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研究区马鞍塘组沉积特征分异明显,结合野外剖面观察,基于室内镜下鉴定结果,识别出11个微相类型(表1),分别是:含包粒似球粒泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF1)、含生屑似球粒泥粒灰岩(MF2)、含鲕粒似球粒泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF3)、含生屑同心放射鲕泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF4)、含生屑表鲕泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF5)、含生屑脑状鲕泥粒灰岩(MF6)、含包粒生屑砾状灰岩(MF7)、含生屑包粒泥粒灰岩—漂砾灰岩(MF8)、含生屑凝块石泥粒灰岩—漂砾灰岩(MF9)、海绵微生物黏结灰岩(MF10)、蠕虫管黏结灰岩(MF11)。根据微相特征和相关性,11个微相类型被进一步分为5个岩相组合(Lithofacies Association,LA),分别为似球粒灰岩组合(LA-peloid)、鲕粒灰岩组合(LA-ooid)、生屑灰岩组合(LA-skeletal)、海绵礁组合(LA-sponge reef)以及页岩组合(LA-shale)。
编号 名称 主要特征 沉积相 MF1 含包粒似球粒泥粒 灰岩—颗粒灰岩 颗粒支撑,颗粒间灰泥充填为主,局部有亮晶胶结。包粒粒径主要集中在2 mm左右,核心多为生屑或泥晶,结构复杂,粒间距较大,充填大量粒径0.1~0.2 mm的似球粒(>30%)和部分生物碎屑(15%)。生物碎屑有有孔虫(主要)、腕足、介形虫、海百合茎等,颗粒多破碎,泥晶化,颗粒形态模糊 内缓坡似球粒滩 MF2 含生屑似球粒 泥粒灰岩 颗粒支撑,颗粒间灰泥充填。以似球粒为主,粒径0.1~0.2 mm,存在大量生物碎屑(25%),如有孔虫(主要)、腕足、介形虫、海百合茎等,生屑多破碎,粒径与似球粒相似,大型化石壳体上可见生物钻孔。方解石脉发育 内缓坡似球粒滩 MF3 含鲕粒似球粒泥粒 灰岩—颗粒灰岩 颗粒支撑,颗粒间主要为亮晶胶结,充填少量灰泥。鲕粒粒径极细且均匀,大部分为0.3~0.6 mm,形状不规则,粒径稍大的鲕粒(0.5~0.6 mm)主要发育同心放射状圈层,鲕粒核心多见生屑(棘屑、有孔虫)或灰泥。鲕粒粒间距较大,夹杂粒径较小的碳酸盐颗粒,粒径约0.1 mm,主要为有孔虫、小鲕粒、似球粒及其他细碎生屑,约占整体的10%,未见大粒径生屑 内缓坡似球粒滩 MF4 含生屑同心放射鲕泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩 鲕粒圈层以同心放射状为主,直径0.6~1.5 mm,大小混杂,分选较差,小鲕粒(0.6 mm左右)呈团块状集中分布。约有1/4的鲕粒以生屑为核心,其余鲕粒未见核心或以泥晶为核心。生物碎屑较多,主要为棘屑、腹足、腕足、有孔虫、介形虫 内缓坡鲕粒滩 MF5 含生屑表鲕泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩 鲕粒以表鲕为主,约占整体的30%,磨圆较好,粒径多介于0.3~0.6 mm。鲕粒核心多为胶结物或者生物碎屑,约占整体的2/3,核心直径明显大于鲕粒包壳的厚度,受核心影响导致鲕粒形状不规则。偶见粒径较大的大鲕粒,粒径接近1 mm,但鲕粒圈层只有0.05 mm左右。生物碎屑丰富,主要生物类型有海百合、藻屑、棘皮、有孔虫等,这些生屑或作为表鲕核心出现,或在鲕粒的间隙单独出现,除藻屑多因重结晶看不清原本结构外,其他生屑大多保存完好 内缓坡鲕粒滩 MF6 含生屑脑状 鲕泥粒灰岩 脑状鲕直径介于0.6~2 mm,鲕粒形状规则,但边缘不光滑,可见部分有孔虫呈包壳状出现在鲕粒内部或边缘;微生物也多参与鲕粒的形成,出现在鲕粒圈层间或鲕粒最外圈层,菌丝保存较好,丝状,高度缠绕。鲕粒粒间夹约10%的小鲕粒、球粒及生屑,粒径介于0.1~0.2 mm。似球粒状泥晶灰岩常见,呈团块状集中分布。生屑多出现在脑状鲕核心或分布在鲕粒粒间,主要有有孔虫、海百合、海胆刺、腕足、藻屑等,鲕粒的形状受核心的影响从而形态不一 内缓坡鲕粒滩 MF7 含包粒生屑砾状灰岩 颗粒支撑,颗粒间为灰泥充填。非骨屑颗粒以包粒为主,大小均匀,多大于2 mm,磨圆较好,多呈球状、椭球状。生物碎屑丰富,含量可达30%,颗粒较大,腕足壳较常见,保存完整,可达1 cm;还出现粒径较大的藻屑,最大可达2 cm,另外可见脑纹状海绵及层孔虫 中缓坡生屑滩 MF8 含生屑包粒泥粒灰岩—漂砾灰岩 主要颗粒为包粒,粒径0.5~3 mm不等,圈层不明显,颜色发黑,形状不规则。包粒间和包粒核心可见生物碎屑,含量约10%,主要有介形虫、海百合、海胆刺、有孔虫、腕足、腹足等,另外海绵骨针在其中杂乱分布 中缓坡生屑滩 MF9 含生屑凝块石泥粒灰岩—漂砾灰岩 靠近礁的部分,出现大量凝块石颗粒,约占整体的10%~20%,粒径为0.2~1.8 mm不等,凝块石为内含细碎生物碎屑的黑色泥晶团块,磨圆中等。在粒间隙常见大量生物碎屑,主要为棘皮类、腹足类、介形类、双壳类、海绵(多为海绵骨针,偶见海绵)等,生物化石破碎,少数保存完好,另外还有大量蠕虫管集中出现,外层厚泥晶套包裹,核心通常充填有亮晶胶结物。似球粒状泥晶大量出现,多呈团块状集中分布 中缓坡生屑滩 MF10 海绵微生物黏结灰岩 基质主要为灰泥,含量可达到70%以上。镜下可见保存较好的海绵及海绵骨针,其他的生物碎屑较少见,偶见保存较好的海百合茎、介形虫、腕足等 外缓坡生物礁 MF11 蠕虫管黏结灰岩 镜下可见蠕虫管局部富集,周围分布有大量似球粒状灰泥。生物碎屑少见,主要为海绵骨针或海绵,偶见海百合茎及腕足壳体的碎片 外缓坡生物礁 Table 1. Characteristics of microfacies from the Ma’antang Formation at the Guanyinya section in Hanwang, Mianzhu
1) 似球粒灰岩组合(LA-peloid)
该组合是以似球粒为主的深灰色薄—中层泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩,主要颗粒为似球粒,约占整体的30%,其形态及特征与巴哈马似球粒相似,为磨圆和分选都较好的泥晶化细粒暗色团块,粒径约0.2 mm。根据次要颗粒的类型可将该组合分为三个微相:含包粒似球粒泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF1)、含生屑似球粒泥粒灰岩(MF2)、含鲕粒似球粒泥粒灰岩—颗粒灰岩(MF3)。在似球粒灰岩组合中,MF1中的次要颗粒是粒径较大、暗色、不规则团块状的包粒(图3a),分选和磨圆都较差,包粒内部未见纹层等结构,但可见包裹其中的有孔虫和海百合茎等生屑;MF2中的次要颗粒是生物碎屑,粒径与似球粒大小相似,约占整体的25%,有孔虫在生屑中占比较高,约占生屑总量的40%,结构保存较好,腔室等细微结构在镜下清晰可见,有孔虫以小栗虫为主(图3b),呈纺锤状;MF3中的次要颗粒为显微结构保存较差的鲕粒,具有丝状同心圈层(图3c)。
3.1. 绵竹汉旺观音崖剖面马鞍塘组岩石地层特征
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