Origin of Reservoirs in the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation, Tarim Basin

WEI TianYuan; CAI ChunFang; HU YongJie; LIU DaWei; JIANG ZiWen

doi:10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.116

Volume 41 Issue 2

Apr. 2023

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WEI TianYuan, CAI ChunFang, HU YongJie, LIU DaWei, JIANG ZiWen. Origin of Reservoirs in the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation, Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(2): 527-544. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.116

Citation:

WEI TianYuan, CAI ChunFang, HU YongJie, LIU DaWei, JIANG ZiWen. Origin of Reservoirs in the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation, Tarim Basin[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2023, 41(2): 527-544. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.116

Origin of Reservoirs in the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation, Tarim Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.116

WEI TianYuan^{1, 2, 3
,},
CAI ChunFang^{1, 2, 3
,
,},
HU YongJie⁴,
LIU DaWei⁵,
JIANG ZiWen^{1, 2, 3}

1.
Key Laboratory of Cenozoic Geology and Environment, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
2.
Institutions of Earth Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
3.
College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
4.
SINOPEC International Exploration and Production Corporation, Beijing 100029, China
5.
Petroleum Exploration and Production Research Institute, SINOPEC, Beijing 102206, China

Funds:

National Science and Technology Major Project 2017ZX0508-003-040

Received Date: 2021-06-04
Accepted Date: 2021-09-14
Rev Recd Date: 2021-08-23

Available Online: 2021-09-14

Publish Date: 2023-04-10

Abstract

Well-developed deep-time and deep-burial dolostone reservoirs are currently sedimentlogical research topics in petroleum exploration, for example in the Sichuan and Tarim Basins in China, and the South Oman Salt Basin. Due to the influence of sedimentary environments and constructive diageneses, ancient deep and ultra-deep dolostone （>4 500 m） have demonstrated high-quality reservoir properties in some case studies. The porosity of some intervals is up to 10%⁃20%, producing oil and gas of industrial standard, and are of great importance in hydrocarbon exploration. However, our understanding of the genesis of the pore structures of deeply buried dolostone reservoirs is still limited： are they generated from later diagenesis, or are they preserved sediments retaining early diagenetic pores? Distinguishing between these two types of pores and explaining their formation mechanisms is a controversial and much-debated topic in sedimentology. The Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation underwent long periods of deep burial settings, to a maximum burial depth of 6 000 m. This formation is characterized by the complexity of the diagenesis of dolostone and the heterogeneity of the reservoirs. In addition, they are associated with many different microbialite types.Overall, this suggested that the Xiaoerbulak Formation is a suitable case for solving the debated issue of late microbialitic dissolution. For this reason, the Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation in the Tarim Basin was selected as the research object, and the rocks from typical wells and field profiles were carefully selected and used in a variety of advanced experiments, comprising multi-scale geological and geochemical methods included microscopic observation of rocks and minerals, stable δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O isotope analysis, and in-situ trace element and rare earth element analyses. Combined with basic data from previous sedimentological studies, this paper attaches importance to the analysis of fluid⁃rock interactions and solves deep and ultra-deep issues such as the evolution of diagenetic fluids and dissolution transformation of dolomite reservoirs. Firstly, based on comprehensive and detailed petrological observations, it is concluded that there are four main types of rocks developed in the Xiaoerbulak Formation： microbialites （thrombolite dolostone, foam spongy dolostone, oncolite dolostone, stromatolite dolostone, bonded sandy dolostone, and algal framework dolostone）, dolo-grainstone, crystalline dolomite （dolo-micrite and fine crystalline dolomite） and micritic limestone. The analyses of porosity and permeability suggest that dolo-grainstone and thrombolites contain the best reservoir properties. In contrast, stromatolite dolostone and fine crystalline dolostone have lower porosities and permeabilities. Cathodoluminescence studies, fluid inclusion data and carbon and oxygen isotope testing suggest that matrix dolomite and fine-crystalline dolomite were formed in sedimentary oxidized seawater with δ¹⁸O values of -6.16‰ ± 0.72‰. Subsequently, fine-crystalline dolomite cements （δ¹⁸O = -7.47‰ ± 1.2‰） were mainly formed in near-surface to shallow burial environments. In deep burial conditions, coarse-crystalline dolomite cements （δ¹⁸O =-11.35‰ ± 1.41‰） and saddle dolomites （δ¹⁸O = -10.44‰ ± 0.6‰） were developed. With gradually increasing depth, oxygen isotope values of carbonate minerals show a decreasing trend, indicating a rising formation temperature. However, these dolomites have relatively positive carbon isotopes, and there is no significant change among them. By comparison, due to the oxidation of hydrocarbons and their incorporation into calcite, the calcite has negative δ¹³C values （-4.07‰ ± 0.92‰）, suggesting that it is typical of thermochemical sulfate reduction （TSR）.The presence of hydrothermal minerals, including saddle dolomite and authigenic quartz, is evidence of homogenization temperatures above that of the formation. In-situ trace element and rare earth tests show that diagenetic fluids evolved from early to late stages： distribution curves indicate enriched heavy rare earth elements （HREE）, to enrichment of medium rare earth elements （MREE）, and finally to a mode of enrichment of light rare earth elements （LREE）. In consequence, the following evolutionary sequence of diagenetic fluids was comprehensively considered： from seawater-dominated pore water, shallow-buried iron-rich pore water, medium-deep buried manganese-rich pore water, to lately crust-derived hydrothermal fluid-dominated pore water, and finally evolved into acidic fluids related to TSR dissolution. It is noteworthy that the properties of the fluids gradually evolved from low-temperature and low-salinity to high-temperature and high-salinity. Quantitative statistics show that hydrothermal dissolution increased the porosity of the reservoir by 3%； the maximum porosity is close to 10%.Thus it is concluded that the late dissolution re-formation of those formed in early high-energy mound-shoal facies contributed most to the development of high-quality reservoirs. Depending on the type of sedimentation- diagenetic re-formation, three categories of high-quality reservoirs are classified in the Xiaoerbulak Formation as follows：（i） hydrothermal/meteoric water-altered thrombolitic reservoir of high-energy reef and shoal facies；（ii） hydrothermal/TSR-altered shoal facies dolo-grainstone reservoirs； and （iii） TSR-altered gypsum-related dolostone reservoirs. This list provides favorable exploration directions for Xiaoerbulak Formation carbonate oil and gas exploration in the Tarim Basin, and also helps to better understand the genesis of deep and ultra-deep high-quality dolomite reservoirs.
- Tarim Basin,
- Xiaoerbulak Formation,
- dolomite reservoir,
- diagenetic fluid,
- hydrothermal,
- TSR

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沈阳化工大学材料科学与工程学院沈阳 110142

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0. 引言

白云岩富含大量的油气资源。资料表明80%以上的北美碳酸盐岩油气藏赋存于白云岩^[1]。早于志留纪的46个碳酸盐岩油气田中,90%以上是以白云岩为储集层^[2]。深层—超深层（>4 500 m）白云岩储层成因是近年来石油勘探领域的研究热点^[3]。典型实例包括：塔里木盆地寒武系^[4]、四川盆地上二叠统—下三叠统白云岩储层^[5⁃7]、波斯湾下三叠统白云岩储层^[8]和侏罗纪白云岩储层^[9]。其中,塔里木盆地寒武系盐下勘探面积达150 000 km²,占全盆地面积四分之一。目前已发现塔里木盆地30多个碳酸盐岩规模油气田,探明石油地质储量超过21×10⁸ t,探明天然气地质储量超过5 000×10⁸ m^3[10]。位于塔中隆起的ZS1井和ZS1C 井在中寒武统盐上（ZS1井6 426~6 487 m）和盐下（中深1井6 597~6 785 m,ZS1C井6 861~6 944 m）获得工业油气流^[11],塔北地区轮探1井则在寒武系吾松格尔组8 203~8 260 m白云岩储层中获日产油134 m³、天然气4.59×10⁴ m^3[12],指示塔里木盆地盐下碳酸盐岩储层勘探潜力巨大。

海相碳酸盐岩储层物性受控于沉积环境和成岩改造。深层储层由于受上覆沉积物的重压,经历强烈的压实胶结作用,原始孔隙被消耗殆尽,早期岩溶形成的孔洞也较难保存,但相关研究表明埋深大于5 000 m的白云岩储层仍发育大型溶蚀孔洞^[13⁃21]。孔隙的成因机制包括：地层水的冷却作用^[22⁃23],有机质热成熟产生的有机酸和CO₂^[24⁃26],热液溶蚀^[27⁃29]和热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）^{[6,16⁃20,30⁃33]}。然而,考虑到埋藏条件下低的水岩比、饱和孔隙水、限制的孔隙水流动等特点,埋藏溶蚀对储层的改善作用存在一定的争议^[34⁃35]。对于热化学硫酸盐还原作用（TSR）而言,TSR产生的酸性流体对白云石和硬石膏进行溶解,但也会造成方解石的沉淀^[36⁃37],其对储层的作用有待进一步研究。

针对国内勘探向深层进军的趋势,寻找深层规模储层成为重点和难点,而其成因研究成为指导油气勘探的理论基础。然而,塔里木盆地肖尔布拉克组白云岩经历多期构造运动、油气充注和复杂的成岩作用,储层形成是沉积环境、成岩作用和构造作用综合作用的结果,这种复杂性导致其有利的控制因素仍不明确。目前,普遍达成的共识是肖尔布拉克组储层具有明显的相控性,丘滩体系沉积为储层发育的基础（内缓坡浅滩^[38⁃39]、中缓坡丘滩及颗粒滩^[40⁃43]）。前人已在研究层位识别出大气水^[43⁃44]、有机酸和埋藏白云石化^[45⁃47]、热液活动^[44,48⁃49]和热化学硫酸盐还原作用^[50⁃52]等多期溶蚀证据,证实了肖尔布拉克组经历多期次流体改造。但是关于各类溶蚀类型对储层的贡献,则尚未达成一致。比如,沈安江等^[41]、郑剑锋等^[42]、严威等^[43]认为在此丘滩相基础上受高频海平面波动控制的准同生期溶蚀才是储层发育的关键性因素,热液活动对储层改造规模有限,仅在一定程度上起到了补充作用。赵文智等^[46⁃47]则认为相对于古岩溶作用,塔北地区构造—热液白云石化和热液溶蚀对储层贡献最大。程丽娟等^[44]更支持准同生淡水溶蚀型和构造—热流体改造型储集体。黄擎宇等^[40]、Jiang et al.^[48]则认为相对于准同生期溶蚀,后期岩溶及热液溶蚀控制了储层的发育。Jiang et al.^[50]、Cai et al.^[52]更倾向于认为膏盐相关的热化学硫酸盐作用对储层形成贡献了主要力量。肖尔布拉克组不仅储层赋存机制和成因存在争议,而且在不同期次流体的性质和来源方面,缺乏深入探讨,各类溶蚀对储层的贡献也缺乏定量化的统计,制约深层碳酸盐岩的油气勘探。基于以上问题,对塔里木盆地肖尔布拉克组储层的形成机理做系统地研究。本文采取塔里木盆地典型露头及井下岩石样品,结合岩石学观察,并采用全岩地球化学以及原位分析实验方法,确立成岩序列,恢复成岩流体,定量估算成岩事件对储层的改造作用,并依据沉积—成岩类别划分储层。本研究不仅对油气勘探具有一定的指导意义,而且对深层优质碳酸盐岩储层成因具有理论意义。

4. 流体演化特征

根据成岩序列,结合多种地球化学测试,得出研究区如下的流体演化特征：沉积流体为海水,表现在基质δ¹³C值在1.02‰±1.21‰（n=10）,δ¹⁸O值-6.16‰±0.72‰（n=10）,落在早期海源灰岩白云石化范围内（寒武纪同时期海水δ¹³C介于2.5‰~0.5‰,δ¹⁸O介于9‰~-4‰^[65]）,反映海源流体成因。基质粉细晶白云石具有的与现代海水特征相近的LREE亏损、HREE富集特征,记录了海水信号。基质粉细晶白云石的总REE低,轻微Ce负异常（Ce_SN/Ce_SN^*=0.71±0.25）,高Fe（502.5±160.3 μg/g）,低Mn（168.39±52.12 μg/g）含量记录了弱氧化的海水性质^[65]。

随着沉积物逐渐埋藏至半脱离地表水体范围,进入半封闭的流体环境,流体逐渐演化为接近海水的孔隙水,反映在碳氧同位素值（δ¹³C集中在0.78‰±0.24‰、δ¹⁸O值-6.4‰±0.57‰）与基质相近的细晶白云石胶结物,且未观察到流体包裹体,阴极发光为暗红色,说明孔隙水仍然继承早成岩海水特点,为准同生期流体产物。此外,与基质相似的稀土配分特征进一步支持其继承了以古海水为主的孔隙水信号。

随着埋藏加深进入浅埋藏成岩流体环境,沉积物脱离海水而逐渐演化为还原性孔隙水环境,与基质有显著差异。反映在δ¹⁸O值（-8.54‰±0.1‰,n=5）稍微负偏的细晶白云石胶结物,说明受到埋藏重结晶和地温升高影响。具有高Fe（1 468.27±1 630.13 μg/g,n=18）、高Mn（279.74±134.06 μg/g,n=18）含量和MREE富集特征。现今形成于铁化环境下的碳酸盐胶结物常具有典型的MREE富集特征^[66]。此外,现今孔隙水研究表明锰化带和铁化带分别具有最高的Mn和Fe含量^[67⁃68]。这是因为在这两个还原带中,锰（氧）化物和铁（氧）化物的还原程度最大。因此主微量和稀土特征共同指示了在还原条件下孔隙水中铁锰氧化物被还原。

中深埋藏阶段,孔隙水具有高温高盐度特征。中粗晶白云石胶结物流体包裹体具有高的均一温度（94.3 ℃~121.2 ℃）,与进一步负偏δ¹⁸O值（-11.35‰±1.41‰）一致,均指示了较高的沉淀温度。铁锰氧化物进一步被还原,白云石具有更高的锰含量和MREE富集模式。

埋藏期热液流体充注,具有高温高盐度特征,热液矿物鞍形白云石、石英流体包裹体均一温度峰值分别为140 ℃~160 ℃、130 ℃~150 ℃。鞍形白云石被限定在早二叠世热液白云石化生成^[69],流体包裹体温度高于肖尔布拉克组在早二叠世古地温100 ℃^[70⁃72]。且鞍形白云石氧同位素进一步负偏,分布在-10.44‰±0.6‰,为典型高温热液特征,这支持上述成岩矿物代表热液沉淀^[28]。Eu正异常,被认为是热液流体和塔里木盆地富含Eu的前寒武纪斜长岩基底水岩相互作用的结果^[73],且酸性和高温环境下均有利于流体Eu以正二价还原态存在,导致Eu正异常^[74⁃75],因此推测成岩流体为还原酸性热液^[76]。鞍形白云石MREE富集可能指示其从酸性壳源流体中沉淀^[75],结合高Mn含量（623.15±219.58 μg/g,n=4）,较高Fe（1 165.91±285.39 μg/g,n=4）,无Ce负异常,支持铁锰氧化物被还原^[66,77]。

方解石稀土配分曲线与基质白云石相差很大,且稀土总量高达55.06 μg/g,远高于其他充填物,结合盐度特征,共同指示了最高盐度流体。此外,最低的Fe（109.49±92.72 μg/g,n=9）、Mn（7.68±8.20 μg/g,n=9）含量可能说明铁参与了TSR反应并生成黄铁矿^[78]（图3j）,该过程会释放H⁺,产生酸性流体。虽然TSR作用会生成低盐度的水^[79],但是方解石仍具有高盐度特征,被认为是产生的低盐度水加入下寒武统地层水,而非方解石^[48]。LREE富集可能是流体和富含LREE的火成岩基底反应的结果,轻微Eu正异常（1.43±0.1）,被认为是高温还原流体^[74,80]。结合塔里木盆地火山岩浆活动在二叠纪很活跃,且广泛发育酸性碱性岩浆喷发和辉绿岩侵入体^[72,81],认为酸性还原热流体可能来自二叠纪岩浆热流体。

综上,流体依次演化为：沉积弱氧化海水、接近海水的孔隙水、浅埋藏富铁孔隙水、中深埋藏高温高盐度孔隙水、埋藏期高盐度还原酸性壳源热流体、晚期最高盐度高温TSR流体（表1）。

沉积/成岩流体	均一温度与盐度	稀土配分模式	微量元素含量	性质	产物
沉积海水	40 ℃,3.5 wt%^[48]	LREE亏损 HREE富集	中—高Fe 低Mn	弱氧化性	粉细晶白云石基质
接近海水的孔隙水	小于50 ℃^[48]	LREE亏损 HREE富集	中—高Fe 低Mn	低盐度	氧同位素接近基质的细晶白云石胶结物
浅埋藏条件孔隙水	70 ℃~100 ℃^[44],6~14wt.%^[48]	MREE富集	极高Fe 高Mn	稍高温,还原性	氧同位素偏负的细晶白云石胶结物
中深埋藏条件孔隙水	94 ℃~121 ℃,10~29 wt.%	MREE富集	高Fe 高Mn	高温高盐度	中粗晶白云石胶结物
壳源热流体	136 ℃~182 ℃,13~25 wt.%	MREE富集	极高Fe 极高Mn	高温高盐度还原酸性	鞍形白云石,石英
TSR相关流体	128 ℃~152 ℃,18~23 wt.%	LREE富集	低Fe 低Mn	高温高盐度酸性	方解石

6. 结论

（1）塔里木盆地下寒武统肖尔布拉克组主要发育四类岩石类型,分别为颗粒云岩、微生物岩（凝块石、泡沫棉层白云石、核形石、叠层石、黏结砂屑云岩、藻格架云岩）、晶粒云岩（泥粉晶和粉细晶云岩）和泥晶灰岩。其中颗粒云岩和凝块石云岩物性最好。

（2）原位微量稀土、碳氧同位素以及流体包裹体温度数据指示的流体演化过程依次为沉积弱氧化海水、准同生期接近海水的孔隙水、浅埋藏富铁孔隙水、中深埋藏高温高盐度孔隙水、埋藏期较高盐度还原酸性壳源热流体、晚期极高盐度高温TSR热流体。

（3）划分出肖尔布拉克组三类优质储层类型,分别为微生物礁滩相大气水/热液改造凝块石白云岩、浅滩相热液/TSR溶蚀颗粒白云岩以及TSR有关的膏盐白云岩储层,为今后的塔里木盆地盐下肖尔布拉克碳酸盐岩油气勘探提供了有利的证据。

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Origin of Reservoirs in the Lower Cambrian Xiaoerbulak Formation, Tarim Basin

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2021.116

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