认为,相对于Ca2+、Mg2+浓度,大多数地层水中CO32-含量较低,并利用质量守恒原理证明白云岩化过程遵循等摩尔交代原理。基于对意大利Venetian Alps地区中侏罗统的研究,Zempolich et al.[36]发现白云岩的面孔率多介于10%~15%,与理论增加值相似,因此认为白云岩化作用是一个等摩尔交代的过程。

    然而,Lucia et al.[37]研究指出,全新世白云岩孔隙度与灰岩相似,甚至在波内尔岛上新世—更新世碳酸盐岩地层的白云岩孔隙度显著低于同期灰岩;此外,鲕粒、生屑等颗粒的原始微结构在白云岩化之后被完美地保存下来[38],这些均表明白云岩化作用能够保持固相的原始格架,外源CO32-的流入应该是一种普遍现象,白云岩化作用并非是等摩尔交代而是等体积交代的过程,可以用公式(2)和公式(3)表达:

    1.743CaCO3(方解石)+Mg2++0.257CO32-→CaMg(CO32+0.743Ca2+ (2)

    1.885CaCO3(文石)+Mg2++0.115CO32-→CaMg(CO32+0.115Ca2+ (3)

    交代反应体系中,生成1 mol白云石仅消耗1.743 mol的方解石或1.855 mol的文石,固相体积的损失量与白云石的沉淀量相同,反应前后孔隙体积保持不变。等体积交代理论认为,白云岩化过程中没有新孔隙的生成,白云岩的孔隙只是白云岩化过程中灰岩原岩孔隙的转变,为继承性孔隙;因此,白云岩的孔隙度取决于原岩。古代白云岩孔隙度大于相邻灰岩的主要原因是白云岩具有更强的抗压实—压溶能力,在埋藏环境中能够保存更多的孔隙[39]。四川盆地三叠系潮坪相白云岩形成于准同生—早成岩期,在近于等体积交代过程中,灰泥微孔隙转变为白云岩晶间孔并在埋藏环境中保存下来,而未发生白云岩化的灰泥则被压实成致密的泥晶灰岩[38]。Lucia[39]通过对比不同时代(全新世、更新世、新近纪和侏罗纪)灰岩与白云岩的孔隙特征指出,白云岩孔隙的形成与白云岩化作用本身无关,白云岩孔隙度即可以大于、等于或小于同时代的灰岩,因此认为白云岩孔隙为继承性孔隙。

    综上所述,白云岩化流体在提供Mg2+离子的同时也提供了CO32-离子,导致白云岩化反应路径的差异,从而引起孔隙体积的变化,主要取决于白云岩化流体的CO32-浓度。因此,根据流体提供CO32-的含量,白云岩化过程可以用综合反应模式(公式4)表示为[40]

    (2-x)CaCO3+Mg2++xCO32-→CaMg(CO32+(1-x) Ca2+ (4)

    x为白云岩化过程实际消耗流体中CO32-的浓度,对于方解石和文石,当x分别取值为0.257和0.115时,反应前后矿物体积保持不变。以白云石交代方解石为例,当x等于0,即白云岩化发生在封闭的成岩体系,无外源CO32-的混入,则白云岩化遵循等摩尔交代作用(公式1),孔隙度理论增加值为12.86%;当0<x<0.257时,则白云岩化后固相体积总体减小,孔隙度理论增加介于0~12.86%;当x等于0.257时,白云岩化前后孔隙体积不变,即为等体积交代作用(公式2)。当x>0.257时,则白云岩化后固相体积增加,存在过白云岩作用,孔隙度降低。白云岩化流体的性质最终决定了白云岩化作用是增加、降低还是保持孔隙。因此,在近地表环境下,白云岩化流体常富含外源CO32-,交代反应倾向于等体积交代为主,在靠近卤水源的位置当方解石被完全交代后可能发生过白云岩化;相比,在相对封闭的埋藏环境,云化流体的外源CO32-浓度较低,白云岩化可能更倾向于等摩尔交代。

  • 白云岩化作用是碳酸钙溶解—白云石再沉淀的微观耦合过程。白云岩化流体主要为不同程度的蒸发海水[4142],并且随着蒸发作用的增强,海水盐度逐渐增加、pH值逐渐降低[43]。因此,蒸发性的海源流体作为白云岩化流体,对灰岩具有一定的溶解能力,且与灰岩地层的原始孔隙水混合,会进一步促进原岩的溶解[4445]

    另一种孔隙成因理论为白云岩化晚期残余方解石的溶蚀。在白云岩化过程中的晚期,地层流体受白云岩化反应的改造,可能对残留的灰质成分有较强的溶解能力,导致残余方解石的溶解速率大于白云石的沉淀速率[46],从而形成孔隙。时间上,孔隙形成于白云岩化过程的晚期,属于白云岩化的一部分。这一理论首先由Landes[47]提出,并用于解释密歇根盆地局部高孔隙性白云岩储层成因。Wendte[48]系统研究了不同白云岩化程度的储层特征,发现白云岩的晶间孔实际为原岩的粒内孔和铸模孔,且在厚层白云岩中部最发育,认为白云石首先交代原始灰岩颗粒的外部,内部残存的方解石或文石在白云岩化晚期被溶蚀形成粒内孔。

  • 将边长约为2 mm的立方体方解石单晶和1 mL浓度为1 mol/L的MgCl2溶液放置于高压反应釜中,在200 ℃、饱和蒸气压(约16 bar)条件下反应。共计5组平行试验,反应时间分别为1 d、3 d、7 d、14 d和28 d,分别对每组试验的产物进行观察[49],观测结果如图1所示。

    Figure 1.  Products of replacement of calcite by dolomite and magnesite[49]

    交代反应显示出方解石单晶被白云石和菱镁矿自外向内逐渐交代(图1a)。反应初期(1 d和3 d),方解石晶体外层首先被菱镁矿交代,形成一个反应边(reaction rim);随着反应的进行(14 d),白云石出现在方解石和菱镁矿层之间(图1b,c);至反应的最后阶段(28 d),生成的白云石又被菱镁矿交代,反应边几乎全由菱镁矿组成。整体而言,交代反应过程中,原始晶体的外形和大小未发生明显变化(图1a)。原始方解石单晶几乎不发育孔隙,被白云石和菱镁矿交代后,形成一个孔隙性的反应边,发育大量的晶间微孔(图1d);反应边与未反应的方解石之间存在明显的间隙(图1c),并随交代时间的增加,反应边和间隙的宽度均增大。反应后溶液中Ca离子浓度增加,Mg离子浓度降低,Ca/Mg值增大(表1)。

    反应时间/d溶液离子浓度pH
    Mg/(mg/L)Ca/(mg/L)Mg/(mol/kg)Ca/(mol/kg)
    024 60001.012 109.34
    123 9901 6210.987 00.040 48.48
    322 1002 3100.909 30.057 67.77
    721 3803 0000.879 60.074 98.75
    1421 0303 7400.865 30.093 39.34
    2822 3705 7580.920 40.143 77.33

    Table 1.  Composition of reacted fluid as a function of time[49]

  • 将50 mg文石质鲕粒放入10 mL含0.5 M的MgCl2和0.4 M的CaCl2的溶液中,反应温度为200 ℃、平衡蒸气压[50]。共计9组平行实验,反应时长分别为6 h、24 h、36 h、48 h、60 h、72 h、96 h、168 h和180 h,产物过滤并用去离子水冲洗,干燥后用于观测。

    模拟结果显示(图2),白云岩化作用自鲕粒外层向内部逐渐延伸。反应6 h后,鲕粒表层可见零星分布的半自形白云石晶体(图2a)。反应至24 h,白云石晶体趋于自形,且逐渐连片形成白云石包壳(图2b)。随着反应时间的增加(24~96 h),鲕粒内部圈层开始发育半自形—自形白云石(图2c,d),白云石首先交代藻钻孔和孔隙性纹层,然后再交代致密的部分;生成的微晶白云石显示出与原始文石质鲕粒相似的纹层结构(图2e,f),纹层厚度一般为数十微米。总体而言,交代反应形成的白云石主要沉淀在原始鲕粒轮廓范围内,反应前后总体积不变,孔隙主要包括鲕粒纹层中的晶间微孔隙和少量的铸模孔。白云石包壳和纹层的产生表明,大部分白云石沉淀发生在文石溶解位置附近的几十微米范围内,而少量铸模孔的发育则表明,一些沉淀则发生在溶解位置数百微米范围内[50],反应物溶解的位置与生成物沉淀的位置存在一定距离的偏移。

    Figure 2.  Experimental reaction products illustrating progressive dolomitization of aragonite ooids[50]

  • 在150 ℃温度条件下,将白榴石晶体置于含3.5%的NaCl溶液的高压釜中进行方沸石交代白榴石的实验[5152]。交代反应式如公式(5)所示:

    KAlSi2O6+Na++H2O→NaAlSi2O6·H2O+K+ (5)

    该过程消耗流体中1 mol的Na+同时释放1 mol的K+至流体中,类似于白云岩化中的等摩尔交代作用。同时,生成1 mol方沸石会消耗1 mol白榴石。反应物白榴石的摩尔体积为89.302 cm3/mol,生成物方沸石的摩尔体积为97.574 cm3/mol[34],生成物的摩尔体积大于反应物。与白云岩化作用的摩尔体积减少的情况相反,理论计算表明,1 mol方沸石交代1 mol白榴石后,体系的固相体积应该增加9.26%,孔隙度相应的降低9.26%。

    然而,实验结果显示,反应物白榴石为双晶结构,孔隙不发育(图3a~c),交代产物方沸石沿着白榴石晶体边界向内部交代(图3d)。扫描电镜观察显示,方沸石由有序的微晶组成(图3e),层间发育大量的微孔隙(图3f)。这与传统理论认为摩尔体积的增加降低孔隙的观点相矛盾。由此表明,生成物的摩尔体积增加不会影响交代过程中新孔隙的形成,反应物中存在微孔隙似乎是一种普遍现象。新孔隙的形成表明交代过程中方沸石的沉淀量小于白榴石的溶解量,并超过摩尔体积增加的影响。

    Figure 3.  Experimental reaction products illustrating progressive dolomitization of aragonite ooids[5152]

  • 室温条件下,将大小为2 mm×2 mm×1 mm 的溴化钾晶体放入0.25 mL的KCl饱和溶液中,KBr在溶液中发生溶解,增加了溶液中K+离子的含量,从而导致KCl过饱和而发生沉淀,即宏观上表现的KCl交代KBr晶体,反应时长从1 min至12 d[53]。交代反应过程如公式(6)所示:

    KBr+Cl-→KCl+Br- (6)

    该过程消耗流体中1 mol的Cl-同时释放1 mol的Br-至流体中,同样类似于白云岩化的等摩尔交代作用。同时,生成1 mol氯化钾会消耗1 mol溴化钾。反应物溴化钾的摩尔体积为43.273 cm3/mol,生成物氯化钾的摩尔体积为37.519 cm3/mol[34],生成物的摩尔体积小于反应物。理论计算表明,1 mol氯化钾交代1 mol溴化钾后,体系的固相体积应该减少13.30%。

    实验结果显示,反应物溴化钾晶体干净透明,孔隙不发育(图4a),随着交代反应由外向内进行,乳白色的氯化钾生成物逐渐增大(图4b,c),反应时间至120 min后完全形成氯化钾晶体(图4d)。扫描电镜观察显示,原始溴化钾的孔隙度几乎为零(图4e),而由氯化钾组成的反应边发育大量的微孔隙(图4e~g)。然而,由于微晶和微孔隙具有较大的表面能,形成的氯化钾晶体的微结构仍会进一步演化和再平衡,导致晶体外边缘微孔隙消失,形成一个显著的亮边结构(图4h)。随着平衡时间的增加,亮边结构更趋明显(图4i),内部微孔隙完全被亮边所包裹。这种结构与实际的白云石[54]地质样品中的雾心—亮边特征具有很好的相似性(图4j)。

    Figure 4.  Experimental reaction products illustrating progressive dolomitization of aragonite ooids[53]

  • 交代反应存在反应物的溶解与生成物的沉淀,溶解量与沉淀量的相对变化必然引起固体格架的变化以及孔隙形态和大小的改变。基于不同类型实验模拟的观测结果,识别出交代反应的一些共性特征,为理解白云岩化过程中孔隙的演化提供借鉴。

    综合四组实验模拟结果表明,交代反应基本保持了被交代矿物或颗粒的外部轮廓,生成物普遍发育微孔隙;微孔隙提供了流体和离子交换的通道,从而保持交代反应自外向内地持续进行。在三组交代实验中,反应物方解石、溴化钾和白榴石三种单晶矿物均不发育孔隙,即晶体的原始孔隙度几乎为0,但是在生成物中均可观察到大量的晶间微孔隙,表明交代反应确实可以形成新的孔隙。氯化钾交代溴化钾、白云石和菱镁矿交代方解石、白云石交代文石鲕粒这三组反应,生成物的摩尔体积均小于反应物,似乎验证了等摩尔交代控制了孔隙的形成。然而,方沸石交代白榴石后,生成物的摩尔体积大于反应物白榴石,但是在方沸石反应边中仍可见到大量的微孔隙(图3e,f),与理论计算的固相体积增加相矛盾。由此表明,交代过程中微孔隙的形成并非受矿物摩尔体积的控制,而是由于反应物的溶解量大于生成物的沉淀量造成固相体积的亏损。总体而言,交代过程中反应物首先发生溶解(如KBr溶解),向流体中释放各种离子(如Br-和K+),造成流体对另一种矿物(如KCl)过饱和;流体通过孔隙性反应边向反应前缘提供交代所需的离子(如Cl-),同时带出反应后释放的离子(如Br+);交代反应过程中反应物的溶解量总是大于生成物的沉淀量,造成孔隙体积的增加。

    此外,在白云石和菱镁矿交代单晶方解石的实验中,除了生成物中大量发育的微孔隙,反应物和生成物之间也发育明显的间隙(gap),表明反应物溶解位置和生成物沉淀位置存在一定距离的偏离,溶解的物质进入流体并发生一定距离的运移后才发生沉淀。因此,白云岩化作用在微观上可以看作一种反应物的溶解、物质运移至成核点、生成物沉淀三个耦合的微过程,即溶解—运移—沉淀的微过程(图4c)。白云岩化作用中反应物在流体—矿物界面处发生微观溶解(如卤水与原始地层水混合造成对方解石、文石等被交代物的不饱和[44]),向边界流体中释放Ca2+和CO32-离子,造成边界流体对白云石矿物的过饱和;运移则涉及流体通过孔隙性反应边向反应前缘提供交代所需的Mg2+离子,同时带出反应后释放的Ca2+离子。交代反应过程总体显示出溶解量大于沉淀量、溶解位置与沉淀位置存在一定偏离的特征。从溶解—运移—沉淀三个微过程的角度分析交代过程及其产物特征,可以对白云岩化的一些现象作出较为合理的解释。运移距离的大小影响了原始微结构的保存程度。只有运移距离小,溶解—沉淀相耦合的交代反应才能完美保存原始颗粒结构特征,如鲕粒内部的圈层结构。当运移距离较大,即物质溶解的部位和沉淀的部位距离较远时,则溶解的部位可能演变为较大的孔隙,如实验中观察到的间隙和铸模孔,同时原始结构保存得较差。运移距离可能受成岩流体成分、流速和pH值控制[51]。地质历史中海水的Mg/Ca值、盐度和白云岩化流体性质可能是影响白云岩化过程中原始颗粒保存程度和孔隙形成的重要因素[5556]

    然而,新形成的交代产物由大量的微晶和微孔隙组成,具有较大的表面能。在表面能的驱动下,生成物会发生结构平衡和重结晶,导致晶体周缘微孔隙的消失(图4h),形成亮边结构(图4i)。同时晶体内部的微孔隙被亮边所封闭而形成孤立的孔隙和流体包裹体(图4h)。由此形成的雾心—亮边结构与地质样品中的白云石结构非常相似(图4j)。交代作用过程中形成的一部分微孔隙可能为无效孔隙,对储集层有效孔隙度的贡献有限。

    综上所述,不管交代产物摩尔体积是减小还是增大,交代过程中均存在新孔隙的形成,以保障交代反应的持续进行,矿物摩尔体积的减少不是交代过程中孔隙形成的主要控制因素。因此,可以推断,白云岩化作用中孔隙的形成贯穿整个交代过程,溶解量大于沉淀量是孔隙形成的主要原因,新形成的孔隙可能由于结构平衡和重结晶而成为无效孔隙;运移距离则决定了白云岩化后原始结构的保存程度。

  • 现今普遍认为,白云岩的成因类型多样[57],然而规模性白云岩主要为近地表环境下的次生交代成因[42]。虽然地质环境中的交代作用类型众多[58],存在共性特征和各自的特殊性,但是均表现出从颗粒边缘向内部逐渐反应的过程,形成一个孔隙性反应边。如何有效定量表征反应边的孔隙含量,从而定量比较交代反应前后孔隙的变化,有助于深入理解交代反应过程中的孔隙演化。本文列举的四组交代反应的实验模拟,除了氯化钾交代溴化钾的实验为常温、常压条件,其他三组均是高温、短时间的模拟,与地质历史时期白云岩化的环境存在显著差异。此外,海水作为白云岩化流体的主要来源,海水成分在地质历史中持续演变[56]。如何有效改进白云岩化实验模拟的温压条件,使之更加符合白云岩形成的自然地质条件,成为深入理解白云岩孔隙成因和演化的关键。随着实验技术的提高,在考虑白云岩化流体性质的条件下,可以开展相对低温—长时间的白云岩化实验模拟,如Usdowski[59]开展了反应温度介于60 ℃~90 ℃、反应时间长达7年的白云岩化实验模拟。近二十年来,数值模拟技术逐渐应用于白云岩化过程中矿物和孔隙演化的动态定量分析[6063],有效弥补实验模拟在时间尺度上的不足。相对低温—长时间的实验模拟结果可以为白云岩化数值模拟提供约束条件,形成实验模拟和数值模拟相结合的方法,用于综合分析白云岩化作用过程及其孔隙的形成与演化。

  • (1) 综合四种类型的交代反应模拟实验表明,无论生成物矿物摩尔体积的减少或增加,交代反应过程中均存在微孔隙的形成,微孔隙提供了流体和离子的交换通道,保持了交代反应的持续进行。

    (2) 白云岩化作用是溶解—运移—沉淀三个耦合的微过程。白云岩孔隙的形成并非等摩尔交代相关的矿物体积收缩,而是取决于反应物与生产物的相对溶解度,即溶解量大于沉淀量。交代过程中形成的孔隙主要为晶间微孔,随着晶体结构的平衡和重结晶,部分微孔隙转变为无效孔隙。

    (3) 实际地质条件下,由于白云岩化流体性质、被交代矿物类型和反应时间的不同,形成的白云岩孔隙和结构存在差异。随着实验模拟和分析测试技术的提高,有待开展更多不同条件下白云岩化的实验模拟,结合数值模拟方法,深化白云岩化过程和孔隙形成演化的认识。

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