Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates

CHEN Duo-fu; CHEN Xian-pei; CHEN Guang-qian

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Article Navigation > Acta Sedimentologica Sinica > 2002 > 20(1): 34-40

CHEN Duo-fu, CHEN Xian-pei, CHEN Guang-qian. Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2002, 20(1): 34-40.

Citation:

CHEN Duo-fu, CHEN Xian-pei, CHEN Guang-qian. Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2002, 20(1): 34-40.

Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates

Guangzhou,Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640

Received Date: 2001-04-20

Abstract

Cold seepage and venting is a fluid seepage and venting mainly composed of water, hydrocarbon(gas and crude oil), hydrogen sulfide and fine sediments derived below seafloor. Its temperature is similar to sea water and widely occurs on the seafloor of continental slope of active and passive margins. Cold seepage and venting-related chemosynthetic communities are highly in organism density, mainly mussels, clams, tube worms and bacterial mats. The sediments in cold seepage and venting are mostly maed up of carbonates and gas hydrates with minor sulfides and sulphates. The chemosynthetic carbonates occurred as buildup, chimney, cement, nodule, hardgroud and fine vein, and generally as buildup of chemosythetic bioclasts and multi-stage authigenic cements. The carbonate source, sedimentary environment and sedimentations are different with normal carbonates,of which carbon is from sea water. Therefore, using term "Chermoherm" represents the chemosynthetic carbonate buildup to distinguish from the terms of bioherms, lithoherms, pseudobioherms, biostromes of carbonate buildups in normal sea environment,in which the carbon is from sea water. In strata, Chermoherm frequently occurred in abyssal sediment strata as a carbonate buildup containing a lot of fossils of benthic fauna. There are disrupted sedimentary phase and environments in longitudinal and cross strata section, so much as turnover. Carbonate minerals in chemosynthetic carbonates are primarily Mg-calcite, aragonite, and dolomite,which are not different with normal carbonates. Carbon isotope values in chemosynthetic carbonates are very low due to bacteria mediation. Cold seepage and venting occurred along fault zone or permeable beds and at the surface expression of mud volcano and salt diapirism. Cold seepage and venting fluids are derived from formation fluids driven by a combination of (1)pore-space reduction of rapid sedimentation and tectonic compaction, deformation and cementation, and (2)increased buoyancy due to a decrease in pore-fluid density related diagenesis and catagenesis, and gas hydrate decomposition at depth. The sedimentation processes of cold seepage and venting-related carbonates are cementation, filling action and biochemical sedimentation. The hydrocarbon mainly of methane into cold seepage and venting is changed to carbon dioxide by bacteria mediation and deposited chemosynthetic carbonates.
- sediments of cold seepage and venting,
- chemosynthetic carbonates and chemoherm,
- geological and geochemical features

References

[1]	Corliss J B,Dymond J,Gordon L I,et al.Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos rift[J].Science,1979,203:1073～1083
[2]	Ballard R D.The expoits of Alvin and Angus:Exploring the East Pacific Rise[J].Oceanus,1984,27(3):7～14
[3]	Rona P A,Scott S D.A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralisation:New Perspective[J].Econ.Geol,1993,88(8):1935～2294
[4]	Rona P A.Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centres[M].New York:Plenum Press,1983.1～620
[5]	涂光炽,王秀璋,陈先沛等.中国层控矿床地球化学(3)[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.1～250
[6]	陈多福,马绍刚,董维权等.大降坪热水沉积超大型黄铁矿矿床的铅、钕同位素特征[J].矿床地质,1998,17(3):215～222
[7]	陈多福,陈光谦,翻晶铭等.广东大降坪超大型黄铁矿矿床的热水沉积特征[J].地球化学,1998,28(1):12～19
[8]	陈多福,陈先沛,高计元等.礁硅岩套与超大型矿床[J].中国科学D辑,1998,28(增刊):85～91
[9]	陈多福,陈先沛等.广东超大型矿床的控矿岩石组合及形成作用[J].沉积学报,1997,15(增刊):91～95
[10]	陈先沛,高计元,陈多福.热水沉积作用的概念和几个岩石学标志[J].沉积学报,1992,10(3):124～132
[11]	陈多福,陈光谦,陈先沛等.礁硅岩套的类型、组成及形成作用[J].地质学报,1998,72(2)97～102
[12]	陈多福,陈先沛.贵州松桃热水沉积锰矿的地质地球化学特征[J].沉积学报,1992,10(4):35～43
[13]	陈多福,陈先沛.广西泥盆系硅岩的沉积特征和成因探讨[J].地球化学,1992,10(2):190～198
[14]	陈多福,陈先沛.贵州瓮福磷矿中的热水硅化作用[J].沉积学报,1993,11(2):58～65
[15]	陈多福,陈先沛,陈光谦等.热水沉积作用与成矿效应[J].地质地球化学,1997,25(4):7～12
[16]	韩发,哈钦森 R W.大厂锡矿床成因综合分析及成矿模式[J].中国地质科学院院报,1991,2(22):61～80
[17]	Kulm L D,Suess E,Moore J C,et al.Oregon subduction zone:Venting,fauna,and carbonates[J].Science,1986,231:561～566
[18]	Lallemand S E,Glacon G,Lauriat-Rage A,et al.Seafloor manifestatuins of fluid seepage at the top of a 2000m deep ridge in the eastern Nankai accretionary wedge:Longlived venting and tectonic implications[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1992,109:333～346
[19]	Paull C K,Hecker B,Commeau R,et al.Biological communities at the Florida escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa[J].Science,1984,226:965～967
[20]	Hovland H W,MotL M J.Hydrocarbon seeps in northern marine waters-their occurrence and effects[J].Palaios,1992,7:376～382
[21]	Paull C R,Matsumoto R,Wallace Paul,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports[J].1995,164:1～623
[22]	Roberts HH,Aharon P.Hydrocarbon-derived carbonate buildups of the Northern Gulf-of-Mexico continental-slope-a review of submersible investigations[J].Geo-marineLetters,1994,14 (2～3):135～148
[23]	Sibuet M,Juniper S K,Pautot G.Cold-seep benthic communities in the Japan subduction zones-geological control of community-development(J).Journal of MarineResearch,1988,46 (2):333～348
[24]	Kennicut MCII,Brooks J M,Bidigare R R,et al.Vent-type taxa in a hydrocarbon seep region on the Louisiana slope[J].Nature,1985,317:351～353
[25]	Aharon P.Geology and biology of modern and ancient submarine hydrocarbon seeps and vents:An introduction[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):69～73
[26]	Roberts H H,Carney R S.Evidence of episodic fluid,gas,and sediment venting on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Economic Geology and the Bulletin ofthe Society of Economic Geologists,1997,92 (7～8):863～879
[27]	Roberts H H,Aharon P,Carney R,Larkin J,Sassen R.Sea-floor responses to hydrocarbon seeps,Louisiana continental-slope[J].Geo-marine Letters,1990,10 (4):232～243
[28]	Botz R,Faber E,Whiticar M J,Brooks J M.Authigenic carbonates in sediments from the Gulf-of-Mexico[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1988,88:(3～4) 263272
[29]	Bouma A H,Roberts H H.Northern Gulf-of-Mexico continental-slope(J).Geo-marine letters,1990,10 (4):177～181
[30]	Orange D L,Greene H G,Reed D,et al.Widespread fluid expulsion on a translational continental margin:Mud volcanoes,fault zones,headless canyons,and organic-richsubstrate in Monterey Bay,California[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111 (7):992～1009
[31]	LaRok P A,Hyun J-H Bennison B W.Bacterioplankton groth and production at the Louisana Seeps[J].Geo-marine letters,1994,14 (2～3):104～109
[32]	Suess E,Torres M E,Bohrmann G,et al.Gas hydrate destabilization:enhanced dewatering,benthic material turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,170 (1～2):1～15
[33]	Bohrmann G,Greinert J,Suess E,Torres M.Authigenic carbonates from the Cascadia subduction zone and their relation to gas hydrate stability[J].Geology,1998,26(7):647～650
[34]	Sample J C.Isotopic evidence from authigenic carbonates for rapid upward fluid flow in accretionary wedges[J].Geology,1996,24 (10):897～900
[35]	Han M W,Suess E.Subduction-induced pore fluid venting and the formation of authigenic carbonates along the Cascadia continental-margin-implications for the globalca-cycle[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1989,71 (1～2):97～118
[36]	Schroeder N A M,Kulm L D,Muehlberg.Carbonate chimneys on the outer continental shelf:Evidence for fluid venting on the Oregon margin[J].OregonGeology,1987,49(8):91～96
[37]	Sample J C,Reid M R.Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults in the Oregon convergent margin:Evidence from the chemistry ofsyntectonic carbonate cements and veins[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1998,110:(1) 48～59
[38]	Stakes D S,Orange D,Paduan J B,et al.Cold-seeps and authigenic carbonate formation in Monterey Bay,California[J].Marine Geology,1999,159 (1～4):93～109
[39]	VonRad U,Rosch H,Berner U,et al.Authigenic carbonates derived from oxidized methane vented from the Makran accretionary prism off Pakistan[J].Marine Geology,1996,136 (1～2):55～77
[40]	McAdoo B G,Orange D L,Silver E A,et al.Seafloor structural observations,Costa Rica accretionary prism[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23 (8):883～886
[41]	Kahn L M,Silver E A,Orange D,et al.Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23 (8):887～890v
[42]	Goedert J L,Campbell K A.An early Oligocene chemosynthetic community from the Makah formation,Northwestern Olympic Peninsula,Washington[J].Veliger,1995,38(1):22～29
[43]	Jorgensen N O.Methane-derived carbonate cementation of marine-sediments from the Kattegat,Denmark-Geochemical and geological evidence[J].Marine Geology,1992,103(～3):1～13
[44]	Terzi C,Aharon P,Lucchi F R,Vai G B.Petrography and stable-isotope aspects of cold vent activity imprinted on Miocene age calcari-a-lucina from Tuscan and RomagnaApennines,Italy[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):177～184
[45]	Ferrell R E Aharon P.Mineral assemblages occuring around hydrocarbon vents in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):74～80

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Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates

Guangzhou,Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Guangzhou 510640

Received Date: 2001-04-20

Key words:

sediments of cold seepage and venting /
chemosynthetic carbonates and chemoherm /
geological and geochemical features

Abstract: Cold seepage and venting is a fluid seepage and venting mainly composed of water, hydrocarbon(gas and crude oil), hydrogen sulfide and fine sediments derived below seafloor. Its temperature is similar to sea water and widely occurs on the seafloor of continental slope of active and passive margins. Cold seepage and venting-related chemosynthetic communities are highly in organism density, mainly mussels, clams, tube worms and bacterial mats. The sediments in cold seepage and venting are mostly maed up of carbonates and gas hydrates with minor sulfides and sulphates. The chemosynthetic carbonates occurred as buildup, chimney, cement, nodule, hardgroud and fine vein, and generally as buildup of chemosythetic bioclasts and multi-stage authigenic cements. The carbonate source, sedimentary environment and sedimentations are different with normal carbonates,of which carbon is from sea water. Therefore, using term "Chermoherm" represents the chemosynthetic carbonate buildup to distinguish from the terms of bioherms, lithoherms, pseudobioherms, biostromes of carbonate buildups in normal sea environment,in which the carbon is from sea water. In strata, Chermoherm frequently occurred in abyssal sediment strata as a carbonate buildup containing a lot of fossils of benthic fauna. There are disrupted sedimentary phase and environments in longitudinal and cross strata section, so much as turnover. Carbonate minerals in chemosynthetic carbonates are primarily Mg-calcite, aragonite, and dolomite,which are not different with normal carbonates. Carbon isotope values in chemosynthetic carbonates are very low due to bacteria mediation. Cold seepage and venting occurred along fault zone or permeable beds and at the surface expression of mud volcano and salt diapirism. Cold seepage and venting fluids are derived from formation fluids driven by a combination of (1)pore-space reduction of rapid sedimentation and tectonic compaction, deformation and cementation, and (2)increased buoyancy due to a decrease in pore-fluid density related diagenesis and catagenesis, and gas hydrate decomposition at depth. The sedimentation processes of cold seepage and venting-related carbonates are cementation, filling action and biochemical sedimentation. The hydrocarbon mainly of methane into cold seepage and venting is changed to carbon dioxide by bacteria mediation and deposited chemosynthetic carbonates.

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Reference (45)

[1]	Corliss J B,Dymond J,Gordon L I,et al.Submarine thermal springs on the Galapagos rift[J].Science,1979,203:1073～1083
[2]	Ballard R D.The expoits of Alvin and Angus:Exploring the East Pacific Rise[J].Oceanus,1984,27(3):7～14
[3]	Rona P A,Scott S D.A special issue on sea-floor hydrothermal mineralisation:New Perspective[J].Econ.Geol,1993,88(8):1935～2294
[4]	Rona P A.Hydrothermal processes at seafloor spreading centres[M].New York:Plenum Press,1983.1～620
[5]	涂光炽,王秀璋,陈先沛等.中国层控矿床地球化学(3)[M].北京:科学出版社,1984.1～250
[6]	陈多福,马绍刚,董维权等.大降坪热水沉积超大型黄铁矿矿床的铅、钕同位素特征[J].矿床地质,1998,17(3):215～222
[7]	陈多福,陈光谦,翻晶铭等.广东大降坪超大型黄铁矿矿床的热水沉积特征[J].地球化学,1998,28(1):12～19
[8]	陈多福,陈先沛,高计元等.礁硅岩套与超大型矿床[J].中国科学D辑,1998,28(增刊):85～91
[9]	陈多福,陈先沛等.广东超大型矿床的控矿岩石组合及形成作用[J].沉积学报,1997,15(增刊):91～95
[10]	陈先沛,高计元,陈多福.热水沉积作用的概念和几个岩石学标志[J].沉积学报,1992,10(3):124～132
[11]	陈多福,陈光谦,陈先沛等.礁硅岩套的类型、组成及形成作用[J].地质学报,1998,72(2)97～102
[12]	陈多福,陈先沛.贵州松桃热水沉积锰矿的地质地球化学特征[J].沉积学报,1992,10(4):35～43
[13]	陈多福,陈先沛.广西泥盆系硅岩的沉积特征和成因探讨[J].地球化学,1992,10(2):190～198
[14]	陈多福,陈先沛.贵州瓮福磷矿中的热水硅化作用[J].沉积学报,1993,11(2):58～65
[15]	陈多福,陈先沛,陈光谦等.热水沉积作用与成矿效应[J].地质地球化学,1997,25(4):7～12
[16]	韩发,哈钦森 R W.大厂锡矿床成因综合分析及成矿模式[J].中国地质科学院院报,1991,2(22):61～80
[17]	Kulm L D,Suess E,Moore J C,et al.Oregon subduction zone:Venting,fauna,and carbonates[J].Science,1986,231:561～566
[18]	Lallemand S E,Glacon G,Lauriat-Rage A,et al.Seafloor manifestatuins of fluid seepage at the top of a 2000m deep ridge in the eastern Nankai accretionary wedge:Longlived venting and tectonic implications[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1992,109:333～346
[19]	Paull C K,Hecker B,Commeau R,et al.Biological communities at the Florida escarpment resemble hydrothermal vent taxa[J].Science,1984,226:965～967
[20]	Hovland H W,MotL M J.Hydrocarbon seeps in northern marine waters-their occurrence and effects[J].Palaios,1992,7:376～382
[21]	Paull C R,Matsumoto R,Wallace Paul,et al.Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program,Initial Reports[J].1995,164:1～623
[22]	Roberts HH,Aharon P.Hydrocarbon-derived carbonate buildups of the Northern Gulf-of-Mexico continental-slope-a review of submersible investigations[J].Geo-marineLetters,1994,14 (2～3):135～148
[23]	Sibuet M,Juniper S K,Pautot G.Cold-seep benthic communities in the Japan subduction zones-geological control of community-development(J).Journal of MarineResearch,1988,46 (2):333～348
[24]	Kennicut MCII,Brooks J M,Bidigare R R,et al.Vent-type taxa in a hydrocarbon seep region on the Louisiana slope[J].Nature,1985,317:351～353
[25]	Aharon P.Geology and biology of modern and ancient submarine hydrocarbon seeps and vents:An introduction[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):69～73
[26]	Roberts H H,Carney R S.Evidence of episodic fluid,gas,and sediment venting on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental slope[J].Economic Geology and the Bulletin ofthe Society of Economic Geologists,1997,92 (7～8):863～879
[27]	Roberts H H,Aharon P,Carney R,Larkin J,Sassen R.Sea-floor responses to hydrocarbon seeps,Louisiana continental-slope[J].Geo-marine Letters,1990,10 (4):232～243
[28]	Botz R,Faber E,Whiticar M J,Brooks J M.Authigenic carbonates in sediments from the Gulf-of-Mexico[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1988,88:(3～4) 263272
[29]	Bouma A H,Roberts H H.Northern Gulf-of-Mexico continental-slope(J).Geo-marine letters,1990,10 (4):177～181
[30]	Orange D L,Greene H G,Reed D,et al.Widespread fluid expulsion on a translational continental margin:Mud volcanoes,fault zones,headless canyons,and organic-richsubstrate in Monterey Bay,California[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1999,111 (7):992～1009
[31]	LaRok P A,Hyun J-H Bennison B W.Bacterioplankton groth and production at the Louisana Seeps[J].Geo-marine letters,1994,14 (2～3):104～109
[32]	Suess E,Torres M E,Bohrmann G,et al.Gas hydrate destabilization:enhanced dewatering,benthic material turnover and large methane plumes at the Cascadia convergent margin[J].Earth and Planetary Science Letters,1999,170 (1～2):1～15
[33]	Bohrmann G,Greinert J,Suess E,Torres M.Authigenic carbonates from the Cascadia subduction zone and their relation to gas hydrate stability[J].Geology,1998,26(7):647～650
[34]	Sample J C.Isotopic evidence from authigenic carbonates for rapid upward fluid flow in accretionary wedges[J].Geology,1996,24 (10):897～900
[35]	Han M W,Suess E.Subduction-induced pore fluid venting and the formation of authigenic carbonates along the Cascadia continental-margin-implications for the globalca-cycle[J].Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology,1989,71 (1～2):97～118
[36]	Schroeder N A M,Kulm L D,Muehlberg.Carbonate chimneys on the outer continental shelf:Evidence for fluid venting on the Oregon margin[J].OregonGeology,1987,49(8):91～96
[37]	Sample J C,Reid M R.Contrasting hydrogeologic regimes along strike-slip and thrust faults in the Oregon convergent margin:Evidence from the chemistry ofsyntectonic carbonate cements and veins[J].Geological Society of America Bulletin,1998,110:(1) 48～59
[38]	Stakes D S,Orange D,Paduan J B,et al.Cold-seeps and authigenic carbonate formation in Monterey Bay,California[J].Marine Geology,1999,159 (1～4):93～109
[39]	VonRad U,Rosch H,Berner U,et al.Authigenic carbonates derived from oxidized methane vented from the Makran accretionary prism off Pakistan[J].Marine Geology,1996,136 (1～2):55～77
[40]	McAdoo B G,Orange D L,Silver E A,et al.Seafloor structural observations,Costa Rica accretionary prism[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23 (8):883～886
[41]	Kahn L M,Silver E A,Orange D,et al.Surficial evidence of fluid expulsion from the Costa Rica accretionary prism[J].Geophysical Research Letters,1996,23 (8):887～890v
[42]	Goedert J L,Campbell K A.An early Oligocene chemosynthetic community from the Makah formation,Northwestern Olympic Peninsula,Washington[J].Veliger,1995,38(1):22～29
[43]	Jorgensen N O.Methane-derived carbonate cementation of marine-sediments from the Kattegat,Denmark-Geochemical and geological evidence[J].Marine Geology,1992,103(～3):1～13
[44]	Terzi C,Aharon P,Lucchi F R,Vai G B.Petrography and stable-isotope aspects of cold vent activity imprinted on Miocene age calcari-a-lucina from Tuscan and RomagnaApennines,Italy[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):177～184
[45]	Ferrell R E Aharon P.Mineral assemblages occuring around hydrocarbon vents in the northern Gulf of Mexico[J].Geo-marine Letters,1994,14 (2～3):74～80

Geology and Geochemistry of Cold Seepage and Venting-related Carbonates

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References

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通讯作者: 陈斌, bchen63@163.com

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