Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments

Li Jinggui; Cui Mingzhong; Li Zhenxi; Fan Pu; R. P. Philp

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Article Navigation > Acta Sedimentologica Sinica > 1994 > 12(4): 66-76

Li Jinggui, Cui Mingzhong, Li Zhenxi, Fan Pu, R. P. Philp. Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1994, 12(4): 66-76.

Citation:

Li Jinggui, Cui Mingzhong, Li Zhenxi, Fan Pu, R. P. Philp. Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 1994, 12(4): 66-76.

Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments

1 Lanzhon Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica, Lanzhou 730000;
2 School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma,Norman, OK., 73019, U. S. A.

Received Date: 1994-01-10
Publish Date: 1994-12-10

Abstract

C₂₇ ,C₂₈, C₂₉sterols, including△^5,22,△²²,△⁵and △^5,22(28)，and 5a-stanols have been identified in the three recent sediment cores of Qinghai Lake [QH core (near Heima River mouth, water depth : 0. 5m，core length:30cm )，QG core ( in Gahai，water depth:9m, core lengths 230cm，water salinity:33‰) and QE core (in Erhai，water depth:4m , core length:30cm, fresh water)].C₂₉ sterols, especially 24-ethylcholesta-5, 22E-then-3β-ol and 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, preponderate in all sections of the three sediment cores. Three C₃₀ sterols (4α, 23, 24-trimethy-5α-chelest-22E-en -3β-ol(dinosterol ) , 4α-methy-24-ethyl- 5α-chokest- 22E- 3β-ol and its saturated analog(4α-methyl-24-ethyl-5α-chelestan-3β-ol) are also detected at low concentrations in the QE and QG sediment cores of the lake. The parallelism between the C₂₇-C₂₉△⁵-sterol and 5a-stanol in sections of 0~10cm and 20~30cm of QH core, and 0~20cm and 40~60cm of QG core provide indirect evidence for a sterol hydrogenation process in the sediment rather than a sediment input of both saturated and unsaturated sterols. The fact that the changes of saturated sterols/unsaturated sterols ratios(C₂₇-C₂₉ 5a-stanol/△⁵-sterol and △²²-/△^5,22ratios) are most pronounced in near-surface and the -uppermost sediment layers of QG and QH cores suggests that microorganisms are involved in the hydrogenation process. The sterols initially incorporated into the lake sediments mainly originate from abundant higher plants in the lake area and algae etc. in the lake water. An considerable increase in concentration of 5a-chelestanol in 80~100cm and 120~140cm sections of QG sediment core may reflect special organism ( ostracodes)contribution to the two section sediments.

References

[1]	Betenberg C. J. and Patterson G. W.，1981, The relationship between dietary phytostetols and the sterols of wild and cultivated oysters. lipids, 16, 276~278.
[2]	Brooks C. J. W.，Horning E. C. and Young J. S.，1968, Characterisation of sterols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the Vimethylsilyl ethers. Lipids,3,391~402.
[3]	Chardon-Loriaux I., Motisaki M. and Ikekawa N.，1976,phylochenistry. 15, 723.
[4]	Gaskell S. J. and Eglinton G.，1975, Rapid hydrogenation of sterols in a contemporary lacustrine sediments. Nahre, 254,209--211.
[5]	Gaskell S. J. and Eglinton G.，1976, Sterols of a oontemporaty lacusttine sediment. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta, 40,1221~1228.
[6]	Goad L. J. and Goodwin T. W.，1972. 'Ibe biosynthesis of plant sterols. Progress in Plglochemistry，3. 113~198.
[7]	Goad L. J. and Withers N.，1982, Identification of 27-nor-(24R)-24-methylcholesta-5, 22-dien-3β-ol and brassicasterols as a mar sterols of marine dinoflagellate Gyrrmadinium aimpler.Lipids，17. 853~858.
[8]	Henderson W.，Reed W. E. and Steel G.，1972, The origin and incorporation of organic molecules in sediments as elucidated by studies of the sedimentary sequence from a residual Pleistocene lake. In Adwaces in Orgoaic Caochentistry. 1971(editors H. R. Von Gaertner and H. Wehner,335~352,Pergamon Press.
[9]	Huang W. Y. and Meinschein W. G.，1976,Sterols as source indicators of organic materials in sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 40, 323~330.
[10]	Huang W. Y. and Meinschein W. G.，1978. Sterols in sediments from Baffin Bay, Texas,Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta,42. 1391~1396.
[11]	Kates M.，Tremblay P.，Anderson R. and Volcani B. E.，1978, Identification of the free and conjugated sterol in a non-photosynthetic diatom, Nitzachia alp as 24-methylene cholesterol. lipids, 13, 34~41.
[12]	Kokke W. C. M. C..，Fencial W. and D加raaci C.，1981, Sterols with unusual nudear unsaturation from three cultured marine dinoflagellates. Ploylacherrtistry, 20, 127~134.
[13]	de Leeuw J. W.，Rijpeta W. I. C.，Schenck P.^.and Volkman J. K.，1983. Free, esterifiad and residual bound sterols inBlack Ses Unit 1 sediments.Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 47, 455~465.
[14]	Nichols P. D.，Palmisano A. C.，ltayner M. S.，Smith G. A. and White D. C.，1990, Occutence of novel C9o sterols in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom. Org. Ceochem. Vol. 15. No. 5, 503~508.
[15]	Nishimura M.，1977. The geochemical s址nific}nce in early sedimentation of geolipids obtained by saponification of IacusVine sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 41，1817-1823.
[16]	Hishimura M. and Koyama T.，1977. The occurrence of stanols in various living organisms and the behaviour of sterols in contemporary sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 41. 379~385.
[17]	Ogura K. and I-lanya T.，1973, The cholestanol-cholesterol ratio in a 200m core sample of lake Biwa. Proc,Japan Accd, 49.201~204.
[18]	Orcutt D. M. and Patterson G. W.。1975.Sterol, fatty sad and elemental composition of diatoms growth in chemically defined media. Comb. l3iochem. Plogeid. 5OB, 579~583.
[19]	Volkman J. K.，1986, A review of sterol markers for marine and terrlgenous organic mater, Org. Geochem. Vol. 9.No. 2,83~99.
[20]	Volkman J. K.，Kearney P. and Jeffrey. 1990, A new source of 4-methyl sterols and 5a-stanols in sediments;prymnesiophyte microalgae of the genus Phnloso. Org. Gecchem. Vol. 15. No. 5. 489~997.
[21]	Wardroper A. M. K. and Maxwell J. R.，1978, Sterols of a diatwtuceous~from Walvis Bay. Bleroifs Vol. 3$. No. 2,203~221.

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Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments

1 Lanzhon Institute of Geology, Academia Sinica, Lanzhou 730000;

2 School of Geology and Geophysics, University of Oklahoma,Norman, OK., 73019, U. S. A.

Received Date: 1994-01-10

Publish Date: 1994-12-10

Abstract: C₂₇ ,C₂₈, C₂₉sterols, including△^5,22,△²²,△⁵and △^5,22(28)，and 5a-stanols have been identified in the three recent sediment cores of Qinghai Lake [QH core (near Heima River mouth, water depth : 0. 5m，core length:30cm )，QG core ( in Gahai，water depth:9m, core lengths 230cm，water salinity:33‰) and QE core (in Erhai，water depth:4m , core length:30cm, fresh water)].C₂₉ sterols, especially 24-ethylcholesta-5, 22E-then-3β-ol and 24-ethylcholest-5-en-3β-ol, preponderate in all sections of the three sediment cores. Three C₃₀ sterols (4α, 23, 24-trimethy-5α-chelest-22E-en -3β-ol(dinosterol ) , 4α-methy-24-ethyl- 5α-chokest- 22E- 3β-ol and its saturated analog(4α-methyl-24-ethyl-5α-chelestan-3β-ol) are also detected at low concentrations in the QE and QG sediment cores of the lake. The parallelism between the C₂₇-C₂₉△⁵-sterol and 5a-stanol in sections of 0~10cm and 20~30cm of QH core, and 0~20cm and 40~60cm of QG core provide indirect evidence for a sterol hydrogenation process in the sediment rather than a sediment input of both saturated and unsaturated sterols. The fact that the changes of saturated sterols/unsaturated sterols ratios(C₂₇-C₂₉ 5a-stanol/△⁵-sterol and △²²-/△^5,22ratios) are most pronounced in near-surface and the -uppermost sediment layers of QG and QH cores suggests that microorganisms are involved in the hydrogenation process. The sterols initially incorporated into the lake sediments mainly originate from abundant higher plants in the lake area and algae etc. in the lake water. An considerable increase in concentration of 5a-chelestanol in 80~100cm and 120~140cm sections of QG sediment core may reflect special organism ( ostracodes)contribution to the two section sediments.

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Reference (21)

[1]	Betenberg C. J. and Patterson G. W.，1981, The relationship between dietary phytostetols and the sterols of wild and cultivated oysters. lipids, 16, 276~278.
[2]	Brooks C. J. W.，Horning E. C. and Young J. S.，1968, Characterisation of sterols by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry of the Vimethylsilyl ethers. Lipids,3,391~402.
[3]	Chardon-Loriaux I., Motisaki M. and Ikekawa N.，1976,phylochenistry. 15, 723.
[4]	Gaskell S. J. and Eglinton G.，1975, Rapid hydrogenation of sterols in a contemporary lacustrine sediments. Nahre, 254,209--211.
[5]	Gaskell S. J. and Eglinton G.，1976, Sterols of a oontemporaty lacusttine sediment. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta, 40,1221~1228.
[6]	Goad L. J. and Goodwin T. W.，1972. 'Ibe biosynthesis of plant sterols. Progress in Plglochemistry，3. 113~198.
[7]	Goad L. J. and Withers N.，1982, Identification of 27-nor-(24R)-24-methylcholesta-5, 22-dien-3β-ol and brassicasterols as a mar sterols of marine dinoflagellate Gyrrmadinium aimpler.Lipids，17. 853~858.
[8]	Henderson W.，Reed W. E. and Steel G.，1972, The origin and incorporation of organic molecules in sediments as elucidated by studies of the sedimentary sequence from a residual Pleistocene lake. In Adwaces in Orgoaic Caochentistry. 1971(editors H. R. Von Gaertner and H. Wehner,335~352,Pergamon Press.
[9]	Huang W. Y. and Meinschein W. G.，1976,Sterols as source indicators of organic materials in sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 40, 323~330.
[10]	Huang W. Y. and Meinschein W. G.，1978. Sterols in sediments from Baffin Bay, Texas,Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta,42. 1391~1396.
[11]	Kates M.，Tremblay P.，Anderson R. and Volcani B. E.，1978, Identification of the free and conjugated sterol in a non-photosynthetic diatom, Nitzachia alp as 24-methylene cholesterol. lipids, 13, 34~41.
[12]	Kokke W. C. M. C..，Fencial W. and D加raaci C.，1981, Sterols with unusual nudear unsaturation from three cultured marine dinoflagellates. Ploylacherrtistry, 20, 127~134.
[13]	de Leeuw J. W.，Rijpeta W. I. C.，Schenck P.^.and Volkman J. K.，1983. Free, esterifiad and residual bound sterols inBlack Ses Unit 1 sediments.Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 47, 455~465.
[14]	Nichols P. D.，Palmisano A. C.，ltayner M. S.，Smith G. A. and White D. C.，1990, Occutence of novel C9o sterols in Antarctic sea-ice diatom communities during a spring bloom. Org. Ceochem. Vol. 15. No. 5, 503~508.
[15]	Nishimura M.，1977. The geochemical s址nific}nce in early sedimentation of geolipids obtained by saponification of IacusVine sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 41，1817-1823.
[16]	Hishimura M. and Koyama T.，1977. The occurrence of stanols in various living organisms and the behaviour of sterols in contemporary sediments. Ceodantectr at Cosrrocchimpica Acta 41. 379~385.
[17]	Ogura K. and I-lanya T.，1973, The cholestanol-cholesterol ratio in a 200m core sample of lake Biwa. Proc,Japan Accd, 49.201~204.
[18]	Orcutt D. M. and Patterson G. W.。1975.Sterol, fatty sad and elemental composition of diatoms growth in chemically defined media. Comb. l3iochem. Plogeid. 5OB, 579~583.
[19]	Volkman J. K.，1986, A review of sterol markers for marine and terrlgenous organic mater, Org. Geochem. Vol. 9.No. 2,83~99.
[20]	Volkman J. K.，Kearney P. and Jeffrey. 1990, A new source of 4-methyl sterols and 5a-stanols in sediments;prymnesiophyte microalgae of the genus Phnloso. Org. Gecchem. Vol. 15. No. 5. 489~997.
[21]	Wardroper A. M. K. and Maxwell J. R.，1978, Sterols of a diatwtuceous~from Walvis Bay. Bleroifs Vol. 3$. No. 2,203~221.

Sterols and their Evolution of Qinghai Lake Sediments

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