An Overview of Deep-water Turbidite Deposition
Henry W. Posamentier, Venkatarathnam Kolla, LIU HuaQing
Deep-water turbidites commonly are deposited in water depths below storm wave base. These depths range from a few tens of meters to thousands of meters. Turbidite systems tend to be most active when depocenters lie at or near shelf margins,and this proximity of depocenters to shelf margins tends to be associated most commonly with times of relative sea level lowstand. Deep water depositional episodes can be divided into early and late lowstand time. Deposition during early lowstand is characterized by progressively larger and more frequent flow events,whereas deposition during late lowstand is characterized by progressively smaller and less frequent flow events. Consequently,during early lowstand time,erosion of channels tends to dominate such that channels tend to become progressively deeper with minimal preservation of deposits within feeder channels;successive flows are overfit. Subsequently during late lowstand progressively smaller flows tend to be underfit resulting in preservation of channel fill deposits. Turbidite systems tend to be characterized by three discrete regions:Region 1 corresponds to the most proximal reaches of turbidite systems dominated by canyons that commonly are tributive. Region 2 corresponds to that part of the turbidite system characterized by a single feeder channel complex that was characterized by flows with heights greater than confining walls,hence associated with levees. Region 3 corresponds to that part of the system distally, that is characterized by frequent avulsions and sand-prone overbank as well as channel-fill deposits,which can be described geomorphologically as a terminal fan. From a process perspective,Region 3 can be described as a frontal splay. From a sequence stratigraphic perspective,lowstand deposits commonly are bracketed by mud prone distal highstand and transgressive systems tract deposits. The succession of early to late lowstand deposition commonly is characterized by sand-rich Region 3 fan deposits overlain by leveed channel deposits of region 2.
[Review Details]
Advances and Prospects of Terrestrial Thermal Spring Travertine Research
WEN HuaGuo, LUO LianChao, LUO XiaoTong, YOU YaXian, DU Lei
A thermal spring travertine is a form of terrestrial carbonate rock/deposit formed in Ca2+ and HCO3- enriched hot springs(generally T ≥ 30℃). Its unique depositional environment,petrological and mineralogical characteristics, geochemical features,and fluid characteristics are of great significance to studies of paleoenvironment,paleoclimate,origin of early life,neotectonic evolution,terrestrial hydrothermal sedimentology,geothermal resources,etc. Although geologists have carried out many studies related to thermal spring travertines,their spatial and temporal distribution,sedimentary characteristics,mineral composition,geochemical characteristics,microbial processes,fluid origins,diagenesis,and paleoclimate significance are still unclear because of the complex depositional and diagenetic conditions of thermal spring travertines,and further studies are needed. Based on a detailed literature review and our previous studies, this study:1) reviewed the current research progress of thermal spring travertines, 2) summarized the significance of thermal spring travertine research,and 3) proposed the current problems and next directions in thermal spring travertine research. Combining this information,this study can help us better understand the geological features of thermal spring travertines and their significance and provide new insights into further research.
[Review Details]
Microbially Induced Sedimentary Structures (MISS) in Mesoproterozoic Changzhougou Formation Sandstone, Xingcheng Area, Liaoning Province, China
XiaoBo LI, YiNi WANG, Han WANG
Numerous crack structures are found in the intertidal facies sandstone of the Mesoproterozoic Changzhougou Formation in Jiashan, Xingcheng area, Liaoning Province. The structures comprise 0.8-3.0 cm spindle-shaped short cracks, and extended cracks over 7 cm long. They are mainly isolated, some partially connected. By comparing them with other similar surface crack structures and the desiccation cracks developed in modern microbial mats, they are explained as shrinkage cracks in microbial mats ('mat-cracks'). Unconnected spindle-shaped mat-cracks indicate incomplete mat shrinkage; mat-crack polygons form when shrinkage is complete. The presence of MISS indicates that the microbial ecosystem was already affecting the paleocoastal geological processes during the early transgression stage of the North China Craton in the Mesoproterozoic. This information is crucial for reconstructing the biosedimentary mechanisms and paleoenvironment of the aulacogenic Yanshan Basin during its early evolution.
[Review Details]
Unconventional Petroleum Sedimentology: Connotation and prospect
QIU Zhen, ZOU CaiNeng
The theoretical framework of Unconventional Petroleum Geology has been gradually established along with the rapid progresses in exploration and development of unconventional petroleum resources. It is now imperative for innovative new insights into the unconventional petroleum sedimentology. Herein, the concept and scientific connotations of “Unconventional Petroleum Sedimentology” are proposed and briefly introduced. The research progresses are summarized for the sedimentology of typical unconventional petroleum resources in China, such as Wufeng-Longmaxi Shale gas in Sichuan Basin and tight oil and shale oil of Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin. Further research themes and challenges of Unconventional Petroleum Sedimentology are discussed. Sedimentary enrichment of unconventional petroleum resources can be closely related with some critical environmental changes, which would be the result of coupling sedimentology from several geological events such as global or regional tectonic activities, sea (lake) level changes, volcanic eruptions, climate changes, anoxic bottom water, biotic mass extinctions and radiations, and gravity currents. For better understanding of Unconventional Petroleum Sedimentology in future, the Earth Systems Science view and “unconventional” insights should be applied to its research by analyzing geological events in details, which can play an important role in the discovery of new unconventional petroleum resources.
[Review Details]
Sedimentary Characteristics of Ephemeral and Intermittent Channels: A case study of the Baiyanghe fan, Xinjiang, China
ChangMin ZHANG, XuLong WANG, Zhe CHEN, Tao WU, XiangHui ZHANG, Kang ZHAO, YuanGuang HUANG, Tan ZHANG, WenJie FENG, Rui YUAN
A topographical investigation of modern deposits of the Baiyanghe fan in Xinjiang show that two types of fluvial channels are developed on the surface of the fan:intermittent channels and ephemeral channels. The latter, which have flow occupancy between < 50% and zero, are mainly formed by occasional flooding during summer rains. The occupancy rate of intermittent channel flow is about 50%, and their flow output is between that of ephemeral and perennial channels. The main Baiyanghe channel is intermittent, occupying 2.1% of the fan surface area. Its deposits are mainly coarse-grained gravels, highly rounded, well sorted, and with low mud content and higher imbricated characteristics. The course of the channels change, with sediments fining downstream. Ephemeral channels, which are distributed over about 97.9% of the fan surface area, contain finer sediment with low roundness, poor sorting and higher mud content. The scale of ephemeral channels decreases downstream and bifurcation increases. Intermittent channels are dominated by seasonal runoff, and the source of the sediment load is mainly remote from the fan. The sediment carried by ephemeral channels is dominated by sheet flow and debris flow from colluvium and debris-flow deposits near the apex of the fan, together with some sediment from earlier deposits within the fan itself. The fan lobe are mainly constructed by intermittent channels, whereas ephemeral channels play a role in re-shaping the fan. This study has increased the understanding of the sedimentary process and characteristics of alluvial fans in arid areas and enriched the sedimentary model of fan research.
[Review Details]
Articles just accepted have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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Abstract:
[Objective] The western part of the Ordos Basin was located in the Qilian Sea area in the Middle-Late Ordovician Wulalike period, where a thick layer of black marine shale was developed. In recent years, many exploration wells in the Ordos Basin have produced industrial oil and gas flow from the Wulalike Formation, which demonstrates a good potential for exploration and development of marine shale oil and gas. The study of the Ordovician paleogeography in the western part of the basin is conducive to clarifying the distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs, as well as the next exploration direction of marine shale gas. [Methods] Through a large amount of field outcrops, drilling cores, rock thin sections, and elemental geochemistry data, this paper comprehensively studies the petrological characteristics, sedimentary facies types, and sedimentary evolution of the Wulalike Formation. [Results] The results show that: (1) Wulalike formation includes various types of rocks such as siliceous shale, calcareous shale, clay shale, mixed shale, and granular limestone, among which laminated siliceous shale was identified as the most favorable lithofacies for shale gas exploration; (2) Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies, five sedimentary facies types were identified from west to east: basin facies, broad sea shelf facies, slope facies, and carbonate platform facies; (3) During the Wulalike period, the western part of the Ordos Basin experienced multiple transgressive-regressive processes, with the water gradually becoming shallower and the sedimentary environment transitioning from deep water to shallow water. [Conclusion] In conclusion, a carbonate platform margin sedimentary model of the Wulalike period in the western Ordos Basin was established, and it was proposed that the broad sea shelf, slope, and granular shoal are favorable exploration facies for natural gas in the next step.
[Objective] The western part of the Ordos Basin was located in the Qilian Sea area in the Middle-Late Ordovician Wulalike period, where a thick layer of black marine shale was developed. In recent years, many exploration wells in the Ordos Basin have produced industrial oil and gas flow from the Wulalike Formation, which demonstrates a good potential for exploration and development of marine shale oil and gas. The study of the Ordovician paleogeography in the western part of the basin is conducive to clarifying the distribution of hydrocarbon source rocks and reservoirs, as well as the next exploration direction of marine shale gas. [Methods] Through a large amount of field outcrops, drilling cores, rock thin sections, and elemental geochemistry data, this paper comprehensively studies the petrological characteristics, sedimentary facies types, and sedimentary evolution of the Wulalike Formation. [Results] The results show that: (1) Wulalike formation includes various types of rocks such as siliceous shale, calcareous shale, clay shale, mixed shale, and granular limestone, among which laminated siliceous shale was identified as the most favorable lithofacies for shale gas exploration; (2) Based on the analysis of sedimentary facies, five sedimentary facies types were identified from west to east: basin facies, broad sea shelf facies, slope facies, and carbonate platform facies; (3) During the Wulalike period, the western part of the Ordos Basin experienced multiple transgressive-regressive processes, with the water gradually becoming shallower and the sedimentary environment transitioning from deep water to shallow water. [Conclusion] In conclusion, a carbonate platform margin sedimentary model of the Wulalike period in the western Ordos Basin was established, and it was proposed that the broad sea shelf, slope, and granular shoal are favorable exploration facies for natural gas in the next step.
Abstract:
The Santanghu Basin is an important oil and gas exploration area in northern Xinjiang, and a good understanding of sedimentary facies, sandbody distribution and associated provenance system within the basin play an important role in guiding the oil and gas exploration and development of the study area. This study uses core and well logging data to systematically study the distribution characteristics and depositional evolutions for the lower to middle Jurassic Tiaohu-Malang depressions in the Santanghu Basin. Additionally, heavy minerals and detrital U-Pb dating were combined to analyze the provenance for key intervals. During the lower to middle Jurassic, the Tiaohu-Malang depressions was mainly in a braided-river deltaic depositional environment. The Badaowan Formation was characterized by widespread distribution of braided-river delta fronts due to the large lacustrine basin. The sedimentary system was more developed in the northern part of Tiaohu Depression and extends far to the south, while the southern system has a limited distribution. The sedimentary system in the northern and southern parts of the Malang Depression extends a short distance into the depression. The Sangonghe Formation was dominated by isolated distributary channel deposits on the braided delta front with decreased lacustrine basin. As the lacustrine basin of the Tiaohu Depression migrated southward during the early Xishanyao time, a large area of lower delta plain developed in the north, and delta front developed in the central and southern parts. In the Malang Depression, the braided river delta fronts in the north are contiguously distributed, while the sand bodies in the south are relatively isolated. The analysis of heavy minerals and zircon U-Pb ages suggest that main sediments in the northeastern Tiaohu Depression were originated from the western Erdelunjin Mountains through a long transport distance during the lower Jurassic period. In the northern Malang Depression, the source-sink system had two possible sediment transport paths in the middle Jurassic time. Sediments were transported from the eastern part of the Erdelunjin Mountains and deposited near the Shayisubei and the Chahaquan area, and they were subsequently transported and deposited to the northern part of the Malang Depression as the area were uplifted. Another possible explanation is that sediments flowed from the eastern Erdelunjin Mountains into the northern part of the Malang Depression along the low paleotopographic areas with some sediments contributed from the Shayisubei Mountains.
The Santanghu Basin is an important oil and gas exploration area in northern Xinjiang, and a good understanding of sedimentary facies, sandbody distribution and associated provenance system within the basin play an important role in guiding the oil and gas exploration and development of the study area. This study uses core and well logging data to systematically study the distribution characteristics and depositional evolutions for the lower to middle Jurassic Tiaohu-Malang depressions in the Santanghu Basin. Additionally, heavy minerals and detrital U-Pb dating were combined to analyze the provenance for key intervals. During the lower to middle Jurassic, the Tiaohu-Malang depressions was mainly in a braided-river deltaic depositional environment. The Badaowan Formation was characterized by widespread distribution of braided-river delta fronts due to the large lacustrine basin. The sedimentary system was more developed in the northern part of Tiaohu Depression and extends far to the south, while the southern system has a limited distribution. The sedimentary system in the northern and southern parts of the Malang Depression extends a short distance into the depression. The Sangonghe Formation was dominated by isolated distributary channel deposits on the braided delta front with decreased lacustrine basin. As the lacustrine basin of the Tiaohu Depression migrated southward during the early Xishanyao time, a large area of lower delta plain developed in the north, and delta front developed in the central and southern parts. In the Malang Depression, the braided river delta fronts in the north are contiguously distributed, while the sand bodies in the south are relatively isolated. The analysis of heavy minerals and zircon U-Pb ages suggest that main sediments in the northeastern Tiaohu Depression were originated from the western Erdelunjin Mountains through a long transport distance during the lower Jurassic period. In the northern Malang Depression, the source-sink system had two possible sediment transport paths in the middle Jurassic time. Sediments were transported from the eastern part of the Erdelunjin Mountains and deposited near the Shayisubei and the Chahaquan area, and they were subsequently transported and deposited to the northern part of the Malang Depression as the area were uplifted. Another possible explanation is that sediments flowed from the eastern Erdelunjin Mountains into the northern part of the Malang Depression along the low paleotopographic areas with some sediments contributed from the Shayisubei Mountains.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] Research on the weathering process of the aggradation red earth in subtropical China has long been crucial for understanding the evolution of the Quaternary environment. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the weathering environment of the aggradation red earth is hampered by the infrequent reporting of research on the weathering characteristics of the aggradation red earth at the spatial scale. [Methods] Based on a systematic analysis of the weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth sections in southern China, this study focused on the Jinqu Basin, where non-zonal factors have a significant impact. The research primarily explored the chemical weathering characteristics and formation mechanisms of red earth within the basin, to deepen our understanding of the weathering features of aggradational red earth. [Results] The study shows that: 1) On a large scale, the weathering intensity of aggradational red earth in southern China is strongly correlated with hydrothermal conditions, with weathering intensifying as latitude decreases. However, the chemical weathering of red earth in certain locations or specific sections does not entirely conform to the latitudinal zonality in the mid-subtropical region between 25?N and 31?N, where aggradational red earth is widely spread. 2) The geochemical composition of aggradational red earth in the Jinqu Basin exhibits good consistency, with minimal differences in element enrichment or depletion among samples. However, there is regional variability in the degree of chemical weathering in the developmental stages of vermicular and typical red clays following the stagnation of vermicularization in the Jinqu Basin, compared with the chemical weathering characteristics of other aggradational red earth sections at the same latitude. 3) Influenced by a combination of factors such as provenance, topography, and local climate, the weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth in the Jinqu Basin exhibit certain non-latitudinal zonal features. [Conclusion] The weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth in southern China primarily follow a latitudinal zonal pattern under the large-scale monsoon evolution pattern. However, owing to the influence of non-zonal factors including topography, water, and differences in the geographic features of potential provenance, the chemical weathering of aggradational red earth also exhibits certain non-zonal characteristics within the mid-subtropical region between 25?N and 31?N. The relatively small and enclosed basin terrain of the Jinqu Basin, along with local microclimate conditions and contribution of bedrock weathering products to the red earth provenance, plays a significant role in interpreting the chemical weathering information of the red earth. Therefore, it is crucial to consider regional impacts while discussing the chemical weathering characteristics in different areas.
Abstract: [Objective] Research on the weathering process of the aggradation red earth in subtropical China has long been crucial for understanding the evolution of the Quaternary environment. However, a comprehensive knowledge of the weathering environment of the aggradation red earth is hampered by the infrequent reporting of research on the weathering characteristics of the aggradation red earth at the spatial scale. [Methods] Based on a systematic analysis of the weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth sections in southern China, this study focused on the Jinqu Basin, where non-zonal factors have a significant impact. The research primarily explored the chemical weathering characteristics and formation mechanisms of red earth within the basin, to deepen our understanding of the weathering features of aggradational red earth. [Results] The study shows that: 1) On a large scale, the weathering intensity of aggradational red earth in southern China is strongly correlated with hydrothermal conditions, with weathering intensifying as latitude decreases. However, the chemical weathering of red earth in certain locations or specific sections does not entirely conform to the latitudinal zonality in the mid-subtropical region between 25?N and 31?N, where aggradational red earth is widely spread. 2) The geochemical composition of aggradational red earth in the Jinqu Basin exhibits good consistency, with minimal differences in element enrichment or depletion among samples. However, there is regional variability in the degree of chemical weathering in the developmental stages of vermicular and typical red clays following the stagnation of vermicularization in the Jinqu Basin, compared with the chemical weathering characteristics of other aggradational red earth sections at the same latitude. 3) Influenced by a combination of factors such as provenance, topography, and local climate, the weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth in the Jinqu Basin exhibit certain non-latitudinal zonal features. [Conclusion] The weathering characteristics of the aggradational red earth in southern China primarily follow a latitudinal zonal pattern under the large-scale monsoon evolution pattern. However, owing to the influence of non-zonal factors including topography, water, and differences in the geographic features of potential provenance, the chemical weathering of aggradational red earth also exhibits certain non-zonal characteristics within the mid-subtropical region between 25?N and 31?N. The relatively small and enclosed basin terrain of the Jinqu Basin, along with local microclimate conditions and contribution of bedrock weathering products to the red earth provenance, plays a significant role in interpreting the chemical weathering information of the red earth. Therefore, it is crucial to consider regional impacts while discussing the chemical weathering characteristics in different areas.
Abstract:
[Objectives] Recent research suggests that the basin water depth as a downstream condition can govern delta morphodynamics. This is because basin water depth affects the subaerial and subaqueous allocation of sediment in the delta. Compared to deep-water deltas, shallow-water deltas have more sediment distribution in the subaerial part. As a result, the aggradation rate of distributary channels in shallow water deltas is higher, making the channel more active in terms of migration and avulsion. Recently, the Grade Index (Gindex) model is proposed to quantitively illustrate this process. [Methods] This paper elaborates the origin, theoretical modeling, experimental validation, and application of the grade index model and discusses its limitations. The grade here refers the graded state of rivers, which means sediment supplied into the river is conveyed without net deposition or net erosion but completely bypassed through the river. The grade index is defined as the ratio of the volume of sediment allocated subaerially to the total volume of sediment input in per unit time. According to its definition, the Gindex is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. [Results] Theoretical analyses reveal that the Gindex negatively relates to the basin water depth, though also relates to the delta’s geometrical parameters including the radius of the delta plain and the slopes of the topset and foreset. If the basin water is deeper, the Gindex is closer to 0, which means less sediment is deposited subaerially per unit time. As a result, the channel is more stable and closer to the state of grade. Conversely, the Gindex gets closer to 1 with decreasing basin water depth. As a result, the delta plain becomes more aggradational, by which the channel becomes more unstable. The Gindex is able to reflect important geomorphodynamic parameters of the delta such as the rate of progradation, the rate of aggradation, the rate of channel migration, and the timescale of channel avulsion. Each of these parameters can be calculated as the product or quotient between Gindex and their counterparts obtained with negligibly small basin water depth, while the former is determined by the delta’s geometrical parameters and basin water depth and the latter is determined by the delta’s geometrical parameters and total sediment supply rate. This means that for a particular deltaic system with specific geometrical parameters, sediment supply rate and basin water depth, it has theoretical values for the grade index and geomorphodynamic parameters, both of which can be calculated. This speculation has been verified by tank experiments. The Gindex model is derived based on global mass balance of the deltaic system. Local and/or tentative depositional, erosional and dispersal processes such like related to the backwater effect and coastal processes including waves, tides and longshore currents, as well as effects outside of the depositional system (i.e. vegetation, anthropogenic process), are not considered. [Conclusion] So, the grade index model exclusively separates the "contribution" of basin water depth from others in terms of delta morphodynamics. On the one hand, it can reveal the principle of the differentiation of deep-water and shallow-water delta landforms, and on the other hand, it can help to explain the influence of factors other than basin water depth on the evolution of delta landforms. The grade index model has the potential for general application in modern alluvial-deltaic systems, while its application to ancient systems is yet to be explored.
[Objectives] Recent research suggests that the basin water depth as a downstream condition can govern delta morphodynamics. This is because basin water depth affects the subaerial and subaqueous allocation of sediment in the delta. Compared to deep-water deltas, shallow-water deltas have more sediment distribution in the subaerial part. As a result, the aggradation rate of distributary channels in shallow water deltas is higher, making the channel more active in terms of migration and avulsion. Recently, the Grade Index (Gindex) model is proposed to quantitively illustrate this process. [Methods] This paper elaborates the origin, theoretical modeling, experimental validation, and application of the grade index model and discusses its limitations. The grade here refers the graded state of rivers, which means sediment supplied into the river is conveyed without net deposition or net erosion but completely bypassed through the river. The grade index is defined as the ratio of the volume of sediment allocated subaerially to the total volume of sediment input in per unit time. According to its definition, the Gindex is a dimensionless number between 0 and 1. [Results] Theoretical analyses reveal that the Gindex negatively relates to the basin water depth, though also relates to the delta’s geometrical parameters including the radius of the delta plain and the slopes of the topset and foreset. If the basin water is deeper, the Gindex is closer to 0, which means less sediment is deposited subaerially per unit time. As a result, the channel is more stable and closer to the state of grade. Conversely, the Gindex gets closer to 1 with decreasing basin water depth. As a result, the delta plain becomes more aggradational, by which the channel becomes more unstable. The Gindex is able to reflect important geomorphodynamic parameters of the delta such as the rate of progradation, the rate of aggradation, the rate of channel migration, and the timescale of channel avulsion. Each of these parameters can be calculated as the product or quotient between Gindex and their counterparts obtained with negligibly small basin water depth, while the former is determined by the delta’s geometrical parameters and basin water depth and the latter is determined by the delta’s geometrical parameters and total sediment supply rate. This means that for a particular deltaic system with specific geometrical parameters, sediment supply rate and basin water depth, it has theoretical values for the grade index and geomorphodynamic parameters, both of which can be calculated. This speculation has been verified by tank experiments. The Gindex model is derived based on global mass balance of the deltaic system. Local and/or tentative depositional, erosional and dispersal processes such like related to the backwater effect and coastal processes including waves, tides and longshore currents, as well as effects outside of the depositional system (i.e. vegetation, anthropogenic process), are not considered. [Conclusion] So, the grade index model exclusively separates the "contribution" of basin water depth from others in terms of delta morphodynamics. On the one hand, it can reveal the principle of the differentiation of deep-water and shallow-water delta landforms, and on the other hand, it can help to explain the influence of factors other than basin water depth on the evolution of delta landforms. The grade index model has the potential for general application in modern alluvial-deltaic systems, while its application to ancient systems is yet to be explored.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] The first member of Shawan Formation of Neogene in the east side of Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin has serious carbonate cementation and strong oil-bearing heterogeneity. The formation reasons of carbonate cements in the study area are analyzed deeply, and their effects on reservoir physical properties and oil content are discussed. [Methods] On the basis of core observation, the types, distribution characteristics, formation stages and genesis of shallow buried carbonate cements were studied by using the methods of observation and identification from thin sections, cathode luminescence (CL) analysis and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. [Results and Discussions] The results show that there are at least three stages of carbonate cements in the first member of Shawan Formation. The carbonate cements in the first stage are mainly dominated by shell-like calcite and granular siderite. Under polarizing microscope, it can be observed that the edges of some mineral particles are replaced, and the continuity of cement is poor due to the influence of acidic fluids in the later stage. The results of cathode luminescence show that the calcite is bright yellow. The formation of carbonate cements is mainly influenced by paleo-climate and sedimentary water. The local area of the study area was influenced by the development of algae. The second and the third stage of carbonate cements are dominated by poikilitic calcite, of which the second-stage calcite is widely distributed. The results of cathode luminescence show that the calcite cement of the second stage is almost non-luminous and has the characteristics of high magnesium, while the calcite cement of the third stage is orange yellow. Under polarizing microscope, there are obvious corrosion marks at the boundary between the second and third stage of calcite cements. Both of the second and the third stage of carbonate cements are affected by hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the middle and lower Jurassic source rocks in Changji Depression. Organic acid fluid dissolved the early carbonate cements and acid-soluble particles, providing the main material source for the development of subsequent carbonate cements. It is found that carbonate cement causes the poor physical properties of Shawan Formation reservoir in the early stage. The porosity and permeability of the reservoir are limited improved by the injection of acid fluid in the later stage. When the carbonate cement develops continuously in the plane, it forms thin inter-layers sealed by capillary pressure. Thin inter-layers formed by carbonate tight cementation control hydrocarbon migration and trap types in the reservoir to a certain extent. The tight cementation of carbonate effectively blocks the migration path of oil and gas, and oil and gas can only migrate and accumulate along a few structural fractures, which leads to obvious oil heterogeneity in the same set of sandstone in the study area. In addition, when the carbonate cements developed in the reservoir have large distribution area and high content, appear on the top of the sand body and most of them are basement cementation, a better cap layer will be formed, which will affect the accumulation of oil and gas to a certain extent. [Conclusions] The types, distribution characteristics, formation causes and geological significance of multistage carbonate cements are defined in the paper, which provides support for continuous exploration and development and searching for new exploration targets.
Abstract: [Objective] The first member of Shawan Formation of Neogene in the east side of Chepaizi Uplift of the Junggar Basin has serious carbonate cementation and strong oil-bearing heterogeneity. The formation reasons of carbonate cements in the study area are analyzed deeply, and their effects on reservoir physical properties and oil content are discussed. [Methods] On the basis of core observation, the types, distribution characteristics, formation stages and genesis of shallow buried carbonate cements were studied by using the methods of observation and identification from thin sections, cathode luminescence (CL) analysis and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis. [Results and Discussions] The results show that there are at least three stages of carbonate cements in the first member of Shawan Formation. The carbonate cements in the first stage are mainly dominated by shell-like calcite and granular siderite. Under polarizing microscope, it can be observed that the edges of some mineral particles are replaced, and the continuity of cement is poor due to the influence of acidic fluids in the later stage. The results of cathode luminescence show that the calcite is bright yellow. The formation of carbonate cements is mainly influenced by paleo-climate and sedimentary water. The local area of the study area was influenced by the development of algae. The second and the third stage of carbonate cements are dominated by poikilitic calcite, of which the second-stage calcite is widely distributed. The results of cathode luminescence show that the calcite cement of the second stage is almost non-luminous and has the characteristics of high magnesium, while the calcite cement of the third stage is orange yellow. Under polarizing microscope, there are obvious corrosion marks at the boundary between the second and third stage of calcite cements. Both of the second and the third stage of carbonate cements are affected by hydrocarbon generation and expulsion from the middle and lower Jurassic source rocks in Changji Depression. Organic acid fluid dissolved the early carbonate cements and acid-soluble particles, providing the main material source for the development of subsequent carbonate cements. It is found that carbonate cement causes the poor physical properties of Shawan Formation reservoir in the early stage. The porosity and permeability of the reservoir are limited improved by the injection of acid fluid in the later stage. When the carbonate cement develops continuously in the plane, it forms thin inter-layers sealed by capillary pressure. Thin inter-layers formed by carbonate tight cementation control hydrocarbon migration and trap types in the reservoir to a certain extent. The tight cementation of carbonate effectively blocks the migration path of oil and gas, and oil and gas can only migrate and accumulate along a few structural fractures, which leads to obvious oil heterogeneity in the same set of sandstone in the study area. In addition, when the carbonate cements developed in the reservoir have large distribution area and high content, appear on the top of the sand body and most of them are basement cementation, a better cap layer will be formed, which will affect the accumulation of oil and gas to a certain extent. [Conclusions] The types, distribution characteristics, formation causes and geological significance of multistage carbonate cements are defined in the paper, which provides support for continuous exploration and development and searching for new exploration targets.
Abstract:
The paleokarst reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Central Sichuan Basin are key targets for marine natural gas exploration in China, with characteristics such as early formation period, long diagenetic alteration, and strong heterogeneity. By conducting identification of diagenetic mineral sequences, U-Pb isotope dating, and laser in-situ element content testing on the paleokarst reservoirs of the Dengying Formation, combined with core physical property testing and image software identification, the reservoirs in the Dengying Formation 2nd and 4th Member can be divided into two types: fracture-vug type and pore-vug type. Nine stages of diagenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation events were identified, and the diagenetic fluids can be divided into three types: seawater, modified seawater, and hydrothermal fluids. The results of diagenetic sequences and laser in-situ U-Pb age analysis indicate that multi-stage diagenetic events, including three stages of seawater cementation and three stages of hydrothermal activity, have destructive effects on reservoir physical properties. The recovery results of paleo-porosity during the diagenetic evolution indicate that the fracture-vug type reservoirs in the Deng Formation 2nd member always have the ability to migrate and accumulate during the formation stage of paleo-oil reservoirs, the stage of crude oil cracking into gas, and the stage of gas reservoir adjustment, while the pore-vug type reservoirs have the ability to migrate and accumulate in the latter two stages. The fracture-vug reservoirs in the Deng Formation 4th member have migration and accumulation capabilities in all three key stages of hydrocarbon accumulation.
The paleokarst reservoirs of the Sinian Dengying Formation in the Central Sichuan Basin are key targets for marine natural gas exploration in China, with characteristics such as early formation period, long diagenetic alteration, and strong heterogeneity. By conducting identification of diagenetic mineral sequences, U-Pb isotope dating, and laser in-situ element content testing on the paleokarst reservoirs of the Dengying Formation, combined with core physical property testing and image software identification, the reservoirs in the Dengying Formation 2nd and 4th Member can be divided into two types: fracture-vug type and pore-vug type. Nine stages of diagenesis-hydrocarbon accumulation events were identified, and the diagenetic fluids can be divided into three types: seawater, modified seawater, and hydrothermal fluids. The results of diagenetic sequences and laser in-situ U-Pb age analysis indicate that multi-stage diagenetic events, including three stages of seawater cementation and three stages of hydrothermal activity, have destructive effects on reservoir physical properties. The recovery results of paleo-porosity during the diagenetic evolution indicate that the fracture-vug type reservoirs in the Deng Formation 2nd member always have the ability to migrate and accumulate during the formation stage of paleo-oil reservoirs, the stage of crude oil cracking into gas, and the stage of gas reservoir adjustment, while the pore-vug type reservoirs have the ability to migrate and accumulate in the latter two stages. The fracture-vug reservoirs in the Deng Formation 4th member have migration and accumulation capabilities in all three key stages of hydrocarbon accumulation.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] Climate change caused by astronomical orbital parameters is closely related to biological turnover and sedimentary evolution of the ocean and lakes, which in turn affects the organic matter enrichment in the strata. The late Paleozoic coal-bearing rock system in North China is dominated by coal, mudstone, siltstone, sandstone and tuff observed in a number of depositional cycles in the vertical direction. It is also an important system for current oil and gas exploration and development. The aim of this study is to systematically reveal the influence of the astronomical orbital cycle on organic matter enrichment in this coal-bearing system. [Methods] Natural gamma logging sequences were obtained for four wells (sampling distance 0.05 m) and continuous mineral elements for one well (sampling distance 1 m) in western North China. Astronomical cyclotron time series data and elemental geochemical analysis of typical samples were used to clarify the pattern of organic matter enrichment in stratigraphic cyclotrons at different scales. [Results and Discussions] (1) Six 1.2 Myr ultra-long obliquity cycles and eighteen 405 kyr long eccentricity cycles are recognizable in the Carboniferous–Permian Benxi, Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations. (2) Using Mg/Ca, SiO2/Al2O3, Fe/Mn and V/(V+Ni) ratios as paleoclimate and paleoredox proxies, six long-period variations and 18 medium-period variations were identified, all corresponding with ultra-long obliquities and long eccentricities. (3) Comparative analyses of paleoenvironmental restoration and organic carbon content during the depositional period of the Benxi–Shanxi Formations show that paleoclimate evolution and organic matter enrichment are basically synchronized and controlled by the astronomical orbital cycle, and that during periods of increasing ultra-long obliquity or long eccentricity the climate is warm and humid and the reducing nature of bodies of water is enhanced, which promotes organic matter enrichment. [Conclusions] The above results reveal Carboniferous–Permian climate change in North China influenced by the astronomical orbital cycle and the development of a constrained organic matter-rich stratigraphy, and find that the paleoclimate change during the same period was obviously constrained by the long eccentricity. The findings can be used as a reference for the study of global climate evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanism in the Permian.
Abstract: [Objective] Climate change caused by astronomical orbital parameters is closely related to biological turnover and sedimentary evolution of the ocean and lakes, which in turn affects the organic matter enrichment in the strata. The late Paleozoic coal-bearing rock system in North China is dominated by coal, mudstone, siltstone, sandstone and tuff observed in a number of depositional cycles in the vertical direction. It is also an important system for current oil and gas exploration and development. The aim of this study is to systematically reveal the influence of the astronomical orbital cycle on organic matter enrichment in this coal-bearing system. [Methods] Natural gamma logging sequences were obtained for four wells (sampling distance 0.05 m) and continuous mineral elements for one well (sampling distance 1 m) in western North China. Astronomical cyclotron time series data and elemental geochemical analysis of typical samples were used to clarify the pattern of organic matter enrichment in stratigraphic cyclotrons at different scales. [Results and Discussions] (1) Six 1.2 Myr ultra-long obliquity cycles and eighteen 405 kyr long eccentricity cycles are recognizable in the Carboniferous–Permian Benxi, Taiyuan and Shanxi Formations. (2) Using Mg/Ca, SiO2/Al2O3, Fe/Mn and V/(V+Ni) ratios as paleoclimate and paleoredox proxies, six long-period variations and 18 medium-period variations were identified, all corresponding with ultra-long obliquities and long eccentricities. (3) Comparative analyses of paleoenvironmental restoration and organic carbon content during the depositional period of the Benxi–Shanxi Formations show that paleoclimate evolution and organic matter enrichment are basically synchronized and controlled by the astronomical orbital cycle, and that during periods of increasing ultra-long obliquity or long eccentricity the climate is warm and humid and the reducing nature of bodies of water is enhanced, which promotes organic matter enrichment. [Conclusions] The above results reveal Carboniferous–Permian climate change in North China influenced by the astronomical orbital cycle and the development of a constrained organic matter-rich stratigraphy, and find that the paleoclimate change during the same period was obviously constrained by the long eccentricity. The findings can be used as a reference for the study of global climate evolution and organic matter enrichment mechanism in the Permian.
Abstract:
[Objective]The Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in Sichuan basin develops thick oolitic beach reservoirs, which is the key layer of current oil and gas exploration. As the reserve strategic replacement field of Sichuan Basin, the sedimentary system, reservoir characteristics and favorable zone distribution of Feixianguan Formation in Tieshanpo and Qilibei areas are not clear, which restricts the deployment of oil and gas exploration in this area. [Methods]Based on the comprehensive analysis of core, rock slice, logging and seismic data, the sedimentary facies types, evolution rules and favorable reservoir zones of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in Tieshanpo and Qilibei areas were studied. [Results]The Feixianguan Formation in the study area develops a rimmed platform model, which can be subdivided into five sedimentary facies:restricted platform, open platform, platform edge, slope and basin. The platform margin is the favorable facies belt for the development of oolitic beach. The development of oolitic shoals in the area has obvious aggradation-lateral accretion characteristics, which are mostly superimposed in 2 to 3 periods vertically, and are distributed in ssq2 to ssq4 periods, with the largest scale in ssq2 period. Horizontally, the beach body is unstable and has a tendency to migrate into the basin; The reservoir rock types are mainly (residual) oolitic limestone, (residual) oolitic dolomite and powder crystal-fine crystal dolomite. [Conclusions]The platform margin oolitic beach is a favorable microfacies for reservoir development in Feixianguan Formation, and the porosity and permeability conditions are good. The area of wells Po5-Poxi1-Po2-Po1 in the Tieshanpo area is a favorable reservoir development zone, and the area of wells Qilibei1-Qibei102 in Qilibei area is a potential favorable reservoir development zone.The spatial and temporal distribution and migration law of beach bodies in different areas of the fourth-order sequence framework and the prediction results of favorable reservoir zones can provide a basis for deepening the exploration and development of oolitic beach reservoirs in this area.
[Objective]The Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in Sichuan basin develops thick oolitic beach reservoirs, which is the key layer of current oil and gas exploration. As the reserve strategic replacement field of Sichuan Basin, the sedimentary system, reservoir characteristics and favorable zone distribution of Feixianguan Formation in Tieshanpo and Qilibei areas are not clear, which restricts the deployment of oil and gas exploration in this area. [Methods]Based on the comprehensive analysis of core, rock slice, logging and seismic data, the sedimentary facies types, evolution rules and favorable reservoir zones of the Lower Triassic Feixianguan Formation in Tieshanpo and Qilibei areas were studied. [Results]The Feixianguan Formation in the study area develops a rimmed platform model, which can be subdivided into five sedimentary facies:restricted platform, open platform, platform edge, slope and basin. The platform margin is the favorable facies belt for the development of oolitic beach. The development of oolitic shoals in the area has obvious aggradation-lateral accretion characteristics, which are mostly superimposed in 2 to 3 periods vertically, and are distributed in ssq2 to ssq4 periods, with the largest scale in ssq2 period. Horizontally, the beach body is unstable and has a tendency to migrate into the basin; The reservoir rock types are mainly (residual) oolitic limestone, (residual) oolitic dolomite and powder crystal-fine crystal dolomite. [Conclusions]The platform margin oolitic beach is a favorable microfacies for reservoir development in Feixianguan Formation, and the porosity and permeability conditions are good. The area of wells Po5-Poxi1-Po2-Po1 in the Tieshanpo area is a favorable reservoir development zone, and the area of wells Qilibei1-Qibei102 in Qilibei area is a potential favorable reservoir development zone.The spatial and temporal distribution and migration law of beach bodies in different areas of the fourth-order sequence framework and the prediction results of favorable reservoir zones can provide a basis for deepening the exploration and development of oolitic beach reservoirs in this area.
Abstract:
Fluvial deposit is widely developed in natural strata, and meandering river deposit is an important part of fluvial deposit. Due to the frequent channel migration during the development of meandering river and the development of a large number of lateral deposits, the superposition relationship of sand bodies inside the point dam is complicated, so the analysis of the evolution process of meandering river has been the focus of sedimentological research. The analysis of controlling factors of meansional river morphology is of great significance to the study of paleoclimate evolution, continental weathering intensity and the exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs. Previous scholars summarized the initial conditions for the generation of a zigzagging river by observing modern river sediments, and studied the effects of different clay mineral content, vegetation cover and initial saturation of river bed on the development of a zigzagging river. However, the development period of river sediments in nature is too long, and the dynamic sedimentation process of river cannot be well observed through field investigation and dissected outcrop, and the recording process is susceptible to interference by environmental factors. And lack of quantitative data support. In this paper, the effects of channel migration and dam body development on meander river development under single factor conditions were studied through flume sedimentation simulation experiments. In this study, three sets of experiments under different particle size, flow and clay mineral content were set up, and high-precision 3D laser scanner was used to convert the data into an elevation model for quantitative study of profile structure and bed sediment changes. The experimental results show that: (1) the particle size of the source sand directly affects the curvature of the meander river. Under the condition of constant clay content and constant flow, the smaller the particle size of the sand, the greater the curvature of the meander river formed. There are obvious differences in the structure of bank collapse sand bodies under different particle size conditions; (2) When the discharge affects the sediment transport balance and the flow impact force on the riverbank during the development of meandering river, when the sediment input rate and transport rate are in dynamic equilibrium, the riverbank maintains outward expansion and erosion, and the channel develops into meandering river form; (3) The addition of clay minerals to river banks can improve the permeability resistance of river banks. Under the condition that the source sand grain size and flow rate remain unchanged, the higher the clay mineral content, the lower the width to depth ratio of river channels.
Fluvial deposit is widely developed in natural strata, and meandering river deposit is an important part of fluvial deposit. Due to the frequent channel migration during the development of meandering river and the development of a large number of lateral deposits, the superposition relationship of sand bodies inside the point dam is complicated, so the analysis of the evolution process of meandering river has been the focus of sedimentological research. The analysis of controlling factors of meansional river morphology is of great significance to the study of paleoclimate evolution, continental weathering intensity and the exploration and development of oil and gas reservoirs. Previous scholars summarized the initial conditions for the generation of a zigzagging river by observing modern river sediments, and studied the effects of different clay mineral content, vegetation cover and initial saturation of river bed on the development of a zigzagging river. However, the development period of river sediments in nature is too long, and the dynamic sedimentation process of river cannot be well observed through field investigation and dissected outcrop, and the recording process is susceptible to interference by environmental factors. And lack of quantitative data support. In this paper, the effects of channel migration and dam body development on meander river development under single factor conditions were studied through flume sedimentation simulation experiments. In this study, three sets of experiments under different particle size, flow and clay mineral content were set up, and high-precision 3D laser scanner was used to convert the data into an elevation model for quantitative study of profile structure and bed sediment changes. The experimental results show that: (1) the particle size of the source sand directly affects the curvature of the meander river. Under the condition of constant clay content and constant flow, the smaller the particle size of the sand, the greater the curvature of the meander river formed. There are obvious differences in the structure of bank collapse sand bodies under different particle size conditions; (2) When the discharge affects the sediment transport balance and the flow impact force on the riverbank during the development of meandering river, when the sediment input rate and transport rate are in dynamic equilibrium, the riverbank maintains outward expansion and erosion, and the channel develops into meandering river form; (3) The addition of clay minerals to river banks can improve the permeability resistance of river banks. Under the condition that the source sand grain size and flow rate remain unchanged, the higher the clay mineral content, the lower the width to depth ratio of river channels.
Abstract:
[Objectives] After the early Paleozoic Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny, the eastern South China went into a tectonic quiescence period during the late Paleozoic, with large-scale marine transgression and think sedimentary strata accumulation. Specifically, nature of the lower Devonian to lower Permian (the Kungurian stage) strata, such as isopach change of strata, lateral variation of lithofacies, are important to understand the post-orogenic topography of the eastern South China. [Methods] We collected stratigraphic thicknesses and lithological data of the lower Devonian to lower Permian (the Kungurian stage) strata in the eastern South China, compiled strata isopach maps and lithofacies maps of six main stages, including the early Devonian, the middle Devonian, the late Devonian, the early Carboniferous, the late Carboniferous to early Permian (the Sakmarian stage), and the early Permian (the Artinskian and Kungurian stages). The tectonic subsidence rate of the basin at five different localities in each stage was calculated. [Results] The results show that the subsidence of the late Paleozoic basin of the eastern South China can be divided into two stages. The first stage was the Devonian with a high subsidence rate (about 25 m/Ma). The second stage was the Carboniferous to early Permian (the Kungurian stage) with a low subsidence rate (about 10 m/Ma). [Conclusions] Taking the regional widely-distributed and large-scaled normal faults into consideration, it speculates that the first stage of basin subsidence was mainly controlled by tectonic activities, which was inherited from the post-Wuyi-Yunkai orogenic collapse and possibly the drifting-away of South China from the Gondwana during the Devonian. The second stage of basin subsidence was controlled by the icehouse climate and sediment load of the baisn during the Carboniferous to early Permian.
[Objectives] After the early Paleozoic Wuyi-Yunkai orogeny, the eastern South China went into a tectonic quiescence period during the late Paleozoic, with large-scale marine transgression and think sedimentary strata accumulation. Specifically, nature of the lower Devonian to lower Permian (the Kungurian stage) strata, such as isopach change of strata, lateral variation of lithofacies, are important to understand the post-orogenic topography of the eastern South China. [Methods] We collected stratigraphic thicknesses and lithological data of the lower Devonian to lower Permian (the Kungurian stage) strata in the eastern South China, compiled strata isopach maps and lithofacies maps of six main stages, including the early Devonian, the middle Devonian, the late Devonian, the early Carboniferous, the late Carboniferous to early Permian (the Sakmarian stage), and the early Permian (the Artinskian and Kungurian stages). The tectonic subsidence rate of the basin at five different localities in each stage was calculated. [Results] The results show that the subsidence of the late Paleozoic basin of the eastern South China can be divided into two stages. The first stage was the Devonian with a high subsidence rate (about 25 m/Ma). The second stage was the Carboniferous to early Permian (the Kungurian stage) with a low subsidence rate (about 10 m/Ma). [Conclusions] Taking the regional widely-distributed and large-scaled normal faults into consideration, it speculates that the first stage of basin subsidence was mainly controlled by tectonic activities, which was inherited from the post-Wuyi-Yunkai orogenic collapse and possibly the drifting-away of South China from the Gondwana during the Devonian. The second stage of basin subsidence was controlled by the icehouse climate and sediment load of the baisn during the Carboniferous to early Permian.
Abstract:
The Neoproterozoic Era is a crucial period for continental growth, reworking, and reshaping of the South China Block. The widespread Neoproterozoic rocks serve as the basement sequences for Phanerozoic South China Block. Understanding the Neoproterozoic crustal evolution of the South China Block is essential due to its implications for: i) regional resource and environment impacts, ii) the assembly and dispersal of Neoproterozoic supercontinents, and iii) subsequent “Cambrian explosion”. Here, we reviewed key geological records from the early-to-middle Neoproterozoic, including island arc magmatism, ophiolites, linearly-distributed continental-arc calc-alkaline magmatism, rapid endogenic recycling processes induced by ocean-continent subduction, subduction-zone metamorphism, accretionary rock complex, and extrusion-related deformation. We suggested the existence of a multi-terrane (or multi-microcontinent) structure in South China and its nearby regions during Neoproterozoic, with the terrane/microcontinent boundaries roughly defined by a series active- and passive-continent-margin rock units. We proposed the South China Block experienced a prolonged accretionary orogeny and consequent terrane/microcontinent amalgamation, accompanied by outward migration and reorganization of active continental margins. These Neoproterozoic subduction-accretion processes likely shaped the contemporary geological framework of the South China Block. More importantly, the Neoproterozoic convergent boundaries were preferentially involved in Phanerozoic crustal reworking and differentiation processes, and potentially played a pivotal role in Phanerozoic ore formation. This perspective may provide novel insights into the connections between Precambrian basement characteristics and Phanerozoic ore-forming processes.
The Neoproterozoic Era is a crucial period for continental growth, reworking, and reshaping of the South China Block. The widespread Neoproterozoic rocks serve as the basement sequences for Phanerozoic South China Block. Understanding the Neoproterozoic crustal evolution of the South China Block is essential due to its implications for: i) regional resource and environment impacts, ii) the assembly and dispersal of Neoproterozoic supercontinents, and iii) subsequent “Cambrian explosion”. Here, we reviewed key geological records from the early-to-middle Neoproterozoic, including island arc magmatism, ophiolites, linearly-distributed continental-arc calc-alkaline magmatism, rapid endogenic recycling processes induced by ocean-continent subduction, subduction-zone metamorphism, accretionary rock complex, and extrusion-related deformation. We suggested the existence of a multi-terrane (or multi-microcontinent) structure in South China and its nearby regions during Neoproterozoic, with the terrane/microcontinent boundaries roughly defined by a series active- and passive-continent-margin rock units. We proposed the South China Block experienced a prolonged accretionary orogeny and consequent terrane/microcontinent amalgamation, accompanied by outward migration and reorganization of active continental margins. These Neoproterozoic subduction-accretion processes likely shaped the contemporary geological framework of the South China Block. More importantly, the Neoproterozoic convergent boundaries were preferentially involved in Phanerozoic crustal reworking and differentiation processes, and potentially played a pivotal role in Phanerozoic ore formation. This perspective may provide novel insights into the connections between Precambrian basement characteristics and Phanerozoic ore-forming processes.
Abstract:
[Objective]The research on sandy braided river delta has lots of achievements, but the sedimentary characteristics and evolution laws of sandy braided river delta keep different views, especially the understanding of mouth bars and distributary sand bars needs to be further study.[Methods]Based on the underground reservoir data, the paper uses the Delft3D software to show the growth and evolution process of the sandy braided river delta into the lake, summarizing it’ s sedimentary characteristics and evolution laws.[Results]The evolution of sandy braided river delta has three stages.In the early stage,the delta grows fastest, and the average diameter growth rate was greater than 6m/step. Sediments are carried into the lake and quickly unloaded, forming a large flower-shaped mouth bar under the water. In the middle stage, the delta plain keeps growing, the delta front keeps large,accounting for more than 50% of the delta. Contiguous sand bodies are built. In the late stage, the delta grows slowly, the average diameter growth rate is maintained at 1m/step.The front area is small, less than 20 % of the overall area.The delta plain has many distributary channels and ditches.There are many ways to transform the distributary sand bars.The delta front sand bars have different degrees of superposition relationship and rhythm combination characteristics, and the distributary sand bars are built on the residual mouth bar.[Conclusions]The sedimentary model of sandy braided river delta was established, which can provides reference for the genetic identification of distributary sand bars and mouth bars for the better study of underground reservoir architecture.
[Objective]The research on sandy braided river delta has lots of achievements, but the sedimentary characteristics and evolution laws of sandy braided river delta keep different views, especially the understanding of mouth bars and distributary sand bars needs to be further study.[Methods]Based on the underground reservoir data, the paper uses the Delft3D software to show the growth and evolution process of the sandy braided river delta into the lake, summarizing it’ s sedimentary characteristics and evolution laws.[Results]The evolution of sandy braided river delta has three stages.In the early stage,the delta grows fastest, and the average diameter growth rate was greater than 6m/step. Sediments are carried into the lake and quickly unloaded, forming a large flower-shaped mouth bar under the water. In the middle stage, the delta plain keeps growing, the delta front keeps large,accounting for more than 50% of the delta. Contiguous sand bodies are built. In the late stage, the delta grows slowly, the average diameter growth rate is maintained at 1m/step.The front area is small, less than 20 % of the overall area.The delta plain has many distributary channels and ditches.There are many ways to transform the distributary sand bars.The delta front sand bars have different degrees of superposition relationship and rhythm combination characteristics, and the distributary sand bars are built on the residual mouth bar.[Conclusions]The sedimentary model of sandy braided river delta was established, which can provides reference for the genetic identification of distributary sand bars and mouth bars for the better study of underground reservoir architecture.
Abstract:
Abstract：[Objective] In this paper, the effect of seasonal lake level changes on the sedimentary characteristics, growth process, and sedimentary architecture of the bar fingers in shallow delta fronts is clarified. [Methods] Based on the modern mud and sand and hydrological data of the bar fingers in the Ganjiang Delta, the sedimentary numerical simulation software Delft3D, which is commonly used in China and abroad, is used to carry out numerical simulation of the sedimentation of the bar fingers under seasonal lake level changes and constant lake level conditions, and to compare the differences in sedimentary architectures. [Results] The study shows that under the condition of seasonal lake level changes, the bar fingers exhibit the following sedimentary architecture and growth evolution characteristics: (1) There are few bar fingers, small curvature, with an average value of about 1.42, long length, with an average value of about 9.2 km, thick in the middle, thin at the edge, with a thickness difference of 15.4 m, there is no obvious confluence between the bar fingers, presenting a plane combination style dominated by bird-foot shape; (2) The bar fingers develop deep distributary channels, the natural levees are wide and thick, and the thickness of the single-stage accretionary body in the mouth bar is large; (3) Under seasonal lake level changes, the bar fingers grow stably. During the period of lake level drop, the bar fingers undergo progradation, the distributary channels are mainly eroded-extended, and mouth bar deposits are formed at the front edge of the distributary channels. The distributary channels are also affected by the mouth bars and will undergo diversion and breach, forming multiple terminal distributary channels, while the natural levees are almost undeveloped; during the period of lake level rise, the bar fingers undergo retrogradation, the erosion of the distributary channels is weak, the distributary channels are abandoned and optimized, and the natural levees on both sides of the distributary channels accumulate and continue to thicken. Under the condition of constant lake level, the bar fingers show the following sedimentary architecture and growth evolution characteristics: (1) There are many bar fingers, with large curvature (average value is about 1.53), short length (average value is about 7.2 km), large overall thickness (maximum and minimum thickness differ by only 4.8 m), no obvious topographic difference, multiple bar fingers are constantly bifurcated and merged locally, forming a complex the bar fingers network, and the plane combination style of the bar fingers is mainly interlaced; (2) Deep distributary channels are also developed in the bar fingers, and the single-stage accretion body of the estuary bar is thick, but the most important difference is that there is no natural levee deposition; (3) The growth process of the bar fingers is relatively simple, mainly multiple the bar fingers grow simultaneously, intertwine with each other, and finally form an interlaced plane combination style. [Conclusion] Therefore, seasonal lake level change is an important formation condition for the bar fingers at the front of shallow deltas, which promotes the development of natural levees, improves the stability of distributary channels and the bar fingers, and plays an important role in controlling the sedimentary architecture and growth process of the bar fingers.
Abstract：[Objective] In this paper, the effect of seasonal lake level changes on the sedimentary characteristics, growth process, and sedimentary architecture of the bar fingers in shallow delta fronts is clarified. [Methods] Based on the modern mud and sand and hydrological data of the bar fingers in the Ganjiang Delta, the sedimentary numerical simulation software Delft3D, which is commonly used in China and abroad, is used to carry out numerical simulation of the sedimentation of the bar fingers under seasonal lake level changes and constant lake level conditions, and to compare the differences in sedimentary architectures. [Results] The study shows that under the condition of seasonal lake level changes, the bar fingers exhibit the following sedimentary architecture and growth evolution characteristics: (1) There are few bar fingers, small curvature, with an average value of about 1.42, long length, with an average value of about 9.2 km, thick in the middle, thin at the edge, with a thickness difference of 15.4 m, there is no obvious confluence between the bar fingers, presenting a plane combination style dominated by bird-foot shape; (2) The bar fingers develop deep distributary channels, the natural levees are wide and thick, and the thickness of the single-stage accretionary body in the mouth bar is large; (3) Under seasonal lake level changes, the bar fingers grow stably. During the period of lake level drop, the bar fingers undergo progradation, the distributary channels are mainly eroded-extended, and mouth bar deposits are formed at the front edge of the distributary channels. The distributary channels are also affected by the mouth bars and will undergo diversion and breach, forming multiple terminal distributary channels, while the natural levees are almost undeveloped; during the period of lake level rise, the bar fingers undergo retrogradation, the erosion of the distributary channels is weak, the distributary channels are abandoned and optimized, and the natural levees on both sides of the distributary channels accumulate and continue to thicken. Under the condition of constant lake level, the bar fingers show the following sedimentary architecture and growth evolution characteristics: (1) There are many bar fingers, with large curvature (average value is about 1.53), short length (average value is about 7.2 km), large overall thickness (maximum and minimum thickness differ by only 4.8 m), no obvious topographic difference, multiple bar fingers are constantly bifurcated and merged locally, forming a complex the bar fingers network, and the plane combination style of the bar fingers is mainly interlaced; (2) Deep distributary channels are also developed in the bar fingers, and the single-stage accretion body of the estuary bar is thick, but the most important difference is that there is no natural levee deposition; (3) The growth process of the bar fingers is relatively simple, mainly multiple the bar fingers grow simultaneously, intertwine with each other, and finally form an interlaced plane combination style. [Conclusion] Therefore, seasonal lake level change is an important formation condition for the bar fingers at the front of shallow deltas, which promotes the development of natural levees, improves the stability of distributary channels and the bar fingers, and plays an important role in controlling the sedimentary architecture and growth process of the bar fingers.
Abstract:
The integration of deposition physical simulation and numerical simulation is an inevitable trend in the development of deposition simulation technology. Taking the shoal water delta as an example, the author explores the feasibility of integrating deposition physical simulation and numerical simulation. Three variables, namely sediment ratio, lake level change, and inlet discharge, were selected to simulate shoal water deltas using deposition physical and numerical simulation methods. Quantitative analysis was conducted using indicators such as the length-width ratio, area, and shoreline roughness. The analysis results indicate that there are differences in details between the physical simulation and numerical simulation of deposition in shoal water deltas, but they are consistent in macroscopic changes. And the similarity between the two simulation results is relatively high. This study is of great significance for the integrated exploration of deposition physical simulation and deposition numerical simulation.
The integration of deposition physical simulation and numerical simulation is an inevitable trend in the development of deposition simulation technology. Taking the shoal water delta as an example, the author explores the feasibility of integrating deposition physical simulation and numerical simulation. Three variables, namely sediment ratio, lake level change, and inlet discharge, were selected to simulate shoal water deltas using deposition physical and numerical simulation methods. Quantitative analysis was conducted using indicators such as the length-width ratio, area, and shoreline roughness. The analysis results indicate that there are differences in details between the physical simulation and numerical simulation of deposition in shoal water deltas, but they are consistent in macroscopic changes. And the similarity between the two simulation results is relatively high. This study is of great significance for the integrated exploration of deposition physical simulation and deposition numerical simulation.
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[Objective] Microscopic reservoir characteristics of laminated shales in the third member of the Middle Ordovician Wulalike Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin have been studied to further understand the effectiveness of laminated shale reservoirs.[Methods] This study employs an integrated approach of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineral mapping, organic geochemical analysis, CO2 and N2 adsorption and mercury injection capillary pressure tests to comparatively analyze differences in mineralogy, organic geochemistry and pore structures between different textures within laminated shales obtained by mechanical separation.[Result] The laminated shales consist of limestone and tuff laminae and silica-rich beds. Limestone and tuff laminae with density of 60~180/m have lower contents of organic carbon than silica-rich beds. Laminated shales contain both pore and fractures. In silica-rich beds, clay minerals-related interparticle and intraparticle pores are abundant with rare organic pores. Calcite and dolomite intraparticle dissolved pores are dominant pore type in limestone laminae. Tuff laminae contain pyrite intercrystalline pores, clay-related interparticle and intraparticle pores, and dolomite intraparticle dissolved pores. Dissolved pores of carbonate minerals in limestone and tuff laminae are related to dissolution of acid fluids generated by organic matter thermal evolution in silica-rich beds. Near-horizontal fractures develop along boundaries between limestone and tuff laminae and silica-rich beds. Density of the near-horizontal fracture is 63~130 /m, and their width is 0.2~4.9 mm. Limestone and tuff laminae have less abundant micro-pores but more abundant macro-pores than silica-rich beds. The volume of macro-pores in limestone laminae is 2.5~4.3 times, and the contribution of macro-pores to total pore volume is 1.9~2.1 times as much as adjacent silica-rich beds. The volume of macro-pores in tuff laminae is 1.5-2.3 times as much as adjacent silica-rich beds. [Conclusion] In laminated shale reservoirs, oil and gas generated in silica-rich beds migrated along pores and fractures, and preferentially enriched in adjacent limestone and tuff laminae. Limestone and tuff laminae contain more abundant macropores and more free gas than silica-rich beds. The Wulalike Formation laminated shale reservoirs have high proportion of free gas, which are related to limestone and tuff laminae.
[Objective] Microscopic reservoir characteristics of laminated shales in the third member of the Middle Ordovician Wulalike Formation, western margin of the Ordos Basin have been studied to further understand the effectiveness of laminated shale reservoirs.[Methods] This study employs an integrated approach of X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and mineral mapping, organic geochemical analysis, CO2 and N2 adsorption and mercury injection capillary pressure tests to comparatively analyze differences in mineralogy, organic geochemistry and pore structures between different textures within laminated shales obtained by mechanical separation.[Result] The laminated shales consist of limestone and tuff laminae and silica-rich beds. Limestone and tuff laminae with density of 60~180/m have lower contents of organic carbon than silica-rich beds. Laminated shales contain both pore and fractures. In silica-rich beds, clay minerals-related interparticle and intraparticle pores are abundant with rare organic pores. Calcite and dolomite intraparticle dissolved pores are dominant pore type in limestone laminae. Tuff laminae contain pyrite intercrystalline pores, clay-related interparticle and intraparticle pores, and dolomite intraparticle dissolved pores. Dissolved pores of carbonate minerals in limestone and tuff laminae are related to dissolution of acid fluids generated by organic matter thermal evolution in silica-rich beds. Near-horizontal fractures develop along boundaries between limestone and tuff laminae and silica-rich beds. Density of the near-horizontal fracture is 63~130 /m, and their width is 0.2~4.9 mm. Limestone and tuff laminae have less abundant micro-pores but more abundant macro-pores than silica-rich beds. The volume of macro-pores in limestone laminae is 2.5~4.3 times, and the contribution of macro-pores to total pore volume is 1.9~2.1 times as much as adjacent silica-rich beds. The volume of macro-pores in tuff laminae is 1.5-2.3 times as much as adjacent silica-rich beds. [Conclusion] In laminated shale reservoirs, oil and gas generated in silica-rich beds migrated along pores and fractures, and preferentially enriched in adjacent limestone and tuff laminae. Limestone and tuff laminae contain more abundant macropores and more free gas than silica-rich beds. The Wulalike Formation laminated shale reservoirs have high proportion of free gas, which are related to limestone and tuff laminae.
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Based on organic geochemistry, XRD, FE-SEM, combined with the regional structure and sedimentary evolution characteristics, through the comprehensive analysis of the distribution and development characteristics, reservoir characteristics and preservation conditions of shale in the Wulalike Formation (or Pingliang Formation), the formation geological conditions and exploration potential of shale gas in the Ordovician Wulalike Formation (or Pingliang Formation) in the western margin of the Ordos Basin have been systematically studied. The stratigraphic thickness of the Wulalike Formation(or Pingliang Formation) in the western margin of the Ordos Basin varies greatly, with the thickness of about 10 ~ 80m in the north and central parts and more than 1000m in the south part. The TOC is between 0.10% and 1.40%, and the organic matter type is mainly type I (sapropelic type). The shale in the north and middle part was deeply buried , with a high degree of thermal evolution, and is in the gas generation stage, while the southern part is affected by the thrust of the western margin, which generates both oil and gas. Various types of pores are developed in the Wulalike shale, including intergranular pores, intragranular pores, microfractures and a small amount of organic matter pores. Compared with the Longmaxi shales, although the overall porosity of the Wulalike shale is low, the content of brittle mineral is high, microfractures are relatively developed, and its permeability is better than that of the Longmaxi shales. In the western margin of the basin, the fault in Wulalike Formation is generally undeveloped, and the underlying Kelimoli Formation is mainly limestone and the overlying Lashizhong Formation is mainly shale and micrite limestone, which have good sealing capability and favorable for the enrichment of shale gas. From the stratigraphic distribution, gas generation potential, fracturing ability, preservation conditions and other parameters of the Wulalike Formation, it is believed that the south of Tiekesumao in the north part of the western margin and the west of Gufengzhuang in the middle part have good marine shale gas exploration potential.
Based on organic geochemistry, XRD, FE-SEM, combined with the regional structure and sedimentary evolution characteristics, through the comprehensive analysis of the distribution and development characteristics, reservoir characteristics and preservation conditions of shale in the Wulalike Formation (or Pingliang Formation), the formation geological conditions and exploration potential of shale gas in the Ordovician Wulalike Formation (or Pingliang Formation) in the western margin of the Ordos Basin have been systematically studied. The stratigraphic thickness of the Wulalike Formation(or Pingliang Formation) in the western margin of the Ordos Basin varies greatly, with the thickness of about 10 ~ 80m in the north and central parts and more than 1000m in the south part. The TOC is between 0.10% and 1.40%, and the organic matter type is mainly type I (sapropelic type). The shale in the north and middle part was deeply buried , with a high degree of thermal evolution, and is in the gas generation stage, while the southern part is affected by the thrust of the western margin, which generates both oil and gas. Various types of pores are developed in the Wulalike shale, including intergranular pores, intragranular pores, microfractures and a small amount of organic matter pores. Compared with the Longmaxi shales, although the overall porosity of the Wulalike shale is low, the content of brittle mineral is high, microfractures are relatively developed, and its permeability is better than that of the Longmaxi shales. In the western margin of the basin, the fault in Wulalike Formation is generally undeveloped, and the underlying Kelimoli Formation is mainly limestone and the overlying Lashizhong Formation is mainly shale and micrite limestone, which have good sealing capability and favorable for the enrichment of shale gas. From the stratigraphic distribution, gas generation potential, fracturing ability, preservation conditions and other parameters of the Wulalike Formation, it is believed that the south of Tiekesumao in the north part of the western margin and the west of Gufengzhuang in the middle part have good marine shale gas exploration potential.
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[Objectives] It is important to clarify the coupling relationship between the differences in pore space characteristics of marine shale and lithology, material composition, pore structure, etc., as well as their geological significance for shale gas enrichment, in order to evaluate the gas bearing properties of the Wulalike Formation shale in the western Ordos Basin. This study aims to determine the pore space characteristics and intrinsic coupling factors of the Wulalike Formation shale gas reservoir, and to discuss the geological significance of shale gas in combination with the vertical development characteristics of lithofacies. [Methods] This study conducted analysis and testing experiments related to reservoir physical properties, pore structure, and adsorption capacity. Based on the previous research results and the classification of typical shale lithofacies, the differences in porosity and their key influencing factors of shale with different lithofacies were clarified. With the gas bearing characteristics of shale as constraints, the longitudinal hydrocarbon enrichment intervals of shale were explored. [Results] The overall porosity of the shale in the Wulalike Formation is relatively small, ranging from 0.37% to 5.01%, with an average of only 2.03%. The porosity of the Wulalike Formation shale shows an increasing trend from bottom to top, TOC, quartz content, and the proportion of biogenic silica decrease accordingly. And the correlation between porosity and permeability is not significant. Unlike the Longmaxi Formation shale, the target shale has high biogenic silica and low TOC content as a whole. Due to the low overall TOC content, fewer organic matter pores, and weak hydrocarbon generation and expulsion ability, and biogenic silica mainly occupies small pores and mesopores spaces. The negative correlation coefficients of small pores, mesopores, macropores, and biogenic silicon content are 0.3922, 0.2118, and 0.0403, respectively. As the ratio of biogenic silica to TOC increases, there is no observed trend in the traditional understanding that porosity increases with the increase of TOC. [Conclusion] Poor hydrocarbon generation ability caused by low TOC content and relatively low degree of thermal evolution limits the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Wulalike Formation shale, and biogenic silica manifested as cementation reducing pore size rather than supporting pore enlargement. Therefore, compared to detrital siliceous shale and detrital mixed shale, biogenic siliceous shale exhibits lower porosity, poorer pore structure characteristics, and poorer fluid mobility characteristics. However, an increase in organic matter content can improve this phenomenon to some extent in the biogenic siliceous shale. The upper part of the target layer is mainly composed of mixed shale lithofacies, which has high debris content and porosity, but low organic matter content and poor hydrocarbon generation and drainage capacity. After the peak hydrocarbon generation period at the bottom, it is easy to cause formation water backflow. Transitioning towards the bottom into biogenic siliceous shale lithofacies, although the TOC content is relatively high, the biogenic siliceous cementation is unfavorable for reservoir performance. Based on the characteristics of pore space, the alternating development of multiple lithofacies shale sites in the upper part of the development site of biogenic siliceous shale is expected to indicate the enrichment site of shale gas under low TOC background.
[Objectives] It is important to clarify the coupling relationship between the differences in pore space characteristics of marine shale and lithology, material composition, pore structure, etc., as well as their geological significance for shale gas enrichment, in order to evaluate the gas bearing properties of the Wulalike Formation shale in the western Ordos Basin. This study aims to determine the pore space characteristics and intrinsic coupling factors of the Wulalike Formation shale gas reservoir, and to discuss the geological significance of shale gas in combination with the vertical development characteristics of lithofacies. [Methods] This study conducted analysis and testing experiments related to reservoir physical properties, pore structure, and adsorption capacity. Based on the previous research results and the classification of typical shale lithofacies, the differences in porosity and their key influencing factors of shale with different lithofacies were clarified. With the gas bearing characteristics of shale as constraints, the longitudinal hydrocarbon enrichment intervals of shale were explored. [Results] The overall porosity of the shale in the Wulalike Formation is relatively small, ranging from 0.37% to 5.01%, with an average of only 2.03%. The porosity of the Wulalike Formation shale shows an increasing trend from bottom to top, TOC, quartz content, and the proportion of biogenic silica decrease accordingly. And the correlation between porosity and permeability is not significant. Unlike the Longmaxi Formation shale, the target shale has high biogenic silica and low TOC content as a whole. Due to the low overall TOC content, fewer organic matter pores, and weak hydrocarbon generation and expulsion ability, and biogenic silica mainly occupies small pores and mesopores spaces. The negative correlation coefficients of small pores, mesopores, macropores, and biogenic silicon content are 0.3922, 0.2118, and 0.0403, respectively. As the ratio of biogenic silica to TOC increases, there is no observed trend in the traditional understanding that porosity increases with the increase of TOC. [Conclusion] Poor hydrocarbon generation ability caused by low TOC content and relatively low degree of thermal evolution limits the accumulation of hydrocarbons in the Wulalike Formation shale, and biogenic silica manifested as cementation reducing pore size rather than supporting pore enlargement. Therefore, compared to detrital siliceous shale and detrital mixed shale, biogenic siliceous shale exhibits lower porosity, poorer pore structure characteristics, and poorer fluid mobility characteristics. However, an increase in organic matter content can improve this phenomenon to some extent in the biogenic siliceous shale. The upper part of the target layer is mainly composed of mixed shale lithofacies, which has high debris content and porosity, but low organic matter content and poor hydrocarbon generation and drainage capacity. After the peak hydrocarbon generation period at the bottom, it is easy to cause formation water backflow. Transitioning towards the bottom into biogenic siliceous shale lithofacies, although the TOC content is relatively high, the biogenic siliceous cementation is unfavorable for reservoir performance. Based on the characteristics of pore space, the alternating development of multiple lithofacies shale sites in the upper part of the development site of biogenic siliceous shale is expected to indicate the enrichment site of shale gas under low TOC background.
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Delta is not only an important part of sedimentology research, but also an important oil-gas enrichment layer in oil and gas exploration. The formation and development of deltas are completed by two or three sedimentary processes in rivers, tides and waves simultaneously. With the deepening of the research, the tide-controlled delta has gradually become the main target of oil and gas exploration and sedimentation research. However, due to the influence of hydrodynamic action, the sand body distribution law of the tide-controlled delta is unclear, the sedimentary facies combination is diverse, and the sedimentary system and characteristics are complex, which leads to great differences in the understanding of the sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary models of the tide-controlled delta. As for the basic research methods of tide-controlled delta, due to the lack of outcrop, the difficulty of sedimentary anatomy and the low resolution of logging interpretation data, there are some deviations in the research of tide-controlled delta. Based on the above problems, an idealized tide-controlled delta model was established by using the sedimentary numerical simulation method (Delft3D). By changing the conditions of river flow and tidal amplitude, the evolution law and main controlling factors of tide-controlled delta were explored. The results show that rivers and tides play different roles in the formation of tide-controlled deltas. Rivers transport sediments from the upper reaches, which accumulate in the estuary, and tides transport and deposit sediments from the upper reaches to the deep sea to form sand bars. With the increase of tidal amplitude, the dam body develops in a "flat" shape toward the sea. The shape of the dam body and the area of the delta are determined by the river flow and tidal amplitude. When the river flow and tidal amplitude increase, the sediment carrying capacity is enhanced, and the sediment can be deposited farther away from the estuary, and the area of the sand bar increases. At the same time, the erosion transformation of the original dam body is carried out, and the sand body is transported to the sea direction, and the average length of the dam body increases. The evolution of tide-controlled deltas can be divided into three periods: sediment accumulation in estuaries; The combination of river and tide transport sediment and form the dam body, and the delta develops rapidly. The delta area continues to grow, but the growth rate slows down.
Delta is not only an important part of sedimentology research, but also an important oil-gas enrichment layer in oil and gas exploration. The formation and development of deltas are completed by two or three sedimentary processes in rivers, tides and waves simultaneously. With the deepening of the research, the tide-controlled delta has gradually become the main target of oil and gas exploration and sedimentation research. However, due to the influence of hydrodynamic action, the sand body distribution law of the tide-controlled delta is unclear, the sedimentary facies combination is diverse, and the sedimentary system and characteristics are complex, which leads to great differences in the understanding of the sedimentary characteristics and sedimentary models of the tide-controlled delta. As for the basic research methods of tide-controlled delta, due to the lack of outcrop, the difficulty of sedimentary anatomy and the low resolution of logging interpretation data, there are some deviations in the research of tide-controlled delta. Based on the above problems, an idealized tide-controlled delta model was established by using the sedimentary numerical simulation method (Delft3D). By changing the conditions of river flow and tidal amplitude, the evolution law and main controlling factors of tide-controlled delta were explored. The results show that rivers and tides play different roles in the formation of tide-controlled deltas. Rivers transport sediments from the upper reaches, which accumulate in the estuary, and tides transport and deposit sediments from the upper reaches to the deep sea to form sand bars. With the increase of tidal amplitude, the dam body develops in a "flat" shape toward the sea. The shape of the dam body and the area of the delta are determined by the river flow and tidal amplitude. When the river flow and tidal amplitude increase, the sediment carrying capacity is enhanced, and the sediment can be deposited farther away from the estuary, and the area of the sand bar increases. At the same time, the erosion transformation of the original dam body is carried out, and the sand body is transported to the sea direction, and the average length of the dam body increases. The evolution of tide-controlled deltas can be divided into three periods: sediment accumulation in estuaries; The combination of river and tide transport sediment and form the dam body, and the delta develops rapidly. The delta area continues to grow, but the growth rate slows down.
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Some studies suggest that there is a causal relationship between climate and organic carbon enrichment, but the relevant reports mainly focus on high temperature, high insolation, marine transgression, and cyclical patterns. A comprehensive model establishing the coupling relationship between different climate conditions and the abundance of organic matter in basins from the perspective of the Earth system has not yet been developed. The main source rocks corresponding to large oil and gas fields in China are distributed in various geological periods. Source rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are mainly developed during periods of high-latitude greenhouse climate, while source rocks from the Paleozoic and Precambrian are mainly developed during periods of deglaciation at mid to low latitudes. The distribution of source rocks during the deglaciation spans four periods: the Neoproterozoic, the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, the Ordovician-Silurian transition, and the Permian. The unique climate conditions during the deglaciation play a crucial role in the enrichment of organic carbon. The warming and climate fluctuations during the deglaciation, along with changes in ocean currents and volcanic activity, collectively lead to increased productivity of water and oxygen depletion, thereby promoting the accumulation of organic matter and the formation of source rocks. This relationship model between deglaciation climate and source rock reflects the control of the Earth system of oceans, land, and atmosphere on organic carbon enrichment under the influence of climate cycles. It can be used to guide the discovery of major oil and gas fields. However, the contribution of each factor to organic matter enrichment still needs to be quantitatively analyzed through the establishment of ocean-climate models and productivity models.
Some studies suggest that there is a causal relationship between climate and organic carbon enrichment, but the relevant reports mainly focus on high temperature, high insolation, marine transgression, and cyclical patterns. A comprehensive model establishing the coupling relationship between different climate conditions and the abundance of organic matter in basins from the perspective of the Earth system has not yet been developed. The main source rocks corresponding to large oil and gas fields in China are distributed in various geological periods. Source rocks from the Mesozoic and Cenozoic are mainly developed during periods of high-latitude greenhouse climate, while source rocks from the Paleozoic and Precambrian are mainly developed during periods of deglaciation at mid to low latitudes. The distribution of source rocks during the deglaciation spans four periods: the Neoproterozoic, the Ediacaran-Cambrian transition, the Ordovician-Silurian transition, and the Permian. The unique climate conditions during the deglaciation play a crucial role in the enrichment of organic carbon. The warming and climate fluctuations during the deglaciation, along with changes in ocean currents and volcanic activity, collectively lead to increased productivity of water and oxygen depletion, thereby promoting the accumulation of organic matter and the formation of source rocks. This relationship model between deglaciation climate and source rock reflects the control of the Earth system of oceans, land, and atmosphere on organic carbon enrichment under the influence of climate cycles. It can be used to guide the discovery of major oil and gas fields. However, the contribution of each factor to organic matter enrichment still needs to be quantitatively analyzed through the establishment of ocean-climate models and productivity models.
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[Objective] In the geological logging of the shale oil core of Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin, the resolution of single layer thickness of each rock type is basically 10 cm, resulting in a large number of rock type combinations being described as a single rock type for a long time. Exploring a new method for quantitative study of shale oil rock type combination and reservoir Capacity is conducive to the efficient exploration and development of shale oil of the Chang 7 oil member. [Methods] Through the high resolution core observation of the single layer thickness resolution of 1~5 cm, stereo microscope and thin section identification of 405 samples, as well as physical property analysis data, the shale oil rock type of Chang 7 oil member is re-identified, and then the rock type combination and reservoir capacity of Chang 7 oil member are explored quantitatively in this study. [Results] There are 11 main rock types in the shale oil of Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. Firstly, four rock type combined forms, including unitype, stratified type, interstratified type and interstratified type, and 65 rock type combinations are quantitatively divided for the first time in Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. Secondly, on the basis of quantitative evaluation of reservoir capacity of above 11 rock types, combined with the thickness percentage of each rock type, a new method for quantitatively calculating reservoir capacity of above 65 rock type combinations is proposed for the first time. [Conclusions] In conclusion, this study proves that to guide the efficient exploration and development of shale oil of Chang 7 oil Member, the long-term single rock type study of shale oil should be changed to the study of rock type combination study of shale oil in Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. However, this research is still in the exploratory stage and needs to be further improved by combined with a large number of shale oil exploration and development effect of Chang 7 oil Member.
[Objective] In the geological logging of the shale oil core of Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin, the resolution of single layer thickness of each rock type is basically 10 cm, resulting in a large number of rock type combinations being described as a single rock type for a long time. Exploring a new method for quantitative study of shale oil rock type combination and reservoir Capacity is conducive to the efficient exploration and development of shale oil of the Chang 7 oil member. [Methods] Through the high resolution core observation of the single layer thickness resolution of 1~5 cm, stereo microscope and thin section identification of 405 samples, as well as physical property analysis data, the shale oil rock type of Chang 7 oil member is re-identified, and then the rock type combination and reservoir capacity of Chang 7 oil member are explored quantitatively in this study. [Results] There are 11 main rock types in the shale oil of Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. Firstly, four rock type combined forms, including unitype, stratified type, interstratified type and interstratified type, and 65 rock type combinations are quantitatively divided for the first time in Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. Secondly, on the basis of quantitative evaluation of reservoir capacity of above 11 rock types, combined with the thickness percentage of each rock type, a new method for quantitatively calculating reservoir capacity of above 65 rock type combinations is proposed for the first time. [Conclusions] In conclusion, this study proves that to guide the efficient exploration and development of shale oil of Chang 7 oil Member, the long-term single rock type study of shale oil should be changed to the study of rock type combination study of shale oil in Chang 7 oil Member of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong, Ordos Basin. However, this research is still in the exploratory stage and needs to be further improved by combined with a large number of shale oil exploration and development effect of Chang 7 oil Member.
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Abstract：[Significance] Sediment gravity flow is an effective recorder of tectonic activities, encompassing climate extreme events and paleoearthquakes. Moreover, it stands as a paramount contributor to the global reserves and production of new oil and gas resources. The event-driven nature of the process and the unique characteristics of the deposition site present significant challenges for conducting field observations on deep-water gravity flow processes, resulting in limited availability of data. Sedimentary simulation has emerged as the primary approach for comprehending the dynamic processes and governing principles of deep-water gravity flow deposition. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in simulating deep-water gravity flow deposition, encompassing both physical and numerical simulation approaches. [Progress]Through a systematic literature review, it seeks to summarize the current understanding and future research directions pertaining to the process of deep-water gravity flow deposition and its governing principles. Firstly, this section provides a comprehensive summary of the principles, monitoring technology, and progress in laboratory construction for sedimentary physical simulation experiments. Furthermore, it elucidates the influence of material composition and content, flow state, as well as energy differences in fluid on the formation, transportation, and depositional processes of sediment gravity flows .Additionally, the response characteristics of sediment gravity flow alone and under the influence of external fluids such as contour currents are addressed. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the historical development of numerical simulation techniques for sediment gravity flow, existing simulation platforms, and their advancements in simulating sedimentary processes influenced by fluid structure, hydrodynamic parameters, and complex topography. [Conclusions and Prospects]The comparative analysis shows that physical simulation is obviously limited by the space-time scale of the laboratory. Meeting the hydrodynamic parameters of the deposition process with real-world accuracy is challenging. The numerical simulation method satisfies the requirement that the simulation scale is consistent with the real model; however, it is constrained by theoretical research in computational fluid dynamics. Moreover, it does not yield ideal results in modeling high concentration particle movement and turbidity current erosion. The future of simulating deep-water gravity flow deposition will heavily rely on interdisciplinary collaboration, integrating key physical simulation results and leveraging the continuity outcomes of numerical simulation to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind deep-water gravity flow deposition. This approach presents a novel methodology for exploring oil and gas reserves in deepwater environments.
Abstract：[Significance] Sediment gravity flow is an effective recorder of tectonic activities, encompassing climate extreme events and paleoearthquakes. Moreover, it stands as a paramount contributor to the global reserves and production of new oil and gas resources. The event-driven nature of the process and the unique characteristics of the deposition site present significant challenges for conducting field observations on deep-water gravity flow processes, resulting in limited availability of data. Sedimentary simulation has emerged as the primary approach for comprehending the dynamic processes and governing principles of deep-water gravity flow deposition. This paper aims to provide a comprehensive review of the advancements in simulating deep-water gravity flow deposition, encompassing both physical and numerical simulation approaches. [Progress]Through a systematic literature review, it seeks to summarize the current understanding and future research directions pertaining to the process of deep-water gravity flow deposition and its governing principles. Firstly, this section provides a comprehensive summary of the principles, monitoring technology, and progress in laboratory construction for sedimentary physical simulation experiments. Furthermore, it elucidates the influence of material composition and content, flow state, as well as energy differences in fluid on the formation, transportation, and depositional processes of sediment gravity flows .Additionally, the response characteristics of sediment gravity flow alone and under the influence of external fluids such as contour currents are addressed. Furthermore, this study provides a comprehensive review of the historical development of numerical simulation techniques for sediment gravity flow, existing simulation platforms, and their advancements in simulating sedimentary processes influenced by fluid structure, hydrodynamic parameters, and complex topography. [Conclusions and Prospects]The comparative analysis shows that physical simulation is obviously limited by the space-time scale of the laboratory. Meeting the hydrodynamic parameters of the deposition process with real-world accuracy is challenging. The numerical simulation method satisfies the requirement that the simulation scale is consistent with the real model; however, it is constrained by theoretical research in computational fluid dynamics. Moreover, it does not yield ideal results in modeling high concentration particle movement and turbidity current erosion. The future of simulating deep-water gravity flow deposition will heavily rely on interdisciplinary collaboration, integrating key physical simulation results and leveraging the continuity outcomes of numerical simulation to enhance our understanding of the mechanisms behind deep-water gravity flow deposition. This approach presents a novel methodology for exploring oil and gas reserves in deepwater environments.
Abstract:
As an important carrier for paleoclimate reduction and unconventional oil and gas exploration, the study of fine-grained rock layers has attracted scholars' attention in recent years. However, the current academic research on the formation mechanism and corresponding identification characteristics of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks is still unclear. We systematically summarize the formation mechanism, sedimentary characteristics, and control factors of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Suspended sedimentation, remote dilution of gravity flow, bottom flow, volcanic hydrothermal fluid, and microbial action are all responsible for the formation of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. In genetic identification, although different sedimentary processes may form similar laminae in composition, lamina thickness, particle size, and morphology, there are significant differences in laminae combinations, biological disturbances, and other sedimentary structural features. The formation and distribution of these laminae are controlled by two major factors: paleoclimate and paleogeography. Paleoclimate has a wide and complex control over laminae, and paleogeography controls the distribution pattern of laminae. From the perspective of theoretical development and practical application, there are still some problems in the study of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. In the future, effective methods for extracting and naming laminae information should be developed based on the identification of the formation mechanism of the laminae, integrating the changes in the spatial scale, and focusing on cutting-edge issues such as paleoclimate reduction, carbon burial, life evolution, and Martian sedimentology to meet the major needs of unconventional oil and gas exploration.
As an important carrier for paleoclimate reduction and unconventional oil and gas exploration, the study of fine-grained rock layers has attracted scholars' attention in recent years. However, the current academic research on the formation mechanism and corresponding identification characteristics of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks is still unclear. We systematically summarize the formation mechanism, sedimentary characteristics, and control factors of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. Suspended sedimentation, remote dilution of gravity flow, bottom flow, volcanic hydrothermal fluid, and microbial action are all responsible for the formation of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. In genetic identification, although different sedimentary processes may form similar laminae in composition, lamina thickness, particle size, and morphology, there are significant differences in laminae combinations, biological disturbances, and other sedimentary structural features. The formation and distribution of these laminae are controlled by two major factors: paleoclimate and paleogeography. Paleoclimate has a wide and complex control over laminae, and paleogeography controls the distribution pattern of laminae. From the perspective of theoretical development and practical application, there are still some problems in the study of laminae in lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks. In the future, effective methods for extracting and naming laminae information should be developed based on the identification of the formation mechanism of the laminae, integrating the changes in the spatial scale, and focusing on cutting-edge issues such as paleoclimate reduction, carbon burial, life evolution, and Martian sedimentology to meet the major needs of unconventional oil and gas exploration.
Abstract:
[Objective] In the west margin of Ordos Basin, a set of marine graptolite shale is developed in the Wulalike Formation. In recent years, natural gas has been continuously discovered in this set of graptolite shale, and industrial oil flow can be produced, proving that the Wulalike Formation has great exploration potential. This study aims to explore the development characteristics of graptolites in the Wulalike Formation, establish a graptolite biostratigraphic framework, and analyze the sedimentary evolution laws of the Wulalike Formation. [Methods] By analyzing the graptolite characteristics of cored wells and comparing the range of graptolite extension, the temporal attribution of the Wulalike Formation was clarified. Based on the identification results of graptolites, the division of single-well graptolite zones and the establishment of biostratigraphic frameworks were conducted. The distribution characteristics of the graptolite zones were discussed, and the spatial evolution characteristics of black shale were analyzed in combination with the lithological development laws. Additionally, the variation of relative sea level was explored based on the response of graptolite morphological complexity to marine transgression. [Results] The results indicate that: ①The Wulalike Formation belongs to the Darriwilian-Sandbian stages of the Middle to Late Ordovician. Based on graptolite development characteristics, the Wulalike Formation is divided into four graptolite zones, namely the Pterograptus elegans zone, Jiangxigraptus vagus zone, Nemagraptus gracilis zone, and Climacograptus bicornis zone, from bottom to top. ②Through a comparative analysis of the developmental characteristics of the graptolite zones, it is believed that four complete graptolite zones are developed near Well Qitan 9 in the northern Wulalike Formation of the study area, while the Pterograptus elegans and Jiangxigraptus vagus zones are absent in the southern part. ③ The Pterograptus elegans and Nemagraptus gracilis zones in the Wulalike Formation represent two marine transgression periods, which transition upward into the Climacograptus bicornis zone and then into the Lashizhong Formation, during which the relative sea level gradually decreases. [Conclusion] The black shale at the bottom of the Wulalike Formation shows strong diachronism from Pterograptus elegans in Qitan Well 9 to Nemagraptus gracilis in Yintan Well 2. Along the western margin of the Ordos Block, the black shale gradually becomes younger in strata to the south, and the sedimentary center gradually migrates southward. The diachronism of the black shale may manifest as a typical characteristic of "degradational stacking", forming an upward-shallowing stacking pattern, resulting in the black shale of the Wulalike Formation crossing a forced marine regression interface. Additionally, the diachronism of the black shale may also be caused by marine transgression deposition and the progradation process in the highstand systems tract, resulting in the progradation of the black shale towards the south or southwest. Due to the limitations of core sampling, the causes of the diachronism of the black shale in subsequent studies still require further analysis of the formation ages of the limestone at the top and bottom of the Wulalike Formation, along with verification using seismic data. The establishment of a biostratigraphic framework based on graptolite zones provides important guidance for understanding the stratigraphic and sedimentary evolution of the Wulalike Formation on the western margin of the Ordos Basin.
[Objective] In the west margin of Ordos Basin, a set of marine graptolite shale is developed in the Wulalike Formation. In recent years, natural gas has been continuously discovered in this set of graptolite shale, and industrial oil flow can be produced, proving that the Wulalike Formation has great exploration potential. This study aims to explore the development characteristics of graptolites in the Wulalike Formation, establish a graptolite biostratigraphic framework, and analyze the sedimentary evolution laws of the Wulalike Formation. [Methods] By analyzing the graptolite characteristics of cored wells and comparing the range of graptolite extension, the temporal attribution of the Wulalike Formation was clarified. Based on the identification results of graptolites, the division of single-well graptolite zones and the establishment of biostratigraphic frameworks were conducted. The distribution characteristics of the graptolite zones were discussed, and the spatial evolution characteristics of black shale were analyzed in combination with the lithological development laws. Additionally, the variation of relative sea level was explored based on the response of graptolite morphological complexity to marine transgression. [Results] The results indicate that: ①The Wulalike Formation belongs to the Darriwilian-Sandbian stages of the Middle to Late Ordovician. Based on graptolite development characteristics, the Wulalike Formation is divided into four graptolite zones, namely the Pterograptus elegans zone, Jiangxigraptus vagus zone, Nemagraptus gracilis zone, and Climacograptus bicornis zone, from bottom to top. ②Through a comparative analysis of the developmental characteristics of the graptolite zones, it is believed that four complete graptolite zones are developed near Well Qitan 9 in the northern Wulalike Formation of the study area, while the Pterograptus elegans and Jiangxigraptus vagus zones are absent in the southern part. ③ The Pterograptus elegans and Nemagraptus gracilis zones in the Wulalike Formation represent two marine transgression periods, which transition upward into the Climacograptus bicornis zone and then into the Lashizhong Formation, during which the relative sea level gradually decreases. [Conclusion] The black shale at the bottom of the Wulalike Formation shows strong diachronism from Pterograptus elegans in Qitan Well 9 to Nemagraptus gracilis in Yintan Well 2. Along the western margin of the Ordos Block, the black shale gradually becomes younger in strata to the south, and the sedimentary center gradually migrates southward. The diachronism of the black shale may manifest as a typical characteristic of "degradational stacking", forming an upward-shallowing stacking pattern, resulting in the black shale of the Wulalike Formation crossing a forced marine regression interface. Additionally, the diachronism of the black shale may also be caused by marine transgression deposition and the progradation process in the highstand systems tract, resulting in the progradation of the black shale towards the south or southwest. Due to the limitations of core sampling, the causes of the diachronism of the black shale in subsequent studies still require further analysis of the formation ages of the limestone at the top and bottom of the Wulalike Formation, along with verification using seismic data. The establishment of a biostratigraphic framework based on graptolite zones provides important guidance for understanding the stratigraphic and sedimentary evolution of the Wulalike Formation on the western margin of the Ordos Basin.
Abstract:
V/(V+Ni), V/Cr, U/Th, Uauto and Ce are the traditional redox proxies of Marine strata, but there are multiple solutions to the redox identification of lacustrine strata. Molybdenum(Mo) is a new redox proxies, but the fixation mechanisms of Mo under various redox conditions in lake environment are not well understood, which limits the application potential of Mo in the reconstruction of lake paleoenvironment. This article systematically tested surface sediment samples from Qinghai Lake, analyzed the planar enrichment characteristics of Mo, and explored the corresponding relationships between Mo content and continental input, grain size, element content, organic matter content of sediment and water environment. The preliminary results show that Qinghai Lake is an alkaline, suboxic and brackish water lake, and Mo element is slightly enriched in the sediments in deep water area. Continental input and grain size of sediment do not affect Mo enrichment. Mo can not be settled and enriched by adsorption of clay minerals and Fe oxyhydroxides in weakly alkaline-alkaline lake basin. Although Mn oxyhydroxides may adsorb Mo and settle, Mo will be re-released from the sediment into the water body as the sediment transforms into a reducing environment. There is a good correlation between organic matter abundance and Mo content, indicating that, at the deep part of lake, the hypolimnion becomes dysoxic. Organic matter adsorption and preservation are the main controlling factors of Mo enrichment in sediments.
V/(V+Ni), V/Cr, U/Th, Uauto and Ce are the traditional redox proxies of Marine strata, but there are multiple solutions to the redox identification of lacustrine strata. Molybdenum(Mo) is a new redox proxies, but the fixation mechanisms of Mo under various redox conditions in lake environment are not well understood, which limits the application potential of Mo in the reconstruction of lake paleoenvironment. This article systematically tested surface sediment samples from Qinghai Lake, analyzed the planar enrichment characteristics of Mo, and explored the corresponding relationships between Mo content and continental input, grain size, element content, organic matter content of sediment and water environment. The preliminary results show that Qinghai Lake is an alkaline, suboxic and brackish water lake, and Mo element is slightly enriched in the sediments in deep water area. Continental input and grain size of sediment do not affect Mo enrichment. Mo can not be settled and enriched by adsorption of clay minerals and Fe oxyhydroxides in weakly alkaline-alkaline lake basin. Although Mn oxyhydroxides may adsorb Mo and settle, Mo will be re-released from the sediment into the water body as the sediment transforms into a reducing environment. There is a good correlation between organic matter abundance and Mo content, indicating that, at the deep part of lake, the hypolimnion becomes dysoxic. Organic matter adsorption and preservation are the main controlling factors of Mo enrichment in sediments.
Abstract:
The discovery of lithium mineralized bodies in multiple layers of the Permian-Jurassic layers in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is of great significance to the investigation, development and utilization of sedimentary lithium resources. In order to clarify the provenance and tectonic setting of the parent rock in the source area of the lithium-bearing fine clastic rocks of the Jurassic Baitianba Formation, and to discuss the control of the paleo-environment on lithium enrichment, the typical lithology of the strata has been studied in detail, and the XRD and elemental geochemistry studies have been carried out. Results: The main element oxide discriminant function and LaN/YbN-ΣREE, K2O-Rb and La/Th-Hf diagrams show that the potential provenance region is a mixed provenance region of emerging medium-acid igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. The main element oxide discrimination function and the diagrams of La-Th, Ti/Zr-La/Sc, La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 show that the tectonic background of the sedimentary period was active continental margin, and some parent rocks in the source area were formed in continental island arc environment. Ga, Sr/Ba, Sr/Cu, C value, CIA, U/Th, Ni/Co and other paleoenvironmental indicators indicate that lithium-containing fine clastic rocks were deposited in a weakly reduction-oxidizing freshwater environment in a warm and humid climate. The A-CN-K and Th/ Sc-Zr /Sc diagram show that the parent rock of the source area has undergone moderate to intense weathering when the debris was first deposited. The comprehensive study shows that paleosalinity and paleoreduction-oxidation conditions control the enrichment of lithium to some extent, but the content of clay minerals in lithium-containing fine clastic rocks is the key to determine the enrichment of lithium. The lithium content level in the source area plays a leading role in lithium enrichment (" source "), and the sedimentary environment affects the lithium content in the formation (" storage ") by influencing the content of clay minerals.
The discovery of lithium mineralized bodies in multiple layers of the Permian-Jurassic layers in the northern margin of the Yangtze Block is of great significance to the investigation, development and utilization of sedimentary lithium resources. In order to clarify the provenance and tectonic setting of the parent rock in the source area of the lithium-bearing fine clastic rocks of the Jurassic Baitianba Formation, and to discuss the control of the paleo-environment on lithium enrichment, the typical lithology of the strata has been studied in detail, and the XRD and elemental geochemistry studies have been carried out. Results: The main element oxide discriminant function and LaN/YbN-ΣREE, K2O-Rb and La/Th-Hf diagrams show that the potential provenance region is a mixed provenance region of emerging medium-acid igneous rocks, sedimentary rocks and metamorphic rocks. The main element oxide discrimination function and the diagrams of La-Th, Ti/Zr-La/Sc, La-Th-Sc, Th-Sc-Zr/10 and Th-Co-Zr/10 show that the tectonic background of the sedimentary period was active continental margin, and some parent rocks in the source area were formed in continental island arc environment. Ga, Sr/Ba, Sr/Cu, C value, CIA, U/Th, Ni/Co and other paleoenvironmental indicators indicate that lithium-containing fine clastic rocks were deposited in a weakly reduction-oxidizing freshwater environment in a warm and humid climate. The A-CN-K and Th/ Sc-Zr /Sc diagram show that the parent rock of the source area has undergone moderate to intense weathering when the debris was first deposited. The comprehensive study shows that paleosalinity and paleoreduction-oxidation conditions control the enrichment of lithium to some extent, but the content of clay minerals in lithium-containing fine clastic rocks is the key to determine the enrichment of lithium. The lithium content level in the source area plays a leading role in lithium enrichment (" source "), and the sedimentary environment affects the lithium content in the formation (" storage ") by influencing the content of clay minerals.
Abstract:
[Significance] The development of sedimentology depends on industrial exploration of mineral resources such as oil and gas. Additionally, advances in sedimentology and oil and gas exploration and development practices have relation of mutual promotion. The derived subjects of sedimentology such as carbonate sedimentology, deep-water gravity flow sedimentology, and fine-grained sedimentology have promoted global oil and gas reserve and production increase in carbonate, deep-water, and unconventional fields. [Progress] Recent advances in source-to-sink system and stratigraphic forward modeling on sedimentary constraints, non-marine shale sedimentary characteristics and their impact on hydrocarbon potential, deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoir development and preservation mechanism, genesis analysis and evaluation of low-permeability and tight reservoir heterogeneity have provided a guideline for favorable zones evaluation and optimization, well deployment, and development program in oil and gas exploration and production. [Conclusions and Prospects] Continuous development of oil and gas exploration practices pushes forward research expansion into deep-ultra-deep, unconventional, and complex reservoirs. The future trends of sedimentology include source-to-sink system sedimentology, sedimentary and stratigraphic forward modeling technological innovation, non-marine shale sedimentology, quantitative evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity, and artificial intelligence analysis system. The advances of sedimentology will certainly boost the high-quality development of international and domestic oil and gas industry and make new contributions to “Non-marine Shale Revolution”.
[Significance] The development of sedimentology depends on industrial exploration of mineral resources such as oil and gas. Additionally, advances in sedimentology and oil and gas exploration and development practices have relation of mutual promotion. The derived subjects of sedimentology such as carbonate sedimentology, deep-water gravity flow sedimentology, and fine-grained sedimentology have promoted global oil and gas reserve and production increase in carbonate, deep-water, and unconventional fields. [Progress] Recent advances in source-to-sink system and stratigraphic forward modeling on sedimentary constraints, non-marine shale sedimentary characteristics and their impact on hydrocarbon potential, deep-ultra-deep carbonate reservoir development and preservation mechanism, genesis analysis and evaluation of low-permeability and tight reservoir heterogeneity have provided a guideline for favorable zones evaluation and optimization, well deployment, and development program in oil and gas exploration and production. [Conclusions and Prospects] Continuous development of oil and gas exploration practices pushes forward research expansion into deep-ultra-deep, unconventional, and complex reservoirs. The future trends of sedimentology include source-to-sink system sedimentology, sedimentary and stratigraphic forward modeling technological innovation, non-marine shale sedimentology, quantitative evaluation of reservoir heterogeneity, and artificial intelligence analysis system. The advances of sedimentology will certainly boost the high-quality development of international and domestic oil and gas industry and make new contributions to “Non-marine Shale Revolution”.
Abstract:
[Objectives] The Ebian Group in the western Yangtze Block has traditionally been regarded as one of the representative lithostratigraphic units of the late Mesoproterozoic in South China. The sedimentation age and provenance characteristics of Ebian Group can provide important constraints for reconstructing the Meso- Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Block under the background of the assembly of the global Rodinia supercontinent. [Methods] In this study, petrological and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronological analyses were conducted on metasedimentary rocks of the Ebian Group. [Results] The detrital zircon ages of two metamorphic fine-grained litharenite sandstones from the Jiadanqiao Formation of the Ebian Group range from 1950 to 900 Ma. The main relative probability peaks are ca. 910 Ma, ca. 1570 Ma, and ca. 1730 Ma, with secondary peaks at ca. 1130 Ma, ca. 1390 Ma, ca. 1840 Ma, and ca. 2500 Ma. The maximum depositional ages are 908 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 0.10, n = 5) and 905 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.52, n = 9), respectively. [Conclusion] Combining with regional geological data, the depositional age of the Jiadanqiao Formation of the Ebian Group is constrained to be 910~860 Ma. The sediment source was mainly from magmatic rocks in the western Yangtze Block, with a predominant direction towards the south side. It is speculated that the formation occurred during the early Neoproterozoic micro-block assembly and is associated with the global assembly process of the Rodinia supercontinent.
[Objectives] The Ebian Group in the western Yangtze Block has traditionally been regarded as one of the representative lithostratigraphic units of the late Mesoproterozoic in South China. The sedimentation age and provenance characteristics of Ebian Group can provide important constraints for reconstructing the Meso- Neoproterozoic tectonic evolution of the Yangtze Block under the background of the assembly of the global Rodinia supercontinent. [Methods] In this study, petrological and detrital zircon U-Pb geochronological analyses were conducted on metasedimentary rocks of the Ebian Group. [Results] The detrital zircon ages of two metamorphic fine-grained litharenite sandstones from the Jiadanqiao Formation of the Ebian Group range from 1950 to 900 Ma. The main relative probability peaks are ca. 910 Ma, ca. 1570 Ma, and ca. 1730 Ma, with secondary peaks at ca. 1130 Ma, ca. 1390 Ma, ca. 1840 Ma, and ca. 2500 Ma. The maximum depositional ages are 908 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 0.10, n = 5) and 905 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 0.52, n = 9), respectively. [Conclusion] Combining with regional geological data, the depositional age of the Jiadanqiao Formation of the Ebian Group is constrained to be 910~860 Ma. The sediment source was mainly from magmatic rocks in the western Yangtze Block, with a predominant direction towards the south side. It is speculated that the formation occurred during the early Neoproterozoic micro-block assembly and is associated with the global assembly process of the Rodinia supercontinent.
Abstract:
[Objective] It is of great significance to study the relationship between climate proxies and climate factors in sandy surface sediments to determine the reliability and applicability of climate proxies. [Methods] In this paper, 32 surface sediments were collected on a large spatial scale in Otindag Sandy Land. Through the correlation analysis of chroma, Hm/Gt, magnetic susceptibility and modern climate factors (average annual precipitation and average annual temperature), the relationship between each index and climate factors and their environmental significance were discussed. [Results]The results show that the variation range of a* and b* is small, and the overall trend from east to west is increasing, in which the minimum value of a* is 3.87, the maximum value is 8.26, and the average value is 6.09. The minimum value of b* is 9.49, the maximum is 17.44, and the average is 14.24. a* and b* were negatively correlated with precipitation (correlation coefficients -0.88 and -0.77, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficients 0.89 and 0.82, P<0.01), indicating that both a* and b* could be used as effective proxy indicators of climate change. And a* is more sensitive to climate factors. The variation range of L* was small, and there was no obvious change rule from the east to the west. The maximum value was 59.54, the minimum value was 48.8, and the average value was 54.69. The relationship between L* and climate factors is not obvious, and its change is mainly directly affected by vegetation, and its indicative significance for climate is not obvious. The relative percentage content of hematite is between 8% and 19%, with an average of 14%, and the relative percentage content of goethite is between 6% and 9%, with an average of 7%. The value of hematite/goethite (Hm/Gt) ranged from 1.2 to 2.73, with an average value of 1.88, showing an increasing trend from east to west. The correlation between hematite and climate factors is higher than that of goethite. The ratio of Hm/Gt is negatively correlated with average annual precipitation (correlation coefficient is -0.85, P<0.01), and positively correlated with average annual temperature (correlation coefficient is 0.84, P<0.01), which reveals the sensitivity of hematite and Hm/Gt to precipitation and temperature. It can effectively reflect the changes of hydrothermal conditions in sandy land. The variation direction of low frequency magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and high frequency magnetic susceptibility (χhf) was the same, showing an increasing trend from the east to the west, and the variation amplitude was small in the east, but larger in the west, and the frequency magnetic susceptibility showed a decreasing trend from the east to the west. The magnetic susceptibility in this region does not show a good correspondence with climate factors. The source of sand material may be the main factor of its variation, indicating the complexity and particularity of the variation of magnetic susceptibility in sand.[Conclusions]Both a* and b* can be used as effective proxy indicators of climate in the study area, while L* is affected by vegetation, which leads to the ambiguity of its climate information. The correlation between hematite and Hm/Gt values and climatic parameters is good, which is an ideal index to indicate the change of water and heat in the sandy land. The magnetic susceptibility of the surface layer of the sandy land is less affected by the climate, and the more reaction is the complexity of the source information in the region.
[Objective] It is of great significance to study the relationship between climate proxies and climate factors in sandy surface sediments to determine the reliability and applicability of climate proxies. [Methods] In this paper, 32 surface sediments were collected on a large spatial scale in Otindag Sandy Land. Through the correlation analysis of chroma, Hm/Gt, magnetic susceptibility and modern climate factors (average annual precipitation and average annual temperature), the relationship between each index and climate factors and their environmental significance were discussed. [Results]The results show that the variation range of a* and b* is small, and the overall trend from east to west is increasing, in which the minimum value of a* is 3.87, the maximum value is 8.26, and the average value is 6.09. The minimum value of b* is 9.49, the maximum is 17.44, and the average is 14.24. a* and b* were negatively correlated with precipitation (correlation coefficients -0.88 and -0.77, P < 0.01), and positively correlated with temperature (correlation coefficients 0.89 and 0.82, P<0.01), indicating that both a* and b* could be used as effective proxy indicators of climate change. And a* is more sensitive to climate factors. The variation range of L* was small, and there was no obvious change rule from the east to the west. The maximum value was 59.54, the minimum value was 48.8, and the average value was 54.69. The relationship between L* and climate factors is not obvious, and its change is mainly directly affected by vegetation, and its indicative significance for climate is not obvious. The relative percentage content of hematite is between 8% and 19%, with an average of 14%, and the relative percentage content of goethite is between 6% and 9%, with an average of 7%. The value of hematite/goethite (Hm/Gt) ranged from 1.2 to 2.73, with an average value of 1.88, showing an increasing trend from east to west. The correlation between hematite and climate factors is higher than that of goethite. The ratio of Hm/Gt is negatively correlated with average annual precipitation (correlation coefficient is -0.85, P<0.01), and positively correlated with average annual temperature (correlation coefficient is 0.84, P<0.01), which reveals the sensitivity of hematite and Hm/Gt to precipitation and temperature. It can effectively reflect the changes of hydrothermal conditions in sandy land. The variation direction of low frequency magnetic susceptibility (χlf) and high frequency magnetic susceptibility (χhf) was the same, showing an increasing trend from the east to the west, and the variation amplitude was small in the east, but larger in the west, and the frequency magnetic susceptibility showed a decreasing trend from the east to the west. The magnetic susceptibility in this region does not show a good correspondence with climate factors. The source of sand material may be the main factor of its variation, indicating the complexity and particularity of the variation of magnetic susceptibility in sand.[Conclusions]Both a* and b* can be used as effective proxy indicators of climate in the study area, while L* is affected by vegetation, which leads to the ambiguity of its climate information. The correlation between hematite and Hm/Gt values and climatic parameters is good, which is an ideal index to indicate the change of water and heat in the sandy land. The magnetic susceptibility of the surface layer of the sandy land is less affected by the climate, and the more reaction is the complexity of the source information in the region.
Abstract:
[Objective] The end-Permian mass extinction event (EPME) led to a global decline in flora and biota. The thick coal seams, prevalent during the Permian, vanished following this event, resulting in a prolonged coal shortage throughout the Triassic. In the Sichuan Basin, following the EPME, spore plants that contributed to coal formation in the lowlands were lost, with no subsequent records of coal seam development. It was only during the early sedimentary period of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T3x1) that coal seams reemerged. In the Sichuan Basin, coal deposits resurfaced specifically in the T3x1. This section is characterized by thin coal seams and poor spatial continuity; In the middle to late stages of the Xujiahe Formation sedimentation,the thickness of coal seam sedimentation and its spatial distribution have strong regularity. At present, research on the Late Triassic paleoclimate in the Sichuan Basin mainly focuses on the middle and late stages of the Xujiahe Formation. However, there's a research gap regarding the paleoclimate during the initial coal-forming phase of the Late Triassic (early stage of the Xujiahe Formation). [Methods] To fill this gap, a focused study was conducted on the Norian T3x1 (specifically the Gongnongzhen and Wangjialiang sections) in the northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin. This study involved rock analysis of major and trace elements, combined with field outcrop descriptions and petrological analysis. The aim was to reconstruct the coal-forming paleoclimate and sedimentary environment, thereby exploring the environmental conditions crucial for the mechanisms of coal formation. [Results and Discussions] Research has shown that the sedimentary facies of the T3x1 in the Gongnongzhen section are mainly delta front subfacies, whereas those in the Wangjialiang section are chiefly delta plain subfacies. Weathering indices (CIAcorr, Rb/Sr) and climate indices (Sr/Cu and C values) of the T3x1 in the Gongnongzhen and Wangjialiang sections displayed an overall fluctuating trend: high-medium-high-medium-high. The humid and hot climates correspond to strong chemical weathering intensity, while the warm semi-arid/semi-humid climates correspond to moderate chemical weathering intensity[Conclusions] The paleoclimate during the initial coal-forming period of the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Northwest Sichuan can be divided into two types: (1) hot and humid climates; (2) warm semi-arid to semi-humid alternated climates. In study area, coal seams are associated with hot and humid climates. Hot and humid conditions promote the reproduction of coal forming plants, providing abundant material sources for the formation of coal seams.The paleoclimate of dry to wet alternation during the T3x1 in Northwest Sichuan is closely related to the activity of the super monsoon. The high concentration of PCO2 combined with the influence of super monsoon activity jointly promoted the formations of humid climate and strong chemical weathering in the study area. Further research indicates that coal deposition requires not only a suitable paleoclimate but also an appropriate preservation environment. For instance, coal seams tend to be well-developed and preserved in the swamps of high-level system tracts.
[Objective] The end-Permian mass extinction event (EPME) led to a global decline in flora and biota. The thick coal seams, prevalent during the Permian, vanished following this event, resulting in a prolonged coal shortage throughout the Triassic. In the Sichuan Basin, following the EPME, spore plants that contributed to coal formation in the lowlands were lost, with no subsequent records of coal seam development. It was only during the early sedimentary period of the Upper Triassic Xujiahe Formation (T3x1) that coal seams reemerged. In the Sichuan Basin, coal deposits resurfaced specifically in the T3x1. This section is characterized by thin coal seams and poor spatial continuity; In the middle to late stages of the Xujiahe Formation sedimentation,the thickness of coal seam sedimentation and its spatial distribution have strong regularity. At present, research on the Late Triassic paleoclimate in the Sichuan Basin mainly focuses on the middle and late stages of the Xujiahe Formation. However, there's a research gap regarding the paleoclimate during the initial coal-forming phase of the Late Triassic (early stage of the Xujiahe Formation). [Methods] To fill this gap, a focused study was conducted on the Norian T3x1 (specifically the Gongnongzhen and Wangjialiang sections) in the northwestern part of the Sichuan Basin. This study involved rock analysis of major and trace elements, combined with field outcrop descriptions and petrological analysis. The aim was to reconstruct the coal-forming paleoclimate and sedimentary environment, thereby exploring the environmental conditions crucial for the mechanisms of coal formation. [Results and Discussions] Research has shown that the sedimentary facies of the T3x1 in the Gongnongzhen section are mainly delta front subfacies, whereas those in the Wangjialiang section are chiefly delta plain subfacies. Weathering indices (CIAcorr, Rb/Sr) and climate indices (Sr/Cu and C values) of the T3x1 in the Gongnongzhen and Wangjialiang sections displayed an overall fluctuating trend: high-medium-high-medium-high. The humid and hot climates correspond to strong chemical weathering intensity, while the warm semi-arid/semi-humid climates correspond to moderate chemical weathering intensity[Conclusions] The paleoclimate during the initial coal-forming period of the Late Triassic Xujiahe Formation in Northwest Sichuan can be divided into two types: (1) hot and humid climates; (2) warm semi-arid to semi-humid alternated climates. In study area, coal seams are associated with hot and humid climates. Hot and humid conditions promote the reproduction of coal forming plants, providing abundant material sources for the formation of coal seams.The paleoclimate of dry to wet alternation during the T3x1 in Northwest Sichuan is closely related to the activity of the super monsoon. The high concentration of PCO2 combined with the influence of super monsoon activity jointly promoted the formations of humid climate and strong chemical weathering in the study area. Further research indicates that coal deposition requires not only a suitable paleoclimate but also an appropriate preservation environment. For instance, coal seams tend to be well-developed and preserved in the swamps of high-level system tracts.
Abstract:
Objective: Lithium constitutes a critical strategic and new energy metal within China. The Ordos Basin features a widespread distribution of bauxite deposits. Recent years have seen a major breakthrough in bauxite gas exploration within the Ordos Basin's Longdong area. The exploration has uncovered a considerable volume of lithium resources associated with the bauxite deposits. Considering the occurrence and enrichment patterns of Li in bauxite deposits, this not only holds significant academic value for studying paleoclimate and paleoenvironment but also offers robust support for the exploration and development of Li resources. Methods: Focusing on the aluminum-bearing rock series of the Benxi Formation in the central and eastern Ordos Basin, this study builds upon classical understandings and recent research advancements to investigate the fundamental characteristics, modes of occurrence, and enrichment patterns of Li, employing core observation, drilling data, and geochemical testing. Results: The findings reveal that Li distribution within the bauxite deposits is notably uneven, with a substantial range of variation. Generally, Li exhibits higher concentrations in the middle and upper segments of the bauxite deposits. Within the lithological sequence, Li predominantly concentrates in bauxite clay rock and clay bauxite rock, while it is comparatively scarce in bauxite iron ore. Initially, a positive correlation exists between Li and Al2O3, SiO2, as well as the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio, which subsequently transitions to a negative correlation. Conclusion: The paleoclimate's hot, humid, and rainy conditions, alongside alkaline environment, facilitate clay mineral formation and enhance the isomorphic substitution of Li+ with Al3+ and Mg2+. As desilication and aluminum enrichment intensify, Li content in bauxite rock sharply decreases, attributed to the insufficient presence of clay minerals.
Objective: Lithium constitutes a critical strategic and new energy metal within China. The Ordos Basin features a widespread distribution of bauxite deposits. Recent years have seen a major breakthrough in bauxite gas exploration within the Ordos Basin's Longdong area. The exploration has uncovered a considerable volume of lithium resources associated with the bauxite deposits. Considering the occurrence and enrichment patterns of Li in bauxite deposits, this not only holds significant academic value for studying paleoclimate and paleoenvironment but also offers robust support for the exploration and development of Li resources. Methods: Focusing on the aluminum-bearing rock series of the Benxi Formation in the central and eastern Ordos Basin, this study builds upon classical understandings and recent research advancements to investigate the fundamental characteristics, modes of occurrence, and enrichment patterns of Li, employing core observation, drilling data, and geochemical testing. Results: The findings reveal that Li distribution within the bauxite deposits is notably uneven, with a substantial range of variation. Generally, Li exhibits higher concentrations in the middle and upper segments of the bauxite deposits. Within the lithological sequence, Li predominantly concentrates in bauxite clay rock and clay bauxite rock, while it is comparatively scarce in bauxite iron ore. Initially, a positive correlation exists between Li and Al2O3, SiO2, as well as the Al2O3/SiO2 ratio, which subsequently transitions to a negative correlation. Conclusion: The paleoclimate's hot, humid, and rainy conditions, alongside alkaline environment, facilitate clay mineral formation and enhance the isomorphic substitution of Li+ with Al3+ and Mg2+. As desilication and aluminum enrichment intensify, Li content in bauxite rock sharply decreases, attributed to the insufficient presence of clay minerals.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Precambrian stratigraphy has undergone multiple tectonic events, complex tectonics, severe deformation and metamorphism, making it inconvenient and difficult to compare the strata and establish an objective stratigraphic sequence. The article describes the Taojinhe Formation of the Neoproterozoic Fanjingshan Group in the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen as a research object, and use Pb age comparison of detrital zircon to provide new evidence for comparing the stratigraphy of the Fanjingshan Group. [Methods] Sandstone samples were collected feom the oldest outcrop of the "Taojinhe Formation" in the Fanjingshan Group for comparison of detrital zircon morphology, U-Pb dating, rock and mineral identification and analysis of the material origin and sedimentary geotectonic settings of this formation, as well as for multidimensional scaling analysis and comparison of the stratigraphy of the Fanjingshan Group. [Results] The sample rocks are mainly composed of detrital particles and fillers, the detrital particles are mainly quartz, feldspar and cutting, and the detrital particles are mostly sub-angular to sub-rounded with average sortability. The fillers are mainly mica, silica and iron and the mica is mainly sericite and white mica. The zircon grains of the "Taojinhe Formation" are angular, representing short-distance transport, and the source rocks are granite, diabase, Syenite/Monzonite, and basalt, with peak ages of 875 Ma, 1862 Ma and 2513 Ma. According to zircon geochemical data analysis, the "Taojinhe Formation" was deposited in a convergent background. U/Nb values of "Taojinhe Formation" zircon range from 25-700, 1 mantle-sourced zircon and 98 arc-sourced zircons, using U/Yb values to compare with Hf, all zircons were in the continental source range, and the Sc (average value 385.1) and Sc/Yb values ( average 1.1) also show island arc magmatic features. On the other hand, the zircons have high U/Nb, Sc/Yb and U/Yb values, relatively low Nb/Yb values and U/Nb > 20, suggesting that the zircons were formed in a subduction environment. In contrast, the zircons of the Yujiagou Formation are mostly elliptical, suggesting long-distance transport and deposition in a disseminated background, and the source rocks are granites, diorites, basalts, alkalites and rarely kimberlites, with two distinct age peaks at 1845 Ma and 2325 Ma. [Conclusions] The "Taojinhe Formation" and the Yujiagou Formation have different source rocks representing different material source areas, meanwhile the tectonic background is also different, and the maximum depositional age of the "Taojinhe Formation" is younger than that of the overlying Yujiagou Formation, which is not consistent with the stratigraphic sequences of the regional geological survey, so the original stratigraphic division may be erroneous. Comparison of zircon age diagrams shows that the Taojinhe Formation is similar to the Xiaojiahe Formation above the overlying Yujiagou Formation and has the same material source. Combined with the multidimensional scaling analysis and other stratigraphic features of the Fanjingshan Group, it is suggested that the "Taojinhe Formation" and the Xiaojiahe Formation in the Taoshulin area may be the same stratigraphic units, and the study shows that it is an effective method to compare the stratigraphic divisions by carrying out the zircon U-Pb chronology study for the Precambrian strata.
[Objective] The Precambrian stratigraphy has undergone multiple tectonic events, complex tectonics, severe deformation and metamorphism, making it inconvenient and difficult to compare the strata and establish an objective stratigraphic sequence. The article describes the Taojinhe Formation of the Neoproterozoic Fanjingshan Group in the western part of the Jiangnan Orogen as a research object, and use Pb age comparison of detrital zircon to provide new evidence for comparing the stratigraphy of the Fanjingshan Group. [Methods] Sandstone samples were collected feom the oldest outcrop of the "Taojinhe Formation" in the Fanjingshan Group for comparison of detrital zircon morphology, U-Pb dating, rock and mineral identification and analysis of the material origin and sedimentary geotectonic settings of this formation, as well as for multidimensional scaling analysis and comparison of the stratigraphy of the Fanjingshan Group. [Results] The sample rocks are mainly composed of detrital particles and fillers, the detrital particles are mainly quartz, feldspar and cutting, and the detrital particles are mostly sub-angular to sub-rounded with average sortability. The fillers are mainly mica, silica and iron and the mica is mainly sericite and white mica. The zircon grains of the "Taojinhe Formation" are angular, representing short-distance transport, and the source rocks are granite, diabase, Syenite/Monzonite, and basalt, with peak ages of 875 Ma, 1862 Ma and 2513 Ma. According to zircon geochemical data analysis, the "Taojinhe Formation" was deposited in a convergent background. U/Nb values of "Taojinhe Formation" zircon range from 25-700, 1 mantle-sourced zircon and 98 arc-sourced zircons, using U/Yb values to compare with Hf, all zircons were in the continental source range, and the Sc (average value 385.1) and Sc/Yb values ( average 1.1) also show island arc magmatic features. On the other hand, the zircons have high U/Nb, Sc/Yb and U/Yb values, relatively low Nb/Yb values and U/Nb > 20, suggesting that the zircons were formed in a subduction environment. In contrast, the zircons of the Yujiagou Formation are mostly elliptical, suggesting long-distance transport and deposition in a disseminated background, and the source rocks are granites, diorites, basalts, alkalites and rarely kimberlites, with two distinct age peaks at 1845 Ma and 2325 Ma. [Conclusions] The "Taojinhe Formation" and the Yujiagou Formation have different source rocks representing different material source areas, meanwhile the tectonic background is also different, and the maximum depositional age of the "Taojinhe Formation" is younger than that of the overlying Yujiagou Formation, which is not consistent with the stratigraphic sequences of the regional geological survey, so the original stratigraphic division may be erroneous. Comparison of zircon age diagrams shows that the Taojinhe Formation is similar to the Xiaojiahe Formation above the overlying Yujiagou Formation and has the same material source. Combined with the multidimensional scaling analysis and other stratigraphic features of the Fanjingshan Group, it is suggested that the "Taojinhe Formation" and the Xiaojiahe Formation in the Taoshulin area may be the same stratigraphic units, and the study shows that it is an effective method to compare the stratigraphic divisions by carrying out the zircon U-Pb chronology study for the Precambrian strata.
Abstract:
Abstract:[Objective] By studying the distribution law of river network plane of modern distributive fluvial system,the reservoir distribution of underground fluvial sand-bodies is predicted, which provides knowledge base for reservoir modeling and guides oil and gas exploration and development. [Methods] By using modern geographic information software such as Google Earth, Global Mapper and 91Satellite Map Assistant, the number and width of Golmud fluvial fan channels were collected according to equal interval survey lines, and the drainage density (Dw) of Golmud fluvial fan was calculated, and the variation of the drainage density of Golmud fluvial fan was summarized, and the main controlling factors of drainage density (Dw) were analyzed. [Results and Discussions] (1)Golmud fluvial fan can be roughly divided into three phases: proximal, middle and distal. The proximal drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.089-0.198, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.143. The middle drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.136-0.19, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.164. The distal drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.16 to 0.37, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.25; (2) The main controlling factors of drainage density (Dw) are tectonic movement and geomorphic factor; (3) The difference of tectonic movement and geomorphic factor leads to the fluctuation of drainage density (Dw). On the contrary, different drainage density (Dw) can also be used to identify and restore underground palaeochanne and paleoenvironmental conditions, and guide oil and gas exploration and development. [Conclusions] The study of drainage density (Dw) of Golmud fluvial fan promotes the development of sedimentology in distributive fluvial systems, providing a new method for prediction of underground reservoir distribution, and provides a large amount of data for reservoir modeling knowledge base.
Abstract:[Objective] By studying the distribution law of river network plane of modern distributive fluvial system,the reservoir distribution of underground fluvial sand-bodies is predicted, which provides knowledge base for reservoir modeling and guides oil and gas exploration and development. [Methods] By using modern geographic information software such as Google Earth, Global Mapper and 91Satellite Map Assistant, the number and width of Golmud fluvial fan channels were collected according to equal interval survey lines, and the drainage density (Dw) of Golmud fluvial fan was calculated, and the variation of the drainage density of Golmud fluvial fan was summarized, and the main controlling factors of drainage density (Dw) were analyzed. [Results and Discussions] (1)Golmud fluvial fan can be roughly divided into three phases: proximal, middle and distal. The proximal drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.089-0.198, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.143. The middle drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.136-0.19, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.164. The distal drainage density (Dw) ranges from 0.16 to 0.37, and the average drainage density (Dw) is 0.25; (2) The main controlling factors of drainage density (Dw) are tectonic movement and geomorphic factor; (3) The difference of tectonic movement and geomorphic factor leads to the fluctuation of drainage density (Dw). On the contrary, different drainage density (Dw) can also be used to identify and restore underground palaeochanne and paleoenvironmental conditions, and guide oil and gas exploration and development. [Conclusions] The study of drainage density (Dw) of Golmud fluvial fan promotes the development of sedimentology in distributive fluvial systems, providing a new method for prediction of underground reservoir distribution, and provides a large amount of data for reservoir modeling knowledge base.
Abstract:
[Objective] With the continuous breakthrough of oil and gas exploration and development technology, shale oil has become an important replacement field for petroleum resources in the future. At present, the exploration and development of shale oil in Chang 7 Member of Ordos Basin has made important progress, but the reservoir performance of laminae shale oil is rarely studied. [Methods] Taking the organic-rich shale of Changchang 7 member of Yanchang Chang in the southeast of Ordos Basin as the research object, the development characteristics, reservoir performance and oiliness of different shale types in the Changchang 7 member shale formation were studied by means of thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion and nitrogen adsorption, so as to classify the types of shale laminae and clarify the occurrence characteristics of shale oil. [Results and Discussions] Laminae is developed in silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, black shale and tuff in Chang 7 member of the study area, which can be macroscopically divided into three types: thick laminated shale (1cm
[Objective] With the continuous breakthrough of oil and gas exploration and development technology, shale oil has become an important replacement field for petroleum resources in the future. At present, the exploration and development of shale oil in Chang 7 Member of Ordos Basin has made important progress, but the reservoir performance of laminae shale oil is rarely studied. [Methods] Taking the organic-rich shale of Changchang 7 member of Yanchang Chang in the southeast of Ordos Basin as the research object, the development characteristics, reservoir performance and oiliness of different shale types in the Changchang 7 member shale formation were studied by means of thin section observation, scanning electron microscopy, high-pressure mercury intrusion and nitrogen adsorption, so as to classify the types of shale laminae and clarify the occurrence characteristics of shale oil. [Results and Discussions] Laminae is developed in silty mudstone, argillaceous siltstone, siltstone, black shale and tuff in Chang 7 member of the study area, which can be macroscopically divided into three types: thick laminated shale (1cm
Abstract:
[Objective] Powdery~fine-crystalline dolomite dominated by residual granular structure and non-luminous under cathode rays is developed in the reservoir section of Maosan section-Wu section of the Permian of the Yuanba Tectonics in north-central Sichuan Province, and the mechanism of the genesis of this type of dolomite in the study area is not clear at the present time. [Methods] The dolomite genesis mechanism was studied based on the petrological characteristics of the reservoir combined with TIMA scanning of rocks, whole-rock X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, in-situ microzonation of major trace elements, strontium isotopes, and in-situ U-Pb chronology of dolomite. [Results] The study shows that: (1) the rock types of the reservoirs in Maosan Section 3 and Wu Section 1 are tuffs, dolomites and sedimentary tuffs. Tuff reservoirs mainly include mud crystal clastic tuff, bright crystal clastic tuff and cloudy tuff; dolomite reservoirs are semi-autogenous~autogenous powder~fine crystalline dolomite; sedimentary tuff reservoirs are mainly composed of volcanic clasts, charcoal, calcium and magnesium, sand clasts and metal minerals, etc. Volcanic clasts are glass clasts, basaltic and other clasts, and the main constituents of calcium and magnesium are dolomite and calcite. (2) The average values of trace elements of dolomite at the top of Maosan Section 3 and Wu Section 1 show extremely high Fe content (10,678.40×10-6), high Mn content (822.95×10-6), Si content (1,929.81×10-6), Al content (394.11×10-6), and high Na+K content (362.38×10-6), indicating that the fluids in the closed environment were formed by the volcanic fluids, which is the main component of calcium and magnesium, and calcite. Indicating that the rock-forming fluids in the confined environment are characterized by high salinity and high alkaline metal content. The 87Sr/86Sr in the matrix part of the dolomite and mud-crystal clastic tuff is within the range of seawater of the same period in the Maokou Group-Wujiaping Group, and it also has a low value of ∑REE, a loss of LREE, and exhibits the characteristics of negative anomalies of Ce (the average value of δPr is 1.03>1, and the average value of δCe is 0.96<1), and negative anomalies of Eu or no anomalies, which suggests that the dolomitization diagenesis fluid is similar to the seawater of the same period. seawater. (3) The U-Pb age of powdery to fine-crystalline dolomite in the Maosan section and Wu section is 245.36±1.08 Ma, and dolomitization mainly occurred in the shallow burial period.[Conclusion] It is concluded that the source of the dolomitization fluid in the powdery~fine crystalline dolomite of Maosan section and Wu section is the compaction and dewatering of clay minerals in the overlying muddy sedimentary tuff and tuffaceous mudstone sections of Wu section 1 and Wu section 2 during the shallow burial period. During this process, a large number of Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and Si4+ ions were precipitated and transported to the granular tuff at the top of the Wu 1 and Maosan 3 Sections and accounted for by the seawater residual from the Maokou Formation to the Wujiaping Stage as the carrier.
[Objective] Powdery~fine-crystalline dolomite dominated by residual granular structure and non-luminous under cathode rays is developed in the reservoir section of Maosan section-Wu section of the Permian of the Yuanba Tectonics in north-central Sichuan Province, and the mechanism of the genesis of this type of dolomite in the study area is not clear at the present time. [Methods] The dolomite genesis mechanism was studied based on the petrological characteristics of the reservoir combined with TIMA scanning of rocks, whole-rock X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, in-situ microzonation of major trace elements, strontium isotopes, and in-situ U-Pb chronology of dolomite. [Results] The study shows that: (1) the rock types of the reservoirs in Maosan Section 3 and Wu Section 1 are tuffs, dolomites and sedimentary tuffs. Tuff reservoirs mainly include mud crystal clastic tuff, bright crystal clastic tuff and cloudy tuff; dolomite reservoirs are semi-autogenous~autogenous powder~fine crystalline dolomite; sedimentary tuff reservoirs are mainly composed of volcanic clasts, charcoal, calcium and magnesium, sand clasts and metal minerals, etc. Volcanic clasts are glass clasts, basaltic and other clasts, and the main constituents of calcium and magnesium are dolomite and calcite. (2) The average values of trace elements of dolomite at the top of Maosan Section 3 and Wu Section 1 show extremely high Fe content (10,678.40×10-6), high Mn content (822.95×10-6), Si content (1,929.81×10-6), Al content (394.11×10-6), and high Na+K content (362.38×10-6), indicating that the fluids in the closed environment were formed by the volcanic fluids, which is the main component of calcium and magnesium, and calcite. Indicating that the rock-forming fluids in the confined environment are characterized by high salinity and high alkaline metal content. The 87Sr/86Sr in the matrix part of the dolomite and mud-crystal clastic tuff is within the range of seawater of the same period in the Maokou Group-Wujiaping Group, and it also has a low value of ∑REE, a loss of LREE, and exhibits the characteristics of negative anomalies of Ce (the average value of δPr is 1.03>1, and the average value of δCe is 0.96<1), and negative anomalies of Eu or no anomalies, which suggests that the dolomitization diagenesis fluid is similar to the seawater of the same period. seawater. (3) The U-Pb age of powdery to fine-crystalline dolomite in the Maosan section and Wu section is 245.36±1.08 Ma, and dolomitization mainly occurred in the shallow burial period.[Conclusion] It is concluded that the source of the dolomitization fluid in the powdery~fine crystalline dolomite of Maosan section and Wu section is the compaction and dewatering of clay minerals in the overlying muddy sedimentary tuff and tuffaceous mudstone sections of Wu section 1 and Wu section 2 during the shallow burial period. During this process, a large number of Mg2+, Fe2+, Al3+, and Si4+ ions were precipitated and transported to the granular tuff at the top of the Wu 1 and Maosan 3 Sections and accounted for by the seawater residual from the Maokou Formation to the Wujiaping Stage as the carrier.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are located in the inner part of the Asia-Europe continent, in the transition zone between the westerly and monsoon circulations, and are sensitive to climate change. Academics have not yet united on the understanding of the Holocene environmental evolution in the region, and supplementing more high-resolution climatic records in the sensitive areas is the basis for clarifying this issue. [Methods]The study material was taken from the Middle Tien Shan Intermountain Basin, we reconstructed the vegetation and climate change processes in the study area since the Middle and Late Holocene, based on the AMS14C dating results and using sporadic pollen as a paleoclimate proxy. [Results and Discussions] 6369-3601 cal yr B.P. The period of Artemisia and Chenopodium was characterized by high content, positive pollen PCA axis 1 scores, and wet-dry fluctuations in the climate, with dryness as the dominant factor and abrupt climate change. 3601-2512 cal yr B.P. The period of spruce Picea content was characterized by elevated content, positive pollen PCA axis 2 scores, and cold-wet climate. 2512-1016 cal yr B.P. The period of Betula was characterized by increased content, positive pollen PCA axis 1 transitionscores, warm dry climate. [Conclusion] The three pollen zones indicate that the Middle and Late Holocene climate in the Zhongtianshan Intermontane Basin went through 3 phases of wet-dry fluctuations (off-dry)-cold-wet-warm-dry. Since the middle to late Holocene, the study area has received less solar radiation in summer, Weak evaporation from the North Atlantic sea surface and low water vapor carried by the westerly circulation, the climate has been arid. in the early Late Holocene, the westerly circulation shifted to the south, Superimposed negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) transporting large amounts of water vapor and the climate was cold and humid. Then the climate became warm and dry due to the increase of solar radiation in the late winter. The abrupt climate change characterized by cold and dry conditions during 4766-3601 cal yr B.P. was a response to the "4.2 ka B.P." climatic event, which may have been caused by the weakening of the westerly circulation due to the weakening of solar radiation, the intensification of the cold in the middle and high latitudes, and the lowering of the SST in the North Atlantic Ocean.
[Objective] The Tianshan Mountains in Xinjiang are located in the inner part of the Asia-Europe continent, in the transition zone between the westerly and monsoon circulations, and are sensitive to climate change. Academics have not yet united on the understanding of the Holocene environmental evolution in the region, and supplementing more high-resolution climatic records in the sensitive areas is the basis for clarifying this issue. [Methods]The study material was taken from the Middle Tien Shan Intermountain Basin, we reconstructed the vegetation and climate change processes in the study area since the Middle and Late Holocene, based on the AMS14C dating results and using sporadic pollen as a paleoclimate proxy. [Results and Discussions] 6369-3601 cal yr B.P. The period of Artemisia and Chenopodium was characterized by high content, positive pollen PCA axis 1 scores, and wet-dry fluctuations in the climate, with dryness as the dominant factor and abrupt climate change. 3601-2512 cal yr B.P. The period of spruce Picea content was characterized by elevated content, positive pollen PCA axis 2 scores, and cold-wet climate. 2512-1016 cal yr B.P. The period of Betula was characterized by increased content, positive pollen PCA axis 1 transitionscores, warm dry climate. [Conclusion] The three pollen zones indicate that the Middle and Late Holocene climate in the Zhongtianshan Intermontane Basin went through 3 phases of wet-dry fluctuations (off-dry)-cold-wet-warm-dry. Since the middle to late Holocene, the study area has received less solar radiation in summer, Weak evaporation from the North Atlantic sea surface and low water vapor carried by the westerly circulation, the climate has been arid. in the early Late Holocene, the westerly circulation shifted to the south, Superimposed negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) transporting large amounts of water vapor and the climate was cold and humid. Then the climate became warm and dry due to the increase of solar radiation in the late winter. The abrupt climate change characterized by cold and dry conditions during 4766-3601 cal yr B.P. was a response to the "4.2 ka B.P." climatic event, which may have been caused by the weakening of the westerly circulation due to the weakening of solar radiation, the intensification of the cold in the middle and high latitudes, and the lowering of the SST in the North Atlantic Ocean.
Abstract:
Marine-terrestrial transitional source rocks are the main source rocks in several offshore basins in China, and their differential distribution characteristics restrict the prediction accuracy of source rocks and the effectiveness of oil and gas exploration. And the transport and sedimentation process of terrestrial organic matter determines the quality and distribution of source rock in marine-terrestrial transitional environment. Using a combination of flume sedimentary simulation and 3D laser scanning technology, the dynamic recording and quantitative characterization of the transport process of terrestrial dispersed organic matter under different water salinity conditions are carried out from the perspective of forward modeling. Machine learning algorithms are used to establish a TOC prediction model. The results show that terrestrial organic matter in the marine-terrestrial transitional environment is mainly enriched in the delta front and prodelta. As the transportation distance increases, the abundance of terrestrial organic matter shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Under the influence of salt flocculation, the transportation distance of terrestrial organic matter in saltwater environment is closer to the source area, and the sediment thickness is larger. A TOC prediction model was established under experimental conditions based on three deep learning algorithms, and ultimately selects the prediction model based on random forest algorithm with outlier removal and experience based sedimentary facies assignment as input features as the optimal model. The TOC prediction model under experimental conditions is combined with geological conditions to complete the TOC prediction of source rocks in the Yacheng Formation of the Yanan depression. The results show that the transportation distance of terrestrial organic matter in the Yanan Depression can reach 50 km, and the highest degree of organic matter enrichment occurs at a distance of about 31 km from the source area.
Marine-terrestrial transitional source rocks are the main source rocks in several offshore basins in China, and their differential distribution characteristics restrict the prediction accuracy of source rocks and the effectiveness of oil and gas exploration. And the transport and sedimentation process of terrestrial organic matter determines the quality and distribution of source rock in marine-terrestrial transitional environment. Using a combination of flume sedimentary simulation and 3D laser scanning technology, the dynamic recording and quantitative characterization of the transport process of terrestrial dispersed organic matter under different water salinity conditions are carried out from the perspective of forward modeling. Machine learning algorithms are used to establish a TOC prediction model. The results show that terrestrial organic matter in the marine-terrestrial transitional environment is mainly enriched in the delta front and prodelta. As the transportation distance increases, the abundance of terrestrial organic matter shows a trend of first increasing and then decreasing. Under the influence of salt flocculation, the transportation distance of terrestrial organic matter in saltwater environment is closer to the source area, and the sediment thickness is larger. A TOC prediction model was established under experimental conditions based on three deep learning algorithms, and ultimately selects the prediction model based on random forest algorithm with outlier removal and experience based sedimentary facies assignment as input features as the optimal model. The TOC prediction model under experimental conditions is combined with geological conditions to complete the TOC prediction of source rocks in the Yacheng Formation of the Yanan depression. The results show that the transportation distance of terrestrial organic matter in the Yanan Depression can reach 50 km, and the highest degree of organic matter enrichment occurs at a distance of about 31 km from the source area.
Abstract:
Macrocyclic alkanes are one kind of saturated fatty hydrocarbons which have single ring structure and large ring carbon numbers, which were identified in oil shales, petroleum, soils and higher plants. Because of the difference of macrocyclic alkanes characteristic carbon number with different sample, the equidistant relative retention time is same as long chain alkyl olefin and alkyl cyclohexane in chromatogram, the molecular ion (CnH2n) is same as olefin which have characteristic ion at m/z 97, 111, 125 in mass spectra and other compounds were similar, so it is easy to cause confusion and misunderstanding in actual identification. On account of this, we reviewed the identifications, the biosynthetic pathways and bio-precursors of macrocyclic alkanes. And confirmed the structure of those compounds by NMR analysis of purified monomer compounds in torbanite from Sydney Basin, Australia. Based on the fragmentation mechanism of cyclohexane doped out the fragmentation pathways of macrocyclic alkanes. Finally, according to the different research results provided by predecessors, the possible biochemical synthesis pathway of macrocyclic alkanes was summarized, which is helpful to better understand the parent material and bio-predecessor of macrocyclic alkanes, and better identify these compounds.
Macrocyclic alkanes are one kind of saturated fatty hydrocarbons which have single ring structure and large ring carbon numbers, which were identified in oil shales, petroleum, soils and higher plants. Because of the difference of macrocyclic alkanes characteristic carbon number with different sample, the equidistant relative retention time is same as long chain alkyl olefin and alkyl cyclohexane in chromatogram, the molecular ion (CnH2n) is same as olefin which have characteristic ion at m/z 97, 111, 125 in mass spectra and other compounds were similar, so it is easy to cause confusion and misunderstanding in actual identification. On account of this, we reviewed the identifications, the biosynthetic pathways and bio-precursors of macrocyclic alkanes. And confirmed the structure of those compounds by NMR analysis of purified monomer compounds in torbanite from Sydney Basin, Australia. Based on the fragmentation mechanism of cyclohexane doped out the fragmentation pathways of macrocyclic alkanes. Finally, according to the different research results provided by predecessors, the possible biochemical synthesis pathway of macrocyclic alkanes was summarized, which is helpful to better understand the parent material and bio-predecessor of macrocyclic alkanes, and better identify these compounds.
Abstract:
[Objective] Several intraplatform basins of deep-marine trough in the northern Yangtze platform development bedded chert of the Dalong Formation during the Late Permian. These organic-rich black rocks in the trough basins are shale gas exploration targets in the Sichuan Basin. The black chert deposition in the Dalong Formation which started at 258.77 Ma were was related the Emeishan mantle plume waning. However, the termination age of this black cherts in the Dalong Formation and the causes for the demise of these intraplatform basins in the trough are still unclear. The corresponding research will help to gain a better understand of these deep-marine troughs evolution, so as to offer theoretical basis for the Permian shale gas exploration potential assessment. [Methods] This study performs zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS age dating and zircon trace elements measurements using bentonite interbeds in the upper part of the Dalong Formation chert beds. [Results] Zircon grains are euhedral and show clear zoning. Th/U ratios of the zircons are higher than 0.46. The zircon grains are characterized by enrichment in heavy area earth elements (HREE) with positive Ce anomalies and negative Eu anomalies, showing a rising trend from light REE to HREE in the Chondrite-normalized REE pattern curves. Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS age was 253.0 ± 1.3 Ma. Diagrams of Th/Nb vs. Hf/Th and Th/U vs. Nb/Hf of zircons show arc magma origin. [Conclusion] The chert deposition in the Dalong Formation in South China was terminated at 253.0 ± 1.3 Ma in the middle Changhsingian stage. The arc volcanism eruption was not related to the intra-plate Emeishan mantle plume activity, but was caused by the arc activity around the Yangtze block, which was probably the cause for related to the demise of the deep-marine troughs in the northern Yangtze.
[Objective] Several intraplatform basins of deep-marine trough in the northern Yangtze platform development bedded chert of the Dalong Formation during the Late Permian. These organic-rich black rocks in the trough basins are shale gas exploration targets in the Sichuan Basin. The black chert deposition in the Dalong Formation which started at 258.77 Ma were was related the Emeishan mantle plume waning. However, the termination age of this black cherts in the Dalong Formation and the causes for the demise of these intraplatform basins in the trough are still unclear. The corresponding research will help to gain a better understand of these deep-marine troughs evolution, so as to offer theoretical basis for the Permian shale gas exploration potential assessment. [Methods] This study performs zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS age dating and zircon trace elements measurements using bentonite interbeds in the upper part of the Dalong Formation chert beds. [Results] Zircon grains are euhedral and show clear zoning. Th/U ratios of the zircons are higher than 0.46. The zircon grains are characterized by enrichment in heavy area earth elements (HREE) with positive Ce anomalies and negative Eu anomalies, showing a rising trend from light REE to HREE in the Chondrite-normalized REE pattern curves. Zircon U-Pb LA-ICP-MS age was 253.0 ± 1.3 Ma. Diagrams of Th/Nb vs. Hf/Th and Th/U vs. Nb/Hf of zircons show arc magma origin. [Conclusion] The chert deposition in the Dalong Formation in South China was terminated at 253.0 ± 1.3 Ma in the middle Changhsingian stage. The arc volcanism eruption was not related to the intra-plate Emeishan mantle plume activity, but was caused by the arc activity around the Yangtze block, which was probably the cause for related to the demise of the deep-marine troughs in the northern Yangtze.
Abstract:
[ Objective ] The Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin mainly develops semi-deep lake-deep lake subfacies, and deep-water gravity flow deposits are generally developed. [ Method ] Taking the Chang 7 Member in Fuxian area of the southeastern basin as the research object, based on the fine description results of centimeter-level cores from 13 coring wells, combined with particle size analysis and logging data, the types and characteristics, formation mechanism, distribution law and evolution model of gravity flow deposits in the Chang 7 Member were studied. Combined with oil test and production test data, the control effect of gravity flow on reservoir distribution was analyzed. [ Result ] The results show that the Chang 7 member in Fuxian area mainly develops three types of gravity flow deposits : sliding-slump, sandy debris flow and turbidity flow. The sliding-slump is characterized by the development of roll bedding, crumpled deformation structure, syndepositional stepped small faults and sliding surface, and is dominated by the mixed deposition of sandstone and mudstone. The sandy debris flow develops thick massive sandstone, mudstone tearing debris and mud-encapsulated gravel structure. The thickness of single sand body is between 0.3-3.5 m, and the cumulative thickness can reach more than 10 m. Turbidity flow develops flame structure and Bouma sequence, and incomplete A,B,D and E sections are common. The sand body is small in scale and limited in development. The thickness of single sand body is generally several centimeters to dozens of centimeters. [ Conclusion ] The Chang 7 member is divided into 6 typical logging facies combinations and 11 lithofacies types. The formation mechanism of gravity flow in this area is underwater slope break zone, volcano and earthquake. Along the source direction, the thickening of the stratum reflects the transition of the sedimentary environment from the delta front to the deep lake-semi-deep lake deposit ; vertically, three types of gravity flow overlap, dominated by sandy debris flow. The sandy debris flow in the gravity flow sand body has the best oil content, and the main body is oil spot-oil immersion.
[ Objective ] The Chang 7 member of Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin mainly develops semi-deep lake-deep lake subfacies, and deep-water gravity flow deposits are generally developed. [ Method ] Taking the Chang 7 Member in Fuxian area of the southeastern basin as the research object, based on the fine description results of centimeter-level cores from 13 coring wells, combined with particle size analysis and logging data, the types and characteristics, formation mechanism, distribution law and evolution model of gravity flow deposits in the Chang 7 Member were studied. Combined with oil test and production test data, the control effect of gravity flow on reservoir distribution was analyzed. [ Result ] The results show that the Chang 7 member in Fuxian area mainly develops three types of gravity flow deposits : sliding-slump, sandy debris flow and turbidity flow. The sliding-slump is characterized by the development of roll bedding, crumpled deformation structure, syndepositional stepped small faults and sliding surface, and is dominated by the mixed deposition of sandstone and mudstone. The sandy debris flow develops thick massive sandstone, mudstone tearing debris and mud-encapsulated gravel structure. The thickness of single sand body is between 0.3-3.5 m, and the cumulative thickness can reach more than 10 m. Turbidity flow develops flame structure and Bouma sequence, and incomplete A,B,D and E sections are common. The sand body is small in scale and limited in development. The thickness of single sand body is generally several centimeters to dozens of centimeters. [ Conclusion ] The Chang 7 member is divided into 6 typical logging facies combinations and 11 lithofacies types. The formation mechanism of gravity flow in this area is underwater slope break zone, volcano and earthquake. Along the source direction, the thickening of the stratum reflects the transition of the sedimentary environment from the delta front to the deep lake-semi-deep lake deposit ; vertically, three types of gravity flow overlap, dominated by sandy debris flow. The sandy debris flow in the gravity flow sand body has the best oil content, and the main body is oil spot-oil immersion.
Abstract:
[objective] During the sedimentation process of sandy braided rivers, the braided channels undergo frequent, rapid, and continuous shifts leading to erosion and reworking within the eventually preserved braided river deposits, such that deposited braid bars and braid channels are characterized by fragmented morphology, relatively small scale, and undefined quantitative relationships. Traditional sedimentary models of sandy braided river sedimentation are inadequate to effectively guide the characterization of subsurface reservoirs. [methods] To clarify the sedimentary evolution mechanisms of sandy braided rivers and establish a reliable sedimentary architecture model with quantitative size relationships, this paper conducted a flume experiment under constant boundary conditions to reproduce the formation and evolution of a sandy braided river. Using a laser scanner to obtain topographic data at regular time intervals and accurately reconstruct a three-dimensional sedimentary architecture model of the simulated braided river. Further, the study proceeds with analyses of sedimentary evolution mechanisms, dissection of sedimentary architecture, and the construction of quantitative size and relationship models for architecture elements. [conclusions and discussions] The study reveals that: (1) In the initial stage of sandy braided river sedimentation, sediments undergo bedload transportation downstream, forming initial bars. The deflected flow converges into channels, further developing these into lobe-shaped initial bars, which are then reshaped and organized into a stable network of braid channels and bar patterns through the action of the braid channels; (2) Following the formation of the braided river, the braid channels and bars co-evolve continually, primarily through three mechanisms: lateral accretion of bars driven by braid channels, abandonment and infilling of braid channels overlaying existing bars, and scouring of the confluence by braid channels, which results in downstream bar reorganization; (3) During simulation, bars typically form within 1 to 6 run steps and grow to their maximum size before experiencing continuous erosion over 3 to 8 simulation periods, ultimately leading to preservation in only 36.28% of the area; (4) Upon completion of the simulation, the internal structure of the braided river deposit is dominated by braided channel deposits, accounting for approximately 57.9%, which can be classified into complex stacked channels, incised channels, and isolated channels. Bars often undergo erosion and reworking from channels, presenting as smaller, fragmented forms; (5) Within the preserved deposit, the average width-to-thickness ratio of braided channels is 14.1, with an internal accretion ratio of 13.7, while for bars, the ratio is 19.8, with an internal accretion ratio of 25.4. This research constructed the complex sedimentary architecture formed within sandy braided river deposits after persistent and intensive erosional modification by the braid channel network. It establishes a quantitative model of the size and relationships between internal architectural elements, thereby providing a more geologically realistic and quantitative sedimentary architecture model for characterizing subsurface reservoirs.
[objective] During the sedimentation process of sandy braided rivers, the braided channels undergo frequent, rapid, and continuous shifts leading to erosion and reworking within the eventually preserved braided river deposits, such that deposited braid bars and braid channels are characterized by fragmented morphology, relatively small scale, and undefined quantitative relationships. Traditional sedimentary models of sandy braided river sedimentation are inadequate to effectively guide the characterization of subsurface reservoirs. [methods] To clarify the sedimentary evolution mechanisms of sandy braided rivers and establish a reliable sedimentary architecture model with quantitative size relationships, this paper conducted a flume experiment under constant boundary conditions to reproduce the formation and evolution of a sandy braided river. Using a laser scanner to obtain topographic data at regular time intervals and accurately reconstruct a three-dimensional sedimentary architecture model of the simulated braided river. Further, the study proceeds with analyses of sedimentary evolution mechanisms, dissection of sedimentary architecture, and the construction of quantitative size and relationship models for architecture elements. [conclusions and discussions] The study reveals that: (1) In the initial stage of sandy braided river sedimentation, sediments undergo bedload transportation downstream, forming initial bars. The deflected flow converges into channels, further developing these into lobe-shaped initial bars, which are then reshaped and organized into a stable network of braid channels and bar patterns through the action of the braid channels; (2) Following the formation of the braided river, the braid channels and bars co-evolve continually, primarily through three mechanisms: lateral accretion of bars driven by braid channels, abandonment and infilling of braid channels overlaying existing bars, and scouring of the confluence by braid channels, which results in downstream bar reorganization; (3) During simulation, bars typically form within 1 to 6 run steps and grow to their maximum size before experiencing continuous erosion over 3 to 8 simulation periods, ultimately leading to preservation in only 36.28% of the area; (4) Upon completion of the simulation, the internal structure of the braided river deposit is dominated by braided channel deposits, accounting for approximately 57.9%, which can be classified into complex stacked channels, incised channels, and isolated channels. Bars often undergo erosion and reworking from channels, presenting as smaller, fragmented forms; (5) Within the preserved deposit, the average width-to-thickness ratio of braided channels is 14.1, with an internal accretion ratio of 13.7, while for bars, the ratio is 19.8, with an internal accretion ratio of 25.4. This research constructed the complex sedimentary architecture formed within sandy braided river deposits after persistent and intensive erosional modification by the braid channel network. It establishes a quantitative model of the size and relationships between internal architectural elements, thereby providing a more geologically realistic and quantitative sedimentary architecture model for characterizing subsurface reservoirs.
Abstract:
[Significance] Cold seep activities have a significant impact on marine ecosystems and global climate change, and they are widely developed in the global active and passive continental margins. The fundamental process operating at seeps is the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), mediated by a consortium of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). This procedure will increase the alkalinity of pore water, forming a favorable precipitation environment for carbonate minerals. Cold seep carbonates are the products of submarine cold seep activities, and their geological and geochemical characteristics are often used to trace seepage fluid information and sedimentary environment changes. [Progress] The Taiwan Island is located in the collision zone between the Luzon Island Arc of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian continental margin, which possesses complex geological structures such as extensive faults, providing appropriate conditions for the development of cold seeps. The cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area are mainly developed in Miocene to Pleistocene strata, which are ideal carriers for the study of ancient cold seeps. A relatively detailed study has been conducted on its fundamental geological and geochemical characteristics, including mineralogy, petrology, and carbon and oxygen isotopes. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the geological occurrence, mineralogical and petrological characteristics, carbon and oxygen isotopes, rare earth elements geochemistry, and macrofossil contents of cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area. In addition, it explores the fluid seepage activities and depositional environment characteristics recorded by the cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area, combining the geological and geochemical features of cold seep carbonates from other regions globally. [Conclusions and Prospects] Cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area predominantly occur in blocky and chimney-like forms, which indicate two types of seepage activity. The blocky forms indicate prolonged periods of low-flux diffuse seepage, while the chimney-like forms represent shorter periods of high-flux convective seepage. The primary carbonate minerals in cold seep carbonates are dolomite and calcite, with a significant presence of framboidal pyrites. The size of the pyrite grains may be related to the redox conditions during sedimentation. The carbon isotope composition of cold seep carbonates indicates that the primary sources of carbon are biogenic and thermogenic methane, with additional influence from seawater or residual CO2 from methanogenesis. Notably, Pliocene cold seep carbonates exhibit the widest range in carbon isotope values, suggesting a greater diversity of carbon sources, potentially due to the complex geological structures in Taiwan area at that time. Furthermore, the δ18O values of cold seep carbonates from the Miocene to the Pleistocene in Taiwan area exhibit a progressively positive trend, suggesting these carbonates might have undergone a transition from gas hydrate formation to dissociation and release. Geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements illustrate that the sedimentary environment is dominated by reduction. The cold seep macrofossils are dominated by bivalve fossils, while they have few biological species in the Miocene and Pliocene, but more in the Pleistocene, which may be affected by water depth. In order to improve the in-depth understanding of the ancient cold seep systems in Taiwan area, future research can focus on in situ micro-scale carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of cold seep carbonates, Mo element and its isotope analysis of carbonate minerals, as well as the spatial differences in the growth of macrofauna of different genera of Lucinidae family, in conjunction with geochemical analysis.
[Significance] Cold seep activities have a significant impact on marine ecosystems and global climate change, and they are widely developed in the global active and passive continental margins. The fundamental process operating at seeps is the anaerobic oxidation of methane (AOM), mediated by a consortium of anaerobic methanotrophic archaea (ANME) and sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). This procedure will increase the alkalinity of pore water, forming a favorable precipitation environment for carbonate minerals. Cold seep carbonates are the products of submarine cold seep activities, and their geological and geochemical characteristics are often used to trace seepage fluid information and sedimentary environment changes. [Progress] The Taiwan Island is located in the collision zone between the Luzon Island Arc of the Philippine Sea Plate and the Eurasian continental margin, which possesses complex geological structures such as extensive faults, providing appropriate conditions for the development of cold seeps. The cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area are mainly developed in Miocene to Pleistocene strata, which are ideal carriers for the study of ancient cold seeps. A relatively detailed study has been conducted on its fundamental geological and geochemical characteristics, including mineralogy, petrology, and carbon and oxygen isotopes. This paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the geological occurrence, mineralogical and petrological characteristics, carbon and oxygen isotopes, rare earth elements geochemistry, and macrofossil contents of cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area. In addition, it explores the fluid seepage activities and depositional environment characteristics recorded by the cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area, combining the geological and geochemical features of cold seep carbonates from other regions globally. [Conclusions and Prospects] Cold seep carbonates in Taiwan area predominantly occur in blocky and chimney-like forms, which indicate two types of seepage activity. The blocky forms indicate prolonged periods of low-flux diffuse seepage, while the chimney-like forms represent shorter periods of high-flux convective seepage. The primary carbonate minerals in cold seep carbonates are dolomite and calcite, with a significant presence of framboidal pyrites. The size of the pyrite grains may be related to the redox conditions during sedimentation. The carbon isotope composition of cold seep carbonates indicates that the primary sources of carbon are biogenic and thermogenic methane, with additional influence from seawater or residual CO2 from methanogenesis. Notably, Pliocene cold seep carbonates exhibit the widest range in carbon isotope values, suggesting a greater diversity of carbon sources, potentially due to the complex geological structures in Taiwan area at that time. Furthermore, the δ18O values of cold seep carbonates from the Miocene to the Pleistocene in Taiwan area exhibit a progressively positive trend, suggesting these carbonates might have undergone a transition from gas hydrate formation to dissociation and release. Geochemical characteristics of rare earth elements illustrate that the sedimentary environment is dominated by reduction. The cold seep macrofossils are dominated by bivalve fossils, while they have few biological species in the Miocene and Pliocene, but more in the Pleistocene, which may be affected by water depth. In order to improve the in-depth understanding of the ancient cold seep systems in Taiwan area, future research can focus on in situ micro-scale carbon and oxygen isotope analysis of cold seep carbonates, Mo element and its isotope analysis of carbonate minerals, as well as the spatial differences in the growth of macrofauna of different genera of Lucinidae family, in conjunction with geochemical analysis.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] In the middle and late stages of oil and gas field development, studying sand architecture is key to excavating residual oil and enhancing recovery. Precisely interpreting similar outcrops can provide a comparable prototype model for predicting underground reservoir architecture. [Methods] The shallow water delta profiles of the Yan'an Formation in the Kaokaowusu Gully and Gulf Mining Industry in the Ordos Basin were the research objects. UAV oblique photography was used to obtain massive outcrop image data, and then 3D digital outcrops were established. Detailed architecture interpretation of digital outcrops was carried out by combining field investigation and indoor analysis. [Results and Discussions] The developmental characteristics and evolutionary models of shallow water delta front architecture during the rising lake level were defined. When the lake level is low, mainly trunk-type distributary channels are developed, with widths of 23.3~48.4 m, thicknesses of 0.89~1.81 m, and width-to-thickness ratios of 26.74. The sandbody superimposition patterns are mainly overlay type. As the lake level increases, fork-type distributary channels, mouth bars, sand sheets, and subaqueous distributary bays gradually develop. The width of the mouth bar is 53.9 m, the thickness is 2.21 m, the width-to-thickness ratio is 24.39, and the superimposition pattern is mainly joint type. When the lake level is higher, mainly terminal-type distributary channels, mouth bars, and sheet sand architectural units are developed. The width of the terminal-type underwater distributary channel ranges from 4.7 to 40.6 m, the thickness ranges from 0.4 to 1.03 m, and the width-to-thickness ratio is from 11.75 to 24.56, isolated in the muddy deposit. [Conclusions] When the supply of material sources is relatively stable, the increase in lake level leads to an increase in accommodative space. The architectural units evolve from trunk-type distributary channels to terminal-type ones, depositing mouth bars and sand sheets. The size of the sand body decreases, but the width-to-thickness ratio increases. Overall, the sand-to-ground ratio decreases, spatial connectivity decreases, and reservoir heterogeneity is enhanced.
Abstract: [Objective] In the middle and late stages of oil and gas field development, studying sand architecture is key to excavating residual oil and enhancing recovery. Precisely interpreting similar outcrops can provide a comparable prototype model for predicting underground reservoir architecture. [Methods] The shallow water delta profiles of the Yan'an Formation in the Kaokaowusu Gully and Gulf Mining Industry in the Ordos Basin were the research objects. UAV oblique photography was used to obtain massive outcrop image data, and then 3D digital outcrops were established. Detailed architecture interpretation of digital outcrops was carried out by combining field investigation and indoor analysis. [Results and Discussions] The developmental characteristics and evolutionary models of shallow water delta front architecture during the rising lake level were defined. When the lake level is low, mainly trunk-type distributary channels are developed, with widths of 23.3~48.4 m, thicknesses of 0.89~1.81 m, and width-to-thickness ratios of 26.74. The sandbody superimposition patterns are mainly overlay type. As the lake level increases, fork-type distributary channels, mouth bars, sand sheets, and subaqueous distributary bays gradually develop. The width of the mouth bar is 53.9 m, the thickness is 2.21 m, the width-to-thickness ratio is 24.39, and the superimposition pattern is mainly joint type. When the lake level is higher, mainly terminal-type distributary channels, mouth bars, and sheet sand architectural units are developed. The width of the terminal-type underwater distributary channel ranges from 4.7 to 40.6 m, the thickness ranges from 0.4 to 1.03 m, and the width-to-thickness ratio is from 11.75 to 24.56, isolated in the muddy deposit. [Conclusions] When the supply of material sources is relatively stable, the increase in lake level leads to an increase in accommodative space. The architectural units evolve from trunk-type distributary channels to terminal-type ones, depositing mouth bars and sand sheets. The size of the sand body decreases, but the width-to-thickness ratio increases. Overall, the sand-to-ground ratio decreases, spatial connectivity decreases, and reservoir heterogeneity is enhanced.
Abstract:
[Objective] The sedimentary environment of the Pearl River Delta is complex. with abundant Perinereis trace fossils. The characteristics，distribution and assemblage of Perinereis and their relationships with sedimentary environment and sediment properties are significant for the study of trace fossils and palaeoenvironment. [Methods] Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, grain size analysis, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray scans, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta tidal flat, discussed the composition，assemblage and distribution characteristics of Perinereis in tidal flat of Pearl River Delta, and analyzed the relationship between the biological assemblage and the sedimentary environments. [Results] 1) The Perinereis mainly lives in the tidal flat area of the tidal channel and the interdistributary bay in the Pearl River Delta. 2) The remains of the Perinereis mainly have grazing trails and dwelling trails, but the grazing trails on the layer are hard to observe, and the dwelling trails in the layer mainly have simple Y-shaped, I-shaped and U-shaped and complex network structures, and there are bulges at the joints. 3) The Perinereis is suitable for living in the tidal flat or tidal channel of the interdistributary bay with low hydrodynamic conditions, low salinity, low turbidity and rich total organic carbon content. [Conclusions] The spatial distribution of Perinereis’ neoichnology is imbalanced, and multiple environmental conditions jointly control the abundance of Perinereis’ neoichnology. The habitat of Perinereis is similar to the trace fossil Polykladichnus, which can belong to both the Mermia and Glossifunites ichnofacies, the trace fossil assemblage of this relic mainly appears in the channel and tidal flat area, and this study supplements the biological data of modern neoichnology of Perinereis.
[Objective] The sedimentary environment of the Pearl River Delta is complex. with abundant Perinereis trace fossils. The characteristics，distribution and assemblage of Perinereis and their relationships with sedimentary environment and sediment properties are significant for the study of trace fossils and palaeoenvironment. [Methods] Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, grain size analysis, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon (TOC), X-ray scans, and three-dimensional (3D) reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta tidal flat, discussed the composition，assemblage and distribution characteristics of Perinereis in tidal flat of Pearl River Delta, and analyzed the relationship between the biological assemblage and the sedimentary environments. [Results] 1) The Perinereis mainly lives in the tidal flat area of the tidal channel and the interdistributary bay in the Pearl River Delta. 2) The remains of the Perinereis mainly have grazing trails and dwelling trails, but the grazing trails on the layer are hard to observe, and the dwelling trails in the layer mainly have simple Y-shaped, I-shaped and U-shaped and complex network structures, and there are bulges at the joints. 3) The Perinereis is suitable for living in the tidal flat or tidal channel of the interdistributary bay with low hydrodynamic conditions, low salinity, low turbidity and rich total organic carbon content. [Conclusions] The spatial distribution of Perinereis’ neoichnology is imbalanced, and multiple environmental conditions jointly control the abundance of Perinereis’ neoichnology. The habitat of Perinereis is similar to the trace fossil Polykladichnus, which can belong to both the Mermia and Glossifunites ichnofacies, the trace fossil assemblage of this relic mainly appears in the channel and tidal flat area, and this study supplements the biological data of modern neoichnology of Perinereis.
Abstract:
Numerical simulation is an important method to study turbidity current. Numerical simulation of turbidity current flow and sedimentary characteristics is of great practical significance for predicting and inverting turbidity current sedimentary environment, studying deep-water sedimentary system and exploring deep-water oil and gas resources and oil and gas reservoirs. In this paper, the numerical calculation model of turbidity current is constructed based on the layer average depth model of Kostic and Parker. By setting the initial conditions of different particle size concentration, inflow thickness and inflow velocity, the flow process and deposition characteristics of submarine turbidity current driven by suspended particles with four particle sizes at a slope of 3 % are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the characteristics of the turbidity current along the way are as follows : ( 1 ) In terms of the thickness of the turbidity current, the turbidity current began to thicken at the initial stage of the evolution of the turbidity current due to the entrainment of the environmental water, but it gradually thinned with the occurrence of sedimentation during the flow process. ( 2 ) In terms of flow velocity, the evolution of turbidity current is divided into three stages : acceleration stage, uniform stage and deceleration stage. Under the condition of the same initial thickness and the same sediment concentration, the higher the content of fine-grained sediments, the more stable the turbidity current is ( that is, it can maintain a uniform motion flow for a long time ). Under the same sediment composition and concentration conditions, the thicker the turbidity current is, the more stable it is. ( 3 ) In terms of sedimentary characteristics, the sediments near the source of the turbidity current accumulate more, and the sediments are mainly accumulated at the central axis. After the central axis, the thickness of the sediments decreases monotonously. The turbidity current with large thickness and high flow rate has a smaller deposition rate, but its deposition quantity is more. These results show that the method applied in this paper is suitable for the study of field-scale turbidity currents and is expected to be applied in nature in the future.
Numerical simulation is an important method to study turbidity current. Numerical simulation of turbidity current flow and sedimentary characteristics is of great practical significance for predicting and inverting turbidity current sedimentary environment, studying deep-water sedimentary system and exploring deep-water oil and gas resources and oil and gas reservoirs. In this paper, the numerical calculation model of turbidity current is constructed based on the layer average depth model of Kostic and Parker. By setting the initial conditions of different particle size concentration, inflow thickness and inflow velocity, the flow process and deposition characteristics of submarine turbidity current driven by suspended particles with four particle sizes at a slope of 3 % are simulated and analyzed. The simulation results show that the characteristics of the turbidity current along the way are as follows : ( 1 ) In terms of the thickness of the turbidity current, the turbidity current began to thicken at the initial stage of the evolution of the turbidity current due to the entrainment of the environmental water, but it gradually thinned with the occurrence of sedimentation during the flow process. ( 2 ) In terms of flow velocity, the evolution of turbidity current is divided into three stages : acceleration stage, uniform stage and deceleration stage. Under the condition of the same initial thickness and the same sediment concentration, the higher the content of fine-grained sediments, the more stable the turbidity current is ( that is, it can maintain a uniform motion flow for a long time ). Under the same sediment composition and concentration conditions, the thicker the turbidity current is, the more stable it is. ( 3 ) In terms of sedimentary characteristics, the sediments near the source of the turbidity current accumulate more, and the sediments are mainly accumulated at the central axis. After the central axis, the thickness of the sediments decreases monotonously. The turbidity current with large thickness and high flow rate has a smaller deposition rate, but its deposition quantity is more. These results show that the method applied in this paper is suitable for the study of field-scale turbidity currents and is expected to be applied in nature in the future.
Abstract:
Bauxite-type lithium-rich claystone deposits with great ore-forming potential have been found in the bauxite-bearing strata formed in different geological periods in the Yunnan-Guizhou area of southwestern China, but the current understanding of the material sources and lithium enrichment mechanisms of these bauxite-type lithium-rich claystones in these areas is still significantly insufficient. This study carried out a comparative analysis of the mineral composition, major trace and rare earth element composition of the bauxite-type lithium-rich claystone series of the Early Permian Daoshitou Formation in Yunnan and the Early Carboniferous Jiajialu Formation in Guizhou, and combined with the previous research results, systematically discussed the provenance characteristics and the limiting factors that caused the abnormal lithium enrichment of these two sets of bauxite-type lithium-rich claystones that formed in different ages but have extremely similar lithofacies characteristics. The results show that the difference in provenance characteristics between the Jiajialu Formation and the Daoshitou Formation lithium-rich claystones in Guizhou and Yunnan has a significant impact on their respective lithium characteristics. Generally, the formation of the Jiajialu Formation claystone with relatively low lithium content is closely related to the weathering and erosion of the impure dolomite of the underlying Loushanguan Group, and its original source may be the Mesoproterozoic-Middle Proterozoic intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks, and it is significantly affected by the magnesium-iron components. The formation of the Daoshitou Formation claystone with relatively high lithium content in Yunnan is significantly affected by the recycled material of the Ordovician sedimentary rock series, and the source connection with the underlying carbonate rock strata is weak. At the same time, its original source is obviously dominated by intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks. In addition, the lithium-bearing minerals in the lithium-rich claystones in the Yunnan-Guizhou area may be kaolinite or illite minerals, and the drainage of the basin during the sedimentary period and the coexistence effect of ions in the water body have played an important role in the enrichment of lithium in the clay. The relevant understanding of this study has important significance for deepening the ore-forming process and limiting mechanism of clay-type lithium deposits.
Bauxite-type lithium-rich claystone deposits with great ore-forming potential have been found in the bauxite-bearing strata formed in different geological periods in the Yunnan-Guizhou area of southwestern China, but the current understanding of the material sources and lithium enrichment mechanisms of these bauxite-type lithium-rich claystones in these areas is still significantly insufficient. This study carried out a comparative analysis of the mineral composition, major trace and rare earth element composition of the bauxite-type lithium-rich claystone series of the Early Permian Daoshitou Formation in Yunnan and the Early Carboniferous Jiajialu Formation in Guizhou, and combined with the previous research results, systematically discussed the provenance characteristics and the limiting factors that caused the abnormal lithium enrichment of these two sets of bauxite-type lithium-rich claystones that formed in different ages but have extremely similar lithofacies characteristics. The results show that the difference in provenance characteristics between the Jiajialu Formation and the Daoshitou Formation lithium-rich claystones in Guizhou and Yunnan has a significant impact on their respective lithium characteristics. Generally, the formation of the Jiajialu Formation claystone with relatively low lithium content is closely related to the weathering and erosion of the impure dolomite of the underlying Loushanguan Group, and its original source may be the Mesoproterozoic-Middle Proterozoic intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks, and it is significantly affected by the magnesium-iron components. The formation of the Daoshitou Formation claystone with relatively high lithium content in Yunnan is significantly affected by the recycled material of the Ordovician sedimentary rock series, and the source connection with the underlying carbonate rock strata is weak. At the same time, its original source is obviously dominated by intermediate-acidic magmatic rocks. In addition, the lithium-bearing minerals in the lithium-rich claystones in the Yunnan-Guizhou area may be kaolinite or illite minerals, and the drainage of the basin during the sedimentary period and the coexistence effect of ions in the water body have played an important role in the enrichment of lithium in the clay. The relevant understanding of this study has important significance for deepening the ore-forming process and limiting mechanism of clay-type lithium deposits.
Abstract:
It is of great significance to study the variation mechanism of magnetic susceptibility and chroma of sediments in different environments for paleoclimate reconstruction. Based on the sampling and measurement of magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry of the surface soils in the western Qilian Mountains in northwest China, this contribution discussed the variations of magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry in terms of the precipitation, temperature and altitude, and established the functional relationship between magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry and climate factors and altitude. The results show that: (1) there is a nonlinear relationship between magnetic susceptibility and average annual temperature and precipitation, and there is a threshold value (~0℃, ~300mm), below which the magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional, and vice versa; The magnetic susceptibility is negatively correlated with altitude in particularly at low altitude areas. (2) Chroma (brightness, redness, yellowness) has no obvious relationship with temperature and precipitation, and brightness has a significant negative correlation with altitude, and it is more sensitive in low altitude areas. (3) Compared with colorimetry, magnetic susceptibility can better reflect the climatic and elevation changes in the western Qilian Mountains. For altitude variation, the relationship between brightness and altitude is more significant at low altitude, followed by yellowness and magnetic susceptibility. The relationship between redness and brightness and altitude is more significant in high altitude area.
It is of great significance to study the variation mechanism of magnetic susceptibility and chroma of sediments in different environments for paleoclimate reconstruction. Based on the sampling and measurement of magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry of the surface soils in the western Qilian Mountains in northwest China, this contribution discussed the variations of magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry in terms of the precipitation, temperature and altitude, and established the functional relationship between magnetic susceptibility and colorimetry and climate factors and altitude. The results show that: (1) there is a nonlinear relationship between magnetic susceptibility and average annual temperature and precipitation, and there is a threshold value (~0℃, ~300mm), below which the magnetic susceptibility is inversely proportional, and vice versa; The magnetic susceptibility is negatively correlated with altitude in particularly at low altitude areas. (2) Chroma (brightness, redness, yellowness) has no obvious relationship with temperature and precipitation, and brightness has a significant negative correlation with altitude, and it is more sensitive in low altitude areas. (3) Compared with colorimetry, magnetic susceptibility can better reflect the climatic and elevation changes in the western Qilian Mountains. For altitude variation, the relationship between brightness and altitude is more significant at low altitude, followed by yellowness and magnetic susceptibility. The relationship between redness and brightness and altitude is more significant in high altitude area.
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[Significance] The architecture of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs is complex, and dominant seepage channels and barriers are developed inside the reservoirs. There is a lack of architecture models for underground reservoirs, which cannot effectively guide the recovery of remaining oil. [Method] In this paper, we have proposed the architecture pattern of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs by outcrops, satellite photos and numerical simulation with the Hudson Donghe sandstone as the research objective. Under the guidance of the mode, the architecture of the Donghe sandstone reservoir is finely characterized. [Result] The results show that: the depositional architecture of a single sand bar inside composite beach-bar is controlled by many factors such as shoreline shape, coastal slope, wave direction, and height, multiple types of sandbars can be formed, such as conical bar, tight moon bar, positive linear bar, nonlinear inclined bar, and sandy beak bar. Based on the identification of single sandbar boundaries and guided by the architecture mode, 13 sandbars of different sizes were identified in the C1 layer of the study area, including five tight moon bar, seven forward linear bars and one oblique bar, there are differences in quantitative scale between different sanbars. The length of tight moon bar is about 1.5-3 km, the length of the oblique bar is about 4.5-5 km, and the length of the positive linear bar is more than 6 km. The sandbars exhibits both progradational and retrogradational stacking patterns, while the bars in C1 small layer exhibits progradational lateral separation and progradational lateral stacking patterns. The migration rate of the coastline affects the stacking relationship between the sandbars. The numerical simulation results and outcrop data indicate that there are differences in the development patterns of the internal accretion bodies. The distribution patterns of the internal interlayers include top accretion, top accretion-side accretion, and interval type. In the C1 small layer, three types of distribution patterns of the internal interlayers were identified. The internal interlayers in the No. 16 sandbar exhibit a two-stage distribution feature of "top accretion-side accretion", while the internal interlayers in the No. 19 sandbar exhibit a "side accretion". The angle distribution range of the top and side accretion interlayers is about 1-3 ° and 3-7 °, and the interlayers between dam No. 14 and 15 sandbars are distributed in an "interval" pattern. The development pattern of the interlayers inside the bars of Hudson Donghe sandstone reservoir is summarized. [Conclusion] Fine characterization of the internal architecture of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs can effectively guide the recovery of remaining oil.
[Significance] The architecture of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs is complex, and dominant seepage channels and barriers are developed inside the reservoirs. There is a lack of architecture models for underground reservoirs, which cannot effectively guide the recovery of remaining oil. [Method] In this paper, we have proposed the architecture pattern of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs by outcrops, satellite photos and numerical simulation with the Hudson Donghe sandstone as the research objective. Under the guidance of the mode, the architecture of the Donghe sandstone reservoir is finely characterized. [Result] The results show that: the depositional architecture of a single sand bar inside composite beach-bar is controlled by many factors such as shoreline shape, coastal slope, wave direction, and height, multiple types of sandbars can be formed, such as conical bar, tight moon bar, positive linear bar, nonlinear inclined bar, and sandy beak bar. Based on the identification of single sandbar boundaries and guided by the architecture mode, 13 sandbars of different sizes were identified in the C1 layer of the study area, including five tight moon bar, seven forward linear bars and one oblique bar, there are differences in quantitative scale between different sanbars. The length of tight moon bar is about 1.5-3 km, the length of the oblique bar is about 4.5-5 km, and the length of the positive linear bar is more than 6 km. The sandbars exhibits both progradational and retrogradational stacking patterns, while the bars in C1 small layer exhibits progradational lateral separation and progradational lateral stacking patterns. The migration rate of the coastline affects the stacking relationship between the sandbars. The numerical simulation results and outcrop data indicate that there are differences in the development patterns of the internal accretion bodies. The distribution patterns of the internal interlayers include top accretion, top accretion-side accretion, and interval type. In the C1 small layer, three types of distribution patterns of the internal interlayers were identified. The internal interlayers in the No. 16 sandbar exhibit a two-stage distribution feature of "top accretion-side accretion", while the internal interlayers in the No. 19 sandbar exhibit a "side accretion". The angle distribution range of the top and side accretion interlayers is about 1-3 ° and 3-7 °, and the interlayers between dam No. 14 and 15 sandbars are distributed in an "interval" pattern. The development pattern of the interlayers inside the bars of Hudson Donghe sandstone reservoir is summarized. [Conclusion] Fine characterization of the internal architecture of marine sandy beach-bar reservoirs can effectively guide the recovery of remaining oil.
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Abstract: [Objective] The high-resolution climate reconstruction of Liaodong Peninsula is important for exploring the evolution of regional climate environment and high-quality development. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the sedimentary environment and climate history by studying the sediments of the west coast of Dalian. [Methods] By analyzing AMS14C dating, lithology, and geochemical elements of the Laoyuwo (LYW) section to reveal the evolution of sedimentary environment and paleoclimate of the region. [Results and Discussions] The sediment is mainly composed of sand, silt, and gravel, which recorded sedimentary environment and paleoclimate evolution information from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Middle Holocene (18815–6802 cal.BP). The main chemical components in the profile are SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and Fe2O3, the total content of which is 90.34%. The contents of major elements from large to small are SiO2 > Al2O3 > K2O > Fe2O3 > Na2O > CaO > TiO2 > MgO > P2O5 > MnO. The sedimentary records shows that the region experienced a dry and cold alluvial (18.8 cal.ka BP – late LGM), slightly warm and humid coastal intertidal (18.8–16.0 cal.ka BP), warm and humid coastal subtidal (18.8–16.0 aal.ka bp), warm and humid coastal subtidal（(16.0–11.7 cal.ka BP), warmest and wettest coastal salt marsh (11.7–6.8 cal.ka BP), and dry and cold fluvial environment (6.8–0 cal.ka BP). The highest sea level around 6.8 cal.ka BP and the rapid climatic events during Younger Dryas (DY) and 8.0–9.0 ka are also responses in the sediment. [Conclusions] This study provides basic data and information for the Holocene climate reconstruction of Liaodong Peninsula, particularly for the sedimentary environment evolution history of the west coast of Dalian.
Abstract: [Objective] The high-resolution climate reconstruction of Liaodong Peninsula is important for exploring the evolution of regional climate environment and high-quality development. The aim of this study is to reconstruct the sedimentary environment and climate history by studying the sediments of the west coast of Dalian. [Methods] By analyzing AMS14C dating, lithology, and geochemical elements of the Laoyuwo (LYW) section to reveal the evolution of sedimentary environment and paleoclimate of the region. [Results and Discussions] The sediment is mainly composed of sand, silt, and gravel, which recorded sedimentary environment and paleoclimate evolution information from the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) to the Middle Holocene (18815–6802 cal.BP). The main chemical components in the profile are SiO2, Al2O3, K2O, and Fe2O3, the total content of which is 90.34%. The contents of major elements from large to small are SiO2 > Al2O3 > K2O > Fe2O3 > Na2O > CaO > TiO2 > MgO > P2O5 > MnO. The sedimentary records shows that the region experienced a dry and cold alluvial (18.8 cal.ka BP – late LGM), slightly warm and humid coastal intertidal (18.8–16.0 cal.ka BP), warm and humid coastal subtidal (18.8–16.0 aal.ka bp), warm and humid coastal subtidal（(16.0–11.7 cal.ka BP), warmest and wettest coastal salt marsh (11.7–6.8 cal.ka BP), and dry and cold fluvial environment (6.8–0 cal.ka BP). The highest sea level around 6.8 cal.ka BP and the rapid climatic events during Younger Dryas (DY) and 8.0–9.0 ka are also responses in the sediment. [Conclusions] This study provides basic data and information for the Holocene climate reconstruction of Liaodong Peninsula, particularly for the sedimentary environment evolution history of the west coast of Dalian.
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Gulong shale oil is an important replacement resource in the Songliao Basin, with an estimated resource amount of 15.1 billion tons. From the perspective of sedimentary and petrological characteristics, the most prominent feature of Gulong Qingshankou Formation shale is the extensive development of sand dikes, which is not found in shale oil reservoirs in other basins. Therefore, this is also an important information to explore the formation environment of Gulong Qingshankou Formation shale. The most peculiar thing is that in addition to sand dikes, there are two other special dikes in Gulong Qingshankou shale: pyrite dikes and cementite dikes. Pyrite dikes and cementite dikes are generally small in scale, with widths of 1-2 mm. Visible length several centimeters; Mostly curved like intestine, a few slightly curved. Multi-tilt output, tilt direction has a certain rule, 180° symmetry. The pyrite dikes in the shale oil reservoir of Qingshankou Formation in Gulong are formed by late pyritization of sand dikes. The cementation dikes are formed by gravity subsidence caused by density inversion and the formation kinetics of pyrite and tuff dike are also studied. The study of pyrite dikes and puffite dikes in the Gulong shale oil reservoir has three significances: first, the formation time, sedimentary environment, sedimentary process and sediment state of pyrite dikes and tuff dikes can be known; Second, the diagenetic compaction rate of shale can be known. Third, it can assist reservoir evaluation.
Gulong shale oil is an important replacement resource in the Songliao Basin, with an estimated resource amount of 15.1 billion tons. From the perspective of sedimentary and petrological characteristics, the most prominent feature of Gulong Qingshankou Formation shale is the extensive development of sand dikes, which is not found in shale oil reservoirs in other basins. Therefore, this is also an important information to explore the formation environment of Gulong Qingshankou Formation shale. The most peculiar thing is that in addition to sand dikes, there are two other special dikes in Gulong Qingshankou shale: pyrite dikes and cementite dikes. Pyrite dikes and cementite dikes are generally small in scale, with widths of 1-2 mm. Visible length several centimeters; Mostly curved like intestine, a few slightly curved. Multi-tilt output, tilt direction has a certain rule, 180° symmetry. The pyrite dikes in the shale oil reservoir of Qingshankou Formation in Gulong are formed by late pyritization of sand dikes. The cementation dikes are formed by gravity subsidence caused by density inversion and the formation kinetics of pyrite and tuff dike are also studied. The study of pyrite dikes and puffite dikes in the Gulong shale oil reservoir has three significances: first, the formation time, sedimentary environment, sedimentary process and sediment state of pyrite dikes and tuff dikes can be known; Second, the diagenetic compaction rate of shale can be known. Third, it can assist reservoir evaluation.
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Abstract: [Objective] The level of oxygen content in shallow sea and atmosphere during the Mesoproterozoic (about 1.8-1.0 Ga) has been controversial.Due to the slow evolution of eukaryotes during this period, the redox state of the surface ocean and atmosphere has been considered to be a relatively stable hypoxic state. However, in recent years, more and more evidence shows that there are dynamic fluctuations in oxygen content during this period. However, due to the heterogeneity of time and space, people 's understanding of the global redox state during this period is still very limited.[Methods] In this study, the redox state of the shallow sea in the southern margin of the North China Craton was studied by analyzing the Ce anomaly, δ13C and Y/Ho indexes of carbonate rocks in the Longjiayuan ( 1.59-1.54Ga ) Formation.[Results] The results show that there are obvious negative Ce anomalies ( 0.53 ~ 0.94 ) and positive δ13C anomalies before and after 1.54 Ga in this area, accompanied by a significant increase in Y / Ho ( average 64 ), and later returned to normal levels.[Conclusion] It indicated that there might be a transient oxidation event. This oxidation event is consistent with the contemporaneous strata of the Jixian System in the northern margin of the North China Craton, indicating that the fluctuation of shallow sea oxygen content during this period may be widespread in the North China Craton. This study can provide direct evidence for the pulse oxygenation event in the Mesoproterozoic, and help to further determine the redox state of the shallow sea during this period and the effect of oxygen on the evolution of eukaryotes.
Abstract: [Objective] The level of oxygen content in shallow sea and atmosphere during the Mesoproterozoic (about 1.8-1.0 Ga) has been controversial.Due to the slow evolution of eukaryotes during this period, the redox state of the surface ocean and atmosphere has been considered to be a relatively stable hypoxic state. However, in recent years, more and more evidence shows that there are dynamic fluctuations in oxygen content during this period. However, due to the heterogeneity of time and space, people 's understanding of the global redox state during this period is still very limited.[Methods] In this study, the redox state of the shallow sea in the southern margin of the North China Craton was studied by analyzing the Ce anomaly, δ13C and Y/Ho indexes of carbonate rocks in the Longjiayuan ( 1.59-1.54Ga ) Formation.[Results] The results show that there are obvious negative Ce anomalies ( 0.53 ~ 0.94 ) and positive δ13C anomalies before and after 1.54 Ga in this area, accompanied by a significant increase in Y / Ho ( average 64 ), and later returned to normal levels.[Conclusion] It indicated that there might be a transient oxidation event. This oxidation event is consistent with the contemporaneous strata of the Jixian System in the northern margin of the North China Craton, indicating that the fluctuation of shallow sea oxygen content during this period may be widespread in the North China Craton. This study can provide direct evidence for the pulse oxygenation event in the Mesoproterozoic, and help to further determine the redox state of the shallow sea during this period and the effect of oxygen on the evolution of eukaryotes.
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[Objective] Shallowing-upward sequences are extensively developed in shallow-water carbonate environments, and the identification of shallowing-upward sequences in deep-water carbonate rocks holds a unique advantage for analyzing the evolution of shallow-water carbonate sedimentary environments. [Method] This study focuses on the Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in Xiuqi Town, Chengkou County, on the northern margin of the Yangtze Platform. Through detailed field sedimentological analysis and laboratory microfacies analysis, shallowing-upward sequences in carbonate rocks were identified. The compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships were analyzed, thereby exploring the Late Cambrian sedimentary environment evolution in the upper Yangtze region. [Results and Discussions] In the Xixiangchi Formation, 14 sedimentary microfacies have been identified, including MF0 argillaceous shale, MF1 micrite, MF2 bright crystal gravel limestone, MF3 bright crystal sand limestone, MF4 muddy siltstone, MF5 dolomitic microcrystalline limestone, MF6 gravel dolomite, MF7 bright crystal sand dolomite, MF8 sandy gravel grain dolomite, MF9 sandy sandy lithic grain dolomite, MF10 sandy dolomite, MF11 laminated dolomite, MF12 bamboo leaf-like gravel dolomite, and MF13 grain dolomite with dissolution pores. Based on the microfacies associations, six decimeter-scale upward-shallowing tidal sub-environments (C1-1 to C1-6) have been recognized within the Xixiangchi Formation, representing subtidal deposition. Additionally, six decimeter-scale upward-shallowing tidal-subtidal transition sub-environments (C2-1 to C2-6) and two decimeter-scale upward-shallowing intertidal-subtidal transition sub-environments (C3-1 and C3-2) have been identified. These decimeter-scale upward-shallowing cycles constitute three secondary sea-level cycles. These three secondary cycles, from bottom to top, combine to form one upward-shallowing sedimentary cycle within the Xixiangchi Formation, representing a rapid transgression followed by gradual regression. [Conclusions] Based on the identification of shallowing-upward sedimentary sequences and the analysis of their compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships, it is believed that the Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation was significantly influenced by high-frequency sea-level changes. It as a whole underwent an early rapid marine transgression, followed by a late slow regression, and experienced multiple episodes of secondary sea-level fluctuations. This resulted in a restricted carbonate platform sedimentary model characterized by mixed intertidal subfacies, chalky lagoon subfacies, and inner-shelf grainy shoal subfacies. This study further confirms a global late Cambrian sea-level regression event.
[Objective] Shallowing-upward sequences are extensively developed in shallow-water carbonate environments, and the identification of shallowing-upward sequences in deep-water carbonate rocks holds a unique advantage for analyzing the evolution of shallow-water carbonate sedimentary environments. [Method] This study focuses on the Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in Xiuqi Town, Chengkou County, on the northern margin of the Yangtze Platform. Through detailed field sedimentological analysis and laboratory microfacies analysis, shallowing-upward sequences in carbonate rocks were identified. The compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships were analyzed, thereby exploring the Late Cambrian sedimentary environment evolution in the upper Yangtze region. [Results and Discussions] In the Xixiangchi Formation, 14 sedimentary microfacies have been identified, including MF0 argillaceous shale, MF1 micrite, MF2 bright crystal gravel limestone, MF3 bright crystal sand limestone, MF4 muddy siltstone, MF5 dolomitic microcrystalline limestone, MF6 gravel dolomite, MF7 bright crystal sand dolomite, MF8 sandy gravel grain dolomite, MF9 sandy sandy lithic grain dolomite, MF10 sandy dolomite, MF11 laminated dolomite, MF12 bamboo leaf-like gravel dolomite, and MF13 grain dolomite with dissolution pores. Based on the microfacies associations, six decimeter-scale upward-shallowing tidal sub-environments (C1-1 to C1-6) have been recognized within the Xixiangchi Formation, representing subtidal deposition. Additionally, six decimeter-scale upward-shallowing tidal-subtidal transition sub-environments (C2-1 to C2-6) and two decimeter-scale upward-shallowing intertidal-subtidal transition sub-environments (C3-1 and C3-2) have been identified. These decimeter-scale upward-shallowing cycles constitute three secondary sea-level cycles. These three secondary cycles, from bottom to top, combine to form one upward-shallowing sedimentary cycle within the Xixiangchi Formation, representing a rapid transgression followed by gradual regression. [Conclusions] Based on the identification of shallowing-upward sedimentary sequences and the analysis of their compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships, it is believed that the Late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation was significantly influenced by high-frequency sea-level changes. It as a whole underwent an early rapid marine transgression, followed by a late slow regression, and experienced multiple episodes of secondary sea-level fluctuations. This resulted in a restricted carbonate platform sedimentary model characterized by mixed intertidal subfacies, chalky lagoon subfacies, and inner-shelf grainy shoal subfacies. This study further confirms a global late Cambrian sea-level regression event.
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[Objective] The reef- shoal reservoirs of Changxing Formation are widely developed in the Kaijiang-Liangping Trough, and the oil and gas resources were abundant. The coring and seismic data on the east side of the trough are limited, and the traditional geological qualitative methods are difficult to accurately divide and compare the sequence stratigraphy, which brings some difficulties to the prediction of high-quality reservoirs. The In-depth study of high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of Changxing Formation is helpful to refine the distribution law of sedimentary facies in the sequence framework, clarify the sedimentary evolution process on the east side of the trough, and improve the accuracy of favorable reservoir prediction, so as to provide a basis for deepening the exploration and development of reef-beach reservoirs. [Method] Based on the field profile, core, logging and seismic data and integrated with INPEFA logging cycle technology, the characteristics of high frequency sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system of Changxing Formation in eastern Sichuan are studied. [Result] The results show that the Changxing Formation is divided into two third-order sequences and five fourth-order sequences from bottom to top. The carbonate ramp sedimentary was developed in the early stage of the Changxing Formation, and the carbonate platform sedimentary was developed in the middle-late stage, which can be subdivided into open platform facies, platform margin facies and slope-basin facies. The favorable reservoir facies belt of the Changxing Formation is mainly platform margin reef facies. The Changxing Formation develops crystalline dolomite, (residual) granular dolomite, and reef dolomite reservoirs. The reservoir heterogeneity is strong, and the overall performance is low porosity-medium and low permeability. [Conclusion] The favorable reservoir zones are distributed in the shape of ' Y ', mainly concentrated in the areas of Puguang 5-Laojun 1-Qilibei 2-Qilibei 101-Huanglong 5-Huanglong 8-Huanglong 4, which are distributed in intermittent strips or dots along the platform margin. The platform margin beach in the back row of Qilibei is a sub-favorable zone, which is distributed in a strip within the study area. The spatial and temporal evolution law of sedimentary facies belt and the prediction results of favorable reservoir distribution in Changxing Formation in northeastern Sichuan can provide geological basis for the next exploration and development of reef-shoal reservoirs.
[Objective] The reef- shoal reservoirs of Changxing Formation are widely developed in the Kaijiang-Liangping Trough, and the oil and gas resources were abundant. The coring and seismic data on the east side of the trough are limited, and the traditional geological qualitative methods are difficult to accurately divide and compare the sequence stratigraphy, which brings some difficulties to the prediction of high-quality reservoirs. The In-depth study of high-frequency sequence stratigraphy of Changxing Formation is helpful to refine the distribution law of sedimentary facies in the sequence framework, clarify the sedimentary evolution process on the east side of the trough, and improve the accuracy of favorable reservoir prediction, so as to provide a basis for deepening the exploration and development of reef-beach reservoirs. [Method] Based on the field profile, core, logging and seismic data and integrated with INPEFA logging cycle technology, the characteristics of high frequency sequence stratigraphy and sedimentary system of Changxing Formation in eastern Sichuan are studied. [Result] The results show that the Changxing Formation is divided into two third-order sequences and five fourth-order sequences from bottom to top. The carbonate ramp sedimentary was developed in the early stage of the Changxing Formation, and the carbonate platform sedimentary was developed in the middle-late stage, which can be subdivided into open platform facies, platform margin facies and slope-basin facies. The favorable reservoir facies belt of the Changxing Formation is mainly platform margin reef facies. The Changxing Formation develops crystalline dolomite, (residual) granular dolomite, and reef dolomite reservoirs. The reservoir heterogeneity is strong, and the overall performance is low porosity-medium and low permeability. [Conclusion] The favorable reservoir zones are distributed in the shape of ' Y ', mainly concentrated in the areas of Puguang 5-Laojun 1-Qilibei 2-Qilibei 101-Huanglong 5-Huanglong 8-Huanglong 4, which are distributed in intermittent strips or dots along the platform margin. The platform margin beach in the back row of Qilibei is a sub-favorable zone, which is distributed in a strip within the study area. The spatial and temporal evolution law of sedimentary facies belt and the prediction results of favorable reservoir distribution in Changxing Formation in northeastern Sichuan can provide geological basis for the next exploration and development of reef-shoal reservoirs.
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Abstract: J1b1 Formation in the Mahu slope area is a set of sandy (gravel) rock deposits of coal-bearing rock series close to the J/T unconformity. The shale rich conglomerate belt near the bottom of the J/T unconformity has obvious oil and gas thickened, and light oil and gas are mainly concentrated in the thin sandstone belt above the coal seam. There is still no research on the origin of oil and gas thickening zone in relatively deep buried area, the percolation mechanism of atmospheric fresh water to overlying strata on unconformity surface, and the origin of light oil and gas enrichment above coal seam of coal-bearing rock series. Therefore, based on the properties of crude oil and carbon isotope analysis of natural gas, combined with the data of burial history, thermal history, pore evolution history, and laser Raman spectrum analysis of hydrocarbon salt water inclusions, the genetic types of J1b1 natural gas and the origin and distribution of hydrocarbon thickening zone and light oil and gas zone are discussed. The results show that: ①J1b1 coal-bearing rock series can be divided into oil and gas thickening zone and light oil and gas zone according to the characteristics of oil and gas density viscosity. The former is mainly distributed in the upper wall of the fault zone, the fault zone, and the bottom of the slope zone adjacent to the J/T unconformity. The latter is mainly distributed in the thin sandstone zone above the coal seam in the slope zone, and the coal-derived gas content is high. ②The origin of the shale rich conglomerate oil and gas thickening zone at the bottom of the slope zone adjacent to the J/T unconformity is closely related to the atmospheric freshwater compacting-centrifugal flow oxidation degradation. The “YANSHAN normal fault-J /T unconformity -shale rich conglomerate assemblage”and the associated capillary imbibition of wetting water phase led to the formation of atmospheric freshwater compaction-centrifugal flow oil-gas thickening zone closely related to the unconformity in the slope area of relatively deep burial. ③The thin sandstone reservoir above the coal seam has the characteristics of “self-generated and self-stored (deinspiratory charging in J1b1 coal seam)” and “bottom-generated and upper-stored (hydrocarbon supply from P1f source rock)”, and has the advantage of light oil and gas enrichment. The coal seam desorption diffused upward through the positive fracture into the thin sandstone at the top, and the methane carbon isotope value was relatively light, which was different from the retained adsorbed gas in the coal seam (δ13C1=-48.2‰ in the former and δ13C1=-43.6‰ in the latter). The geological stratification effect caused by long distance migration of P1f source rock oil and gas further promotes the accumulation of light oil and gas in thin sandstone above the coal seam. The conclusion is that the upper thin sandstone belt of J1b1 is the first choice for exploration of light oil and gas enrichment belt. The quantitative lithological logging identification map of coal-bearing rock series with the combined restraint of CNL-IMP was established, and the effective reservoir distribution area of the upper thin sandstone of J1b1 with a thickness≥10m was identified in the Yanbei1 3D seismic zone.
Abstract: J1b1 Formation in the Mahu slope area is a set of sandy (gravel) rock deposits of coal-bearing rock series close to the J/T unconformity. The shale rich conglomerate belt near the bottom of the J/T unconformity has obvious oil and gas thickened, and light oil and gas are mainly concentrated in the thin sandstone belt above the coal seam. There is still no research on the origin of oil and gas thickening zone in relatively deep buried area, the percolation mechanism of atmospheric fresh water to overlying strata on unconformity surface, and the origin of light oil and gas enrichment above coal seam of coal-bearing rock series. Therefore, based on the properties of crude oil and carbon isotope analysis of natural gas, combined with the data of burial history, thermal history, pore evolution history, and laser Raman spectrum analysis of hydrocarbon salt water inclusions, the genetic types of J1b1 natural gas and the origin and distribution of hydrocarbon thickening zone and light oil and gas zone are discussed. The results show that: ①J1b1 coal-bearing rock series can be divided into oil and gas thickening zone and light oil and gas zone according to the characteristics of oil and gas density viscosity. The former is mainly distributed in the upper wall of the fault zone, the fault zone, and the bottom of the slope zone adjacent to the J/T unconformity. The latter is mainly distributed in the thin sandstone zone above the coal seam in the slope zone, and the coal-derived gas content is high. ②The origin of the shale rich conglomerate oil and gas thickening zone at the bottom of the slope zone adjacent to the J/T unconformity is closely related to the atmospheric freshwater compacting-centrifugal flow oxidation degradation. The “YANSHAN normal fault-J /T unconformity -shale rich conglomerate assemblage”and the associated capillary imbibition of wetting water phase led to the formation of atmospheric freshwater compaction-centrifugal flow oil-gas thickening zone closely related to the unconformity in the slope area of relatively deep burial. ③The thin sandstone reservoir above the coal seam has the characteristics of “self-generated and self-stored (deinspiratory charging in J1b1 coal seam)” and “bottom-generated and upper-stored (hydrocarbon supply from P1f source rock)”, and has the advantage of light oil and gas enrichment. The coal seam desorption diffused upward through the positive fracture into the thin sandstone at the top, and the methane carbon isotope value was relatively light, which was different from the retained adsorbed gas in the coal seam (δ13C1=-48.2‰ in the former and δ13C1=-43.6‰ in the latter). The geological stratification effect caused by long distance migration of P1f source rock oil and gas further promotes the accumulation of light oil and gas in thin sandstone above the coal seam. The conclusion is that the upper thin sandstone belt of J1b1 is the first choice for exploration of light oil and gas enrichment belt. The quantitative lithological logging identification map of coal-bearing rock series with the combined restraint of CNL-IMP was established, and the effective reservoir distribution area of the upper thin sandstone of J1b1 with a thickness≥10m was identified in the Yanbei1 3D seismic zone.
Abstract:
[Objective] The redox states of the early Ediacaran ocean has always been a research hotspot. The formation process of sedimentary barite nodules is studied to explore the redox variation of the Ediacaran ocean immediately after the Snowball Earth event. [Methods] Analysis on sedimentary environments of barite nodules from calcareous mudstone of the lower Doushantuo Formation in Jinguadun section were developed via sedimentologic and petromineralogical methods. [Result and Discussion] Sedimentary beddings of the surrounding rocks are curved around the barite nodules, indicating that these nodules are probably classified to diagenetic nodules and formed in sedimentary soft muds during the early diagenetic stage. The barite, quartz and pyrite are the three top authigenic sedimentary minerals in the nodules. The mineral distribution is stratified in the barite nodules. Specially, the inner layer contains dense pyrite aggregates dominated by euhedral to subhedral pyrite grains and quartz minerals that grow interwoven together. From the core to the outer edge developed radial aggregates by barite and quartz. This study preliminarily demonstrates that the formation of authigenic sedimentary minerals occurring in different parts of the barite nodules probably precipitate in different redox zones. That is to say, the pyrite and quartz minerals in the inner nodule are formed in the sulfate reduction zone, then the formation location of nodules gradually transits from sulfate reduction zone to sulfate-methane transition zone. The Ba2+ sources in the barite probably originate from the methanogenic zone, where dissolution of labile and biogenic barite associated with organic matter occurs. The upward spreading Ba2+ ions react with downward diffusing seawater sulfate radicals and deposit barium sulfate in the upper front of sulfate-methane transition zone. [Conclusion] The formation process of the barite nodules is staged. Observation on barite nodules indicates that the depth of oceanic sulfate reduction chemocline has descende into the loose sediments beneath the interface of sediment and water body after the Snowball Event at about 600 Ma, due to the increase levels of the continental sulfate input at that time. Methane was partly oxidized in sulfate-methane transition zone, thus reducing the atmospheric emission of marine methane.
[Objective] The redox states of the early Ediacaran ocean has always been a research hotspot. The formation process of sedimentary barite nodules is studied to explore the redox variation of the Ediacaran ocean immediately after the Snowball Earth event. [Methods] Analysis on sedimentary environments of barite nodules from calcareous mudstone of the lower Doushantuo Formation in Jinguadun section were developed via sedimentologic and petromineralogical methods. [Result and Discussion] Sedimentary beddings of the surrounding rocks are curved around the barite nodules, indicating that these nodules are probably classified to diagenetic nodules and formed in sedimentary soft muds during the early diagenetic stage. The barite, quartz and pyrite are the three top authigenic sedimentary minerals in the nodules. The mineral distribution is stratified in the barite nodules. Specially, the inner layer contains dense pyrite aggregates dominated by euhedral to subhedral pyrite grains and quartz minerals that grow interwoven together. From the core to the outer edge developed radial aggregates by barite and quartz. This study preliminarily demonstrates that the formation of authigenic sedimentary minerals occurring in different parts of the barite nodules probably precipitate in different redox zones. That is to say, the pyrite and quartz minerals in the inner nodule are formed in the sulfate reduction zone, then the formation location of nodules gradually transits from sulfate reduction zone to sulfate-methane transition zone. The Ba2+ sources in the barite probably originate from the methanogenic zone, where dissolution of labile and biogenic barite associated with organic matter occurs. The upward spreading Ba2+ ions react with downward diffusing seawater sulfate radicals and deposit barium sulfate in the upper front of sulfate-methane transition zone. [Conclusion] The formation process of the barite nodules is staged. Observation on barite nodules indicates that the depth of oceanic sulfate reduction chemocline has descende into the loose sediments beneath the interface of sediment and water body after the Snowball Event at about 600 Ma, due to the increase levels of the continental sulfate input at that time. Methane was partly oxidized in sulfate-methane transition zone, thus reducing the atmospheric emission of marine methane.
Abstract:
The formation and evolution of the Earth's crust is an important aspect of studying the early evolution of the Earth towards livable planets. The successive discovery of early basement rocks and their zircon age information in the Dabie region has made it an important place to study the early Earth. Compared with the limited exposure of basement rocks, the detrital zircons in river sediments can comprehensively reflect the geological evolution information of the source area, and are an effective means to explore the growth and evolution of continental crust. This article conducts U-Pb Hf isotope analysis of zircons in detrital sediments from three different rivers in the Dabie region. The U-Pb zircon age peaks obtained can be divided into four groups: 2676-2424 Ma, 2035-1812 Ma, 890-748 Ma, and 140-120 Ma. Based on the data in this article and previous research results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The magmatic activity records in the Dabie region can be roughly divided into 10 stages and 5 cycles. The quiet periods are 3.0-2.9Ga, 2.4-2.1Ga, 1.8-0.9Ga, 0.70-0.14Ga, and the explosive periods are 4.0-3.0Ga, 2.9-2.4Ga, 2.1-1.8Ga, 0.9-0.7Ga, 0.14-0.12Ga, respectively. (2) The Dabie region mainly experienced four stages of metamorphic events, which occurred in the late Neoarchean (~2.5Ga), middle Paleoproterozoic (~2.0Ga), Triassic (0.24-0.20Ga), and Cretaceous (0.14-0.12Ga). (3) The Dabie region mainly experienced four stages of crustal growth events: initial crustal growth during the Mesozoic era, and massive crustal growth at 4.4-4.1Ga; The crustal growth at 4.1~3.9Ga is relatively slow, with no significant crustal growth; 3.9~2.8Ga sustained crustal growth; The crustal growth rate is relatively slow at 2.8~1.0Ga. (4) Compared to the magmatic, metamorphic, and crustal growth events in the Dabie and Huangling regions, there is a significant difference between the two before~2.0Ga, suggesting that the two were more likely independent micro landmasses before this time.
The formation and evolution of the Earth's crust is an important aspect of studying the early evolution of the Earth towards livable planets. The successive discovery of early basement rocks and their zircon age information in the Dabie region has made it an important place to study the early Earth. Compared with the limited exposure of basement rocks, the detrital zircons in river sediments can comprehensively reflect the geological evolution information of the source area, and are an effective means to explore the growth and evolution of continental crust. This article conducts U-Pb Hf isotope analysis of zircons in detrital sediments from three different rivers in the Dabie region. The U-Pb zircon age peaks obtained can be divided into four groups: 2676-2424 Ma, 2035-1812 Ma, 890-748 Ma, and 140-120 Ma. Based on the data in this article and previous research results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) The magmatic activity records in the Dabie region can be roughly divided into 10 stages and 5 cycles. The quiet periods are 3.0-2.9Ga, 2.4-2.1Ga, 1.8-0.9Ga, 0.70-0.14Ga, and the explosive periods are 4.0-3.0Ga, 2.9-2.4Ga, 2.1-1.8Ga, 0.9-0.7Ga, 0.14-0.12Ga, respectively. (2) The Dabie region mainly experienced four stages of metamorphic events, which occurred in the late Neoarchean (~2.5Ga), middle Paleoproterozoic (~2.0Ga), Triassic (0.24-0.20Ga), and Cretaceous (0.14-0.12Ga). (3) The Dabie region mainly experienced four stages of crustal growth events: initial crustal growth during the Mesozoic era, and massive crustal growth at 4.4-4.1Ga; The crustal growth at 4.1~3.9Ga is relatively slow, with no significant crustal growth; 3.9~2.8Ga sustained crustal growth; The crustal growth rate is relatively slow at 2.8~1.0Ga. (4) Compared to the magmatic, metamorphic, and crustal growth events in the Dabie and Huangling regions, there is a significant difference between the two before~2.0Ga, suggesting that the two were more likely independent micro landmasses before this time.
Abstract:
[Objective]The limestone-marlstone alterations (LMAs) are the important archives of climatic, hydrological, and geological events for geologists. But as a typical endmember of the LMAs, the knowledge about the genesis of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure of the Member I of the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin has not come to agreement widely. This not only seriously affects environmental researching of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure, but also affects the efficiency of its exploration. Dolomitization is developed in the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure (mainly in the eyelids) of the Member I of the Maokou Formation of the DB1 well during the penecontemporaneous and early diagenetic phase can be used to constrain the depositional environments of carbonate rocks. [Methods] In this paper, petrological and geochemical analyses have been carried out in detailed, the process and the fluid properties of dolomitization has been discussed to constrain the process of LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure. [Results and Discussions]Three types of dolomitization are developed in the Member I of the Maokou Formation, which are muddy dolomitic (EDM-I); limy dolomitic (EDM-II) and dolomitic marlstone(EDL). EDM-I has the highest degree of dolomitization, distinct bands of cathodoluminescence, a flat rare earth partitioning pattern, higher δ13C and δ18O values but lower Y/Ho values relative to seawater, it was dolomitized by penecontemporaneous seawater mixed with a small amount of meteoric freshwater during the penecontemporaneous phase. EDM-II has the middle degree of dolomitization, a left leaning rare earth partitioning pattern and values of δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, and Y/Ho similar to seawater, it was dolomitized by seawater with high Mg/Ca, which was induced by frequent sea-level rise and fall changes during the syn-sedimentary and penecontemporaneous phase. EDL has the lowest degree of dolomitization, a left leaning rare earth partitioning pattern, higher δ13C and δ18O values relative to EDM-II, and seawater-like Y/Ho values. EDL was dolomitized by the sealed seawater of the syn-sedimentary phase which has been alterated with the wall rocks in the early diagenetic stage. [Conclusions] The dolomitization of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure by weakly evaporating seawater and seawater mixed with freshwater during the penecontemporaneous and early diagenetic phase requires that the LMAs deposited in a shallower water. The high mud content, high strontium isotope and rare earth element values, low carbon and oxygen isotope values and Y/Ho values of the eyelid-like marlstone relative to the eyeball-like limestone indicate that the depth of water for the eyelid-like marlstone is shallower than that of the eyeball-like limestone during they deposited. Therefore, it is inferred that the LMAs in the Member I of the Maokou Formation were produced under cyclic oscillation in the depositional environment, and their genesis may have been mainly influenced by sedimentary process.
[Objective]The limestone-marlstone alterations (LMAs) are the important archives of climatic, hydrological, and geological events for geologists. But as a typical endmember of the LMAs, the knowledge about the genesis of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure of the Member I of the Maokou Formation in the Sichuan Basin has not come to agreement widely. This not only seriously affects environmental researching of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure, but also affects the efficiency of its exploration. Dolomitization is developed in the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure (mainly in the eyelids) of the Member I of the Maokou Formation of the DB1 well during the penecontemporaneous and early diagenetic phase can be used to constrain the depositional environments of carbonate rocks. [Methods] In this paper, petrological and geochemical analyses have been carried out in detailed, the process and the fluid properties of dolomitization has been discussed to constrain the process of LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure. [Results and Discussions]Three types of dolomitization are developed in the Member I of the Maokou Formation, which are muddy dolomitic (EDM-I); limy dolomitic (EDM-II) and dolomitic marlstone(EDL). EDM-I has the highest degree of dolomitization, distinct bands of cathodoluminescence, a flat rare earth partitioning pattern, higher δ13C and δ18O values but lower Y/Ho values relative to seawater, it was dolomitized by penecontemporaneous seawater mixed with a small amount of meteoric freshwater during the penecontemporaneous phase. EDM-II has the middle degree of dolomitization, a left leaning rare earth partitioning pattern and values of δ13C, δ18O, 87Sr/86Sr, and Y/Ho similar to seawater, it was dolomitized by seawater with high Mg/Ca, which was induced by frequent sea-level rise and fall changes during the syn-sedimentary and penecontemporaneous phase. EDL has the lowest degree of dolomitization, a left leaning rare earth partitioning pattern, higher δ13C and δ18O values relative to EDM-II, and seawater-like Y/Ho values. EDL was dolomitized by the sealed seawater of the syn-sedimentary phase which has been alterated with the wall rocks in the early diagenetic stage. [Conclusions] The dolomitization of the LMAs with eyelid-eyeball structure by weakly evaporating seawater and seawater mixed with freshwater during the penecontemporaneous and early diagenetic phase requires that the LMAs deposited in a shallower water. The high mud content, high strontium isotope and rare earth element values, low carbon and oxygen isotope values and Y/Ho values of the eyelid-like marlstone relative to the eyeball-like limestone indicate that the depth of water for the eyelid-like marlstone is shallower than that of the eyeball-like limestone during they deposited. Therefore, it is inferred that the LMAs in the Member I of the Maokou Formation were produced under cyclic oscillation in the depositional environment, and their genesis may have been mainly influenced by sedimentary process.
Abstract:
[Objective]Mixed sediments were widely developed in Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope, clarify the mixed sedimentary characteristics and its control on reservoir is of great significance to determines the target area for exploration and development in the next step. [Methods]Based on core, thin section, well logging seismic, as well as laboratory analysis data, the mixed sedimentary types, distribution regularity, control factors, sedimentary model and high-quality reservoir’s formation mechanism in Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope were analyzed. [Results]There are two types of mixed sedimentary in the Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in the study area, mixed sedimentary rock, mixed sedimentary strata, the mixed sedimentary rock can be divided into 6 types in three major categories, mixed sandstones, mixed mudstones and mixed carbonate rocks, the mixed sedimentary strata can be divided into 16 types in four?lithofacies assemblages, terrigenous rock-carbonate rock, terrigenous rock- mixosedimentite, carbonate rock-mixosedimentite, mixosedimentite. The Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope have typical mixed features, which can be divided into 8 mixed sedimentary microfacies, including underwater distributary channel, mouth bar sheet underwater diversion bay, mud flat,?sandy beach bar, carbonate beach bar, inner beach and the semi-deep lake mud,?the mixed sediments have the characteristics of rapid phase transformation in the lateral direction, multiple types of rock superimpose frequently in the vertical, the mixed sediments have different distribution characteristics?of different intervals. The mixed sediments were controlled by climatic and water environment, tectonic background and palaeogeomorphology, sediment supply?and lake level changes, two kinds of mixed depositional model are developed,lowstand period and high-stand periods. The mixed sediments plays a significant role in reservoir controlling factors, the sandy beach bar and carbonate beach bar where developed in high-energy facies zone are the favorable mixed sedimentary microfacies, the closed saline water environment is the foundation of reservoir formation, controlled the formation and distribution of high-quality reservoirs, sedimentary cycles controlled the development degree and distribution palace of high-quality reservoirs. [conclusion] the palaeogeomorphology highland in the southwestern are favorable areas for mixed beach bars development and exploration practice.
[Objective]Mixed sediments were widely developed in Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope, clarify the mixed sedimentary characteristics and its control on reservoir is of great significance to determines the target area for exploration and development in the next step. [Methods]Based on core, thin section, well logging seismic, as well as laboratory analysis data, the mixed sedimentary types, distribution regularity, control factors, sedimentary model and high-quality reservoir’s formation mechanism in Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope were analyzed. [Results]There are two types of mixed sedimentary in the Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in the study area, mixed sedimentary rock, mixed sedimentary strata, the mixed sedimentary rock can be divided into 6 types in three major categories, mixed sandstones, mixed mudstones and mixed carbonate rocks, the mixed sedimentary strata can be divided into 16 types in four?lithofacies assemblages, terrigenous rock-carbonate rock, terrigenous rock- mixosedimentite, carbonate rock-mixosedimentite, mixosedimentite. The Lower First Member of Shahejie Formation in Lixian Slope have typical mixed features, which can be divided into 8 mixed sedimentary microfacies, including underwater distributary channel, mouth bar sheet underwater diversion bay, mud flat,?sandy beach bar, carbonate beach bar, inner beach and the semi-deep lake mud,?the mixed sediments have the characteristics of rapid phase transformation in the lateral direction, multiple types of rock superimpose frequently in the vertical, the mixed sediments have different distribution characteristics?of different intervals. The mixed sediments were controlled by climatic and water environment, tectonic background and palaeogeomorphology, sediment supply?and lake level changes, two kinds of mixed depositional model are developed,lowstand period and high-stand periods. The mixed sediments plays a significant role in reservoir controlling factors, the sandy beach bar and carbonate beach bar where developed in high-energy facies zone are the favorable mixed sedimentary microfacies, the closed saline water environment is the foundation of reservoir formation, controlled the formation and distribution of high-quality reservoirs, sedimentary cycles controlled the development degree and distribution palace of high-quality reservoirs. [conclusion] the palaeogeomorphology highland in the southwestern are favorable areas for mixed beach bars development and exploration practice.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Qigebrak Formation developed abundant microbial carbonates, which are the favorable target for deep to ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. However, the existing stratigraphic division scheme of the Qigebrak Formation remains controversial, hindering the analysis of reservoir depositional evolution and distribution prediction. Further in-depth research and clarification are urgently needed. [Methods] This study focused on the Shiairik section in the northwest Aksu area of the Tarim Basin to define the depositional environment and sea-level change, and conduct a sequence stratigraphic division of the Qigebrak Formation based on the analysis of high-precision depositional facies and the Fischer plot. [Results] Ten main facies are recognized from the Qigebrak Formation and grouped into a carbonate ramp platform. Two subfacies; i.e., inner and middle ramp, are developed under this setting. The inner ramp consists of the tidal flat, lagoon, tidal channel, and grain shoals. Eight subtypes of peritidal cycles, two subtypes of shallow subtidal cycles and two subtypes of middle-ramp cycles are identified. Based on the stacking patterns reflected in the Fischer diagrams, analysis of orders of depositional facies and proportion of subtidal facies, the Qigebrak is divided into four third-order T-R sequences (SQ1–SQ4). Among these sequences, SQ1 only records the regressive system tract in the Qigebrak Formation, whereas SQ4 only preserves the transgressive system tract. [Conclusions] This study suggests that (1) it is reasonable to divide the Qigebrak Formation into four sequences; (2) the top of the Qigebrak Formation could have experienced the million-year-scale exposure and erosion, which would favor the formation of scaled reservoirs.
[Objective] The Qigebrak Formation developed abundant microbial carbonates, which are the favorable target for deep to ultra-deep oil and gas exploration. However, the existing stratigraphic division scheme of the Qigebrak Formation remains controversial, hindering the analysis of reservoir depositional evolution and distribution prediction. Further in-depth research and clarification are urgently needed. [Methods] This study focused on the Shiairik section in the northwest Aksu area of the Tarim Basin to define the depositional environment and sea-level change, and conduct a sequence stratigraphic division of the Qigebrak Formation based on the analysis of high-precision depositional facies and the Fischer plot. [Results] Ten main facies are recognized from the Qigebrak Formation and grouped into a carbonate ramp platform. Two subfacies; i.e., inner and middle ramp, are developed under this setting. The inner ramp consists of the tidal flat, lagoon, tidal channel, and grain shoals. Eight subtypes of peritidal cycles, two subtypes of shallow subtidal cycles and two subtypes of middle-ramp cycles are identified. Based on the stacking patterns reflected in the Fischer diagrams, analysis of orders of depositional facies and proportion of subtidal facies, the Qigebrak is divided into four third-order T-R sequences (SQ1–SQ4). Among these sequences, SQ1 only records the regressive system tract in the Qigebrak Formation, whereas SQ4 only preserves the transgressive system tract. [Conclusions] This study suggests that (1) it is reasonable to divide the Qigebrak Formation into four sequences; (2) the top of the Qigebrak Formation could have experienced the million-year-scale exposure and erosion, which would favor the formation of scaled reservoirs.
Abstract:
Near-source sedimentary system of member 1 of Shawan formation is the main reservoir in Chepaizi area of Junggar basin. Neverthless, there have been different points on depositional characteristics of it. On the basis of previous studies， using the mud logging data， core data， logging data and seismic data, combining with modern fan delta sediment, the depositional characteristics of near-source sedimentary system within the 4th sequence stratigraphic framework of member 1 of Shanwan formation were investigated, and the sedimentary model of it was built up. The results are as follows: (1) Near-source system was made of two complex fan deltas, one is shoal complex fan deltas, the other is complex fan deltas. The main microfacies were distributary and sand bar of fan delta front. (2) The lithology of the distributary was changed from shoreline to lake by conglomerate - glutenite –medium-coarse lithic sandstone bearing conglomerate - medium-coarse feldspar lithic sandstone bearing conglomerate - feldspar lithic fine sandstone bearing conglomerate. The lithic composition was dominated by igneous lithic, while the gravel composition was dominated by igneous gravel and mud-gravel. (3) Near-source system of sand group 1 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed below the third slope break zone. It reached in the the middle of the project where the far-source system reached as well, and they interacted with each other. Lacustrine range was the smallest during this stage. Near-source system of sand group 2 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed above the slope break zone and the lacustrine range was the largest this period. Near-source system of sand group 3 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed near the slope break zone. The slope of the eastern wing was steeper, the gully scale was smaller, the complex fan delta scale was smaller, the slope of the western wing was slower, the valley scale was larger, the composite fan delta scale was larger. The conclusion is that paleogeomorphology and the relative lacustrine level change controlled the sedimentary characteristics of the near-source systems.
Near-source sedimentary system of member 1 of Shawan formation is the main reservoir in Chepaizi area of Junggar basin. Neverthless, there have been different points on depositional characteristics of it. On the basis of previous studies， using the mud logging data， core data， logging data and seismic data, combining with modern fan delta sediment, the depositional characteristics of near-source sedimentary system within the 4th sequence stratigraphic framework of member 1 of Shanwan formation were investigated, and the sedimentary model of it was built up. The results are as follows: (1) Near-source system was made of two complex fan deltas, one is shoal complex fan deltas, the other is complex fan deltas. The main microfacies were distributary and sand bar of fan delta front. (2) The lithology of the distributary was changed from shoreline to lake by conglomerate - glutenite –medium-coarse lithic sandstone bearing conglomerate - medium-coarse feldspar lithic sandstone bearing conglomerate - feldspar lithic fine sandstone bearing conglomerate. The lithic composition was dominated by igneous lithic, while the gravel composition was dominated by igneous gravel and mud-gravel. (3) Near-source system of sand group 1 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed below the third slope break zone. It reached in the the middle of the project where the far-source system reached as well, and they interacted with each other. Lacustrine range was the smallest during this stage. Near-source system of sand group 2 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed above the slope break zone and the lacustrine range was the largest this period. Near-source system of sand group 3 of member 1 of Shawan formation mainly distributed near the slope break zone. The slope of the eastern wing was steeper, the gully scale was smaller, the complex fan delta scale was smaller, the slope of the western wing was slower, the valley scale was larger, the composite fan delta scale was larger. The conclusion is that paleogeomorphology and the relative lacustrine level change controlled the sedimentary characteristics of the near-source systems.
Abstract:
The saturated hydrocarbons of 26 coal measure source rock samples in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin were analyzed by gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to the distribution characteristics of tricyclic terpanes (TT), the source rock samples in the study area were divided into three different types of distribution patterns. The C19TT is the main peak of the type I source rock, and the content of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT gradually decreases. At the same time, the Pr/Ph ratio is high and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane is also rich in this type of sample. This kind of samples are mainly humic coal and carbonaceous mudstone, revealing the characteristics of lacustrine facies sedimentary environment. On the contrary, the tricyclic terpanes of type II source rocks are dominated by C23TT, and the contents of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT are gradually increasing, while the Pr/Ph ratio is low, and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane is not abundant. In addition to coal-bearing mudstone, there are also humic coal and carbonaceous mudstone in these samples, and their sedimentary environment is quite different from that of type I source rocks. The distribution of tricyclic terpanes in type III source rocks is between type I and type II source rocks. On the one hand, the main peak carbon of tricyclic terpane is C23TT, on the other hand, the relative content of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT decreases in turn and shows the characteristics of stepwise distribution. In addition, the Pr/Ph ratio and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane are between type I and type II source rocks. The results also reveal that with the increase of the thermal evolution degree of source rocks, the total amount of tricyclic terpanes shows an gradually increasing trend, but the distribution patterns of tricyclic terpanes in different types of source rocks have not changed significantly, in other words, the different distribution patterns of tricyclic terpanes in coal-bearing source rocks in the study area are less affected by the thermal evolution degree of organic matter, but mainly controlled by sedimentary environment and parent material type.
The saturated hydrocarbons of 26 coal measure source rock samples in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin were analyzed by gas chromatography and chromatography-mass spectrometry. According to the distribution characteristics of tricyclic terpanes (TT), the source rock samples in the study area were divided into three different types of distribution patterns. The C19TT is the main peak of the type I source rock, and the content of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT gradually decreases. At the same time, the Pr/Ph ratio is high and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane is also rich in this type of sample. This kind of samples are mainly humic coal and carbonaceous mudstone, revealing the characteristics of lacustrine facies sedimentary environment. On the contrary, the tricyclic terpanes of type II source rocks are dominated by C23TT, and the contents of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT are gradually increasing, while the Pr/Ph ratio is low, and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane is not abundant. In addition to coal-bearing mudstone, there are also humic coal and carbonaceous mudstone in these samples, and their sedimentary environment is quite different from that of type I source rocks. The distribution of tricyclic terpanes in type III source rocks is between type I and type II source rocks. On the one hand, the main peak carbon of tricyclic terpane is C23TT, on the other hand, the relative content of C19TT, C20TT and C21TT decreases in turn and shows the characteristics of stepwise distribution. In addition, the Pr/Ph ratio and the content of C24 tetracyclic terpane are between type I and type II source rocks. The results also reveal that with the increase of the thermal evolution degree of source rocks, the total amount of tricyclic terpanes shows an gradually increasing trend, but the distribution patterns of tricyclic terpanes in different types of source rocks have not changed significantly, in other words, the different distribution patterns of tricyclic terpanes in coal-bearing source rocks in the study area are less affected by the thermal evolution degree of organic matter, but mainly controlled by sedimentary environment and parent material type.
Abstract:
Abstract: The Liushagang formation is one of the petroliferous reservoirs in the Fushan Sag, Beibuwan Basin. However, the controlling factors of reservoir quality are unclear and there are no matched prediction technology for reservoir quality, which restrict the process of oil and gas exploration and development. In our study, the controlling factors of reservoir quality are unraveled from the perspective of “three-element controlling reservoir” including sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies and fracture facies. In addition, the methods of logging characterization and identification standards are established. The results show that the sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies and fractures play important role in controlling reservoir quality in the Liushagang formation. By analyzing the relationships between different types of sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies, and fracture facies and parameters of reservoir quality, it can be concluded that the high reservoir quality reservoirs are formed in the dissolution facies in the underwater distributary channel and mouth bad microfacies under high-energy depositional environment. Additionally, the development of fractures has a significant improvement on reservoir quality. By integrating the three controlling factors (sedimentary microfacies + diagenetic facies + fracture facies) and combined with four important reservoir characteristic parameters, four types of reservoirs are classified. The conclusion of oil and gas interpretation and oil test data prove that the proposed method can effectively evaluate and predict the favorable reservoir layers. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the increase of reservoirs and production in the Liushagang formation in Fushan Sag, and provide insights into the fine characterization of reservoirs and the prediction and evaluation of high-quality reservoirs.
Abstract: The Liushagang formation is one of the petroliferous reservoirs in the Fushan Sag, Beibuwan Basin. However, the controlling factors of reservoir quality are unclear and there are no matched prediction technology for reservoir quality, which restrict the process of oil and gas exploration and development. In our study, the controlling factors of reservoir quality are unraveled from the perspective of “three-element controlling reservoir” including sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies and fracture facies. In addition, the methods of logging characterization and identification standards are established. The results show that the sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies and fractures play important role in controlling reservoir quality in the Liushagang formation. By analyzing the relationships between different types of sedimentary microfacies, diagenetic facies, and fracture facies and parameters of reservoir quality, it can be concluded that the high reservoir quality reservoirs are formed in the dissolution facies in the underwater distributary channel and mouth bad microfacies under high-energy depositional environment. Additionally, the development of fractures has a significant improvement on reservoir quality. By integrating the three controlling factors (sedimentary microfacies + diagenetic facies + fracture facies) and combined with four important reservoir characteristic parameters, four types of reservoirs are classified. The conclusion of oil and gas interpretation and oil test data prove that the proposed method can effectively evaluate and predict the favorable reservoir layers. This research can provide theoretical guidance for the increase of reservoirs and production in the Liushagang formation in Fushan Sag, and provide insights into the fine characterization of reservoirs and the prediction and evaluation of high-quality reservoirs.
Abstract:
Qiangtang Basin, located in the most important oil & gas accumulation belt worldwide - eastern section of Tethys tectonic domain, has been listed as a strategic preparation area for oil & gas resources. However, there had been great arguments on the potential of oil & gas resources, which restricted the overall understanding of oil & gas exploration in Qiangtang Basin. Restoring the denudation history of basin in key tectonic periods and analyzing the burial history of source rocks is of great significance to deepen the hydrocarbon potential of leading source rocks and oil & gas resources in Qiangtang Basin. Based on the current data and previous research results, the main tectonic activities were analyzed and the denudation history of Qiangtang Basin in key tectonic periods were restored by using the structural-sedimentary extrapolation method. At the same time, the burial history of three sets of leading source beds in the Upper Triassic-Jurassic was analyzed by using the TSM basin simulation system. The results showed that: 1) Since the Late Triassic, Qiangtang basin had experienced four periods of tectonic movements: one period from the late Triassic to early Jurassic (210-180Ma)、the late Early Cretaceous (120-110Ma) and the Paleocene to the early Eocene (60-45Ma) and since the early Miocene; 2) At the first period (210-110Ma), Most areas of the basin was uplifted to the surface. The top of the Late Triassic Formation was denuded to form an ancient weathering crust, and then the volcanic rocks were deposited. The central uplift zone of the basin and the Northern Qiangtang were denuded most strongly; Between 120 and 110Ma, the basin strata were folded strongly, and the denudation was most intense in the central uplift zone and its two sides, and in the eastern part of the basin. The denudation is relatively weak in the middle and west of the North Qiangtang depression, and the south of the South Qiangtang. From 60 to 45 Ma, influenced by the long-range effect of the collision between the Indian continent and the Asian continent, the basin shortening rate is 11.9%, and the average uplift and denuded is about 700m. Since 23Ma, the basin continues to be affected by the north-south extrusion stress, and the whole basin escapes to the southeast direction. The basin's thrust faults continue to be active generally and more uniformly, and a number of normal faults or grabens were developed. The uplift rate of all parts of the basin is similar, and the uplift erosion is about 700m to some extent. 3) Influenced by the sedimentary thickness of the stratum and the differential denudation of multi-stage tectonic uplift, the maximum burial of the Upper Triassic Jurassic source beds in Qiangtang Basin occurred twice after the deposition of the J3-K1 Xueshan Formation and after the deposition of the Neogene Nkangtuo Formation and Suonahu Formation, respectively. The two main hydrocarbon generation periods corresponded to the two maximum burial depths and the subsequent tectonic uplift.
Qiangtang Basin, located in the most important oil & gas accumulation belt worldwide - eastern section of Tethys tectonic domain, has been listed as a strategic preparation area for oil & gas resources. However, there had been great arguments on the potential of oil & gas resources, which restricted the overall understanding of oil & gas exploration in Qiangtang Basin. Restoring the denudation history of basin in key tectonic periods and analyzing the burial history of source rocks is of great significance to deepen the hydrocarbon potential of leading source rocks and oil & gas resources in Qiangtang Basin. Based on the current data and previous research results, the main tectonic activities were analyzed and the denudation history of Qiangtang Basin in key tectonic periods were restored by using the structural-sedimentary extrapolation method. At the same time, the burial history of three sets of leading source beds in the Upper Triassic-Jurassic was analyzed by using the TSM basin simulation system. The results showed that: 1) Since the Late Triassic, Qiangtang basin had experienced four periods of tectonic movements: one period from the late Triassic to early Jurassic (210-180Ma)、the late Early Cretaceous (120-110Ma) and the Paleocene to the early Eocene (60-45Ma) and since the early Miocene; 2) At the first period (210-110Ma), Most areas of the basin was uplifted to the surface. The top of the Late Triassic Formation was denuded to form an ancient weathering crust, and then the volcanic rocks were deposited. The central uplift zone of the basin and the Northern Qiangtang were denuded most strongly; Between 120 and 110Ma, the basin strata were folded strongly, and the denudation was most intense in the central uplift zone and its two sides, and in the eastern part of the basin. The denudation is relatively weak in the middle and west of the North Qiangtang depression, and the south of the South Qiangtang. From 60 to 45 Ma, influenced by the long-range effect of the collision between the Indian continent and the Asian continent, the basin shortening rate is 11.9%, and the average uplift and denuded is about 700m. Since 23Ma, the basin continues to be affected by the north-south extrusion stress, and the whole basin escapes to the southeast direction. The basin's thrust faults continue to be active generally and more uniformly, and a number of normal faults or grabens were developed. The uplift rate of all parts of the basin is similar, and the uplift erosion is about 700m to some extent. 3) Influenced by the sedimentary thickness of the stratum and the differential denudation of multi-stage tectonic uplift, the maximum burial of the Upper Triassic Jurassic source beds in Qiangtang Basin occurred twice after the deposition of the J3-K1 Xueshan Formation and after the deposition of the Neogene Nkangtuo Formation and Suonahu Formation, respectively. The two main hydrocarbon generation periods corresponded to the two maximum burial depths and the subsequent tectonic uplift.
Abstract:
[Objective] In the western Sichuan Basin, the Middle Permian extensively features marine carbonate rocks, with dolomite being a focal point of geological investigation. However, the diverse and irregular distribution of dolomite types in the Middle Permian results in significant variations in dolomite characteristics across different regions. The rich variety of dolomite types described above constitutes an excellent set of natural gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. [Methodology] To unravel the fluid dynamics of dolomites in the study area and reconstruct their diagenetic environments, the study extensively reviewed a substantial body of previous literature and references. samples from 16 well cores and 9 sections underwent a comprehensive analysis. Utilizing techniques such as microscopic thin section observation, cathodoluminescence, carbon-oxygen isotopes, strontium isotopes, and ICP-MS rare earth element analysis, the petrological and geochemical features were thoroughly investigated. [Results] The research findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Dolomite Types: Dolomites in the region can be broadly categorized into homogeneous dolomite and zebra-like dolomite. The primary type of homogeneous dolomite is granular dolomite, while zebra-like dolomite includes homogeneous dolomite with dark bands, predominantly filled with hydrothermal saddle dolomite. (2) Isotopic Analysis: Carbon Isotopes: Samples from the study area exhibit positive anomalies in carbon isotopes. Oxygen Isotopes: Oxygen isotope values show significant differences, with the filling material (saddle dolomite) exhibiting notably lower values than homogeneous dolomite. Oxygen isotope values in samples from southwestern Sichuan are significantly lower than those from northwestern Sichuan. (3) Rare Earth Elements: Rare earth element analysis reveals a negative anomaly in δCe and a positive anomaly in δEu, indicating that the oxidation conditions of the products were influenced by later-stage hydrothermal alteration. (4) Strontium Isotopes: Strontium isotopic values of homogeneous dolomite fall within the range of contemporaneous seawater. However, the filling material in southwestern Sichuan exhibits strontium isotopic values higher than the seawater range and significantly higher than homogeneous dolomite. [Conclusion] (1) Hydrothermal Modification: The diagenetic fluids responsible for the formation of homogeneous dolomite in the western to northern Sichuan region are primarily derived from contemporaneous seawater. Subsequent hydrothermal activities lead to modifications, resulting in the formation of hydrothermal saddle dolomite. Notably, the intensity of hydrothermal activity is more pronounced in the southwestern region and relatively weaker in the northwestern part of western Sichuan. (2) Diagenetic Environments: The diagenetic environments of dolomites in the study area encompass four types: marine diagenetic settings, shallow-to-intermediate burial diagenetic environments, and intermediate-to-deep burial diagenetic environments. The marine environment refers to an open-sea, grain shoal environment, predominantly developing fine to medium-crystalline dolomite. Inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature below 85°C. Shallow-to-intermediate burial environments, with burial depths ranging from approximately 800m to 2000m, primarily foster homogeneous fine-crystalline dolomite and some medium-to-coarse-crystalline dolomite. Inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature above 112°C. Hydrothermal saddle dolomite mainly develops in intermediate-to-deep burial environments with burial depths exceeding 3000m, and inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature above 175°C. This comprehensive research provides nuanced insights into the diverse dolomite types and their diagenetic histories, contributing significantly to the broader understanding of sedimentary processes and geological evolution in the western Sichuan Basin during the Middle Permian period.
[Objective] In the western Sichuan Basin, the Middle Permian extensively features marine carbonate rocks, with dolomite being a focal point of geological investigation. However, the diverse and irregular distribution of dolomite types in the Middle Permian results in significant variations in dolomite characteristics across different regions. The rich variety of dolomite types described above constitutes an excellent set of natural gas reservoirs in the Sichuan Basin. [Methodology] To unravel the fluid dynamics of dolomites in the study area and reconstruct their diagenetic environments, the study extensively reviewed a substantial body of previous literature and references. samples from 16 well cores and 9 sections underwent a comprehensive analysis. Utilizing techniques such as microscopic thin section observation, cathodoluminescence, carbon-oxygen isotopes, strontium isotopes, and ICP-MS rare earth element analysis, the petrological and geochemical features were thoroughly investigated. [Results] The research findings can be summarized as follows: (1) Dolomite Types: Dolomites in the region can be broadly categorized into homogeneous dolomite and zebra-like dolomite. The primary type of homogeneous dolomite is granular dolomite, while zebra-like dolomite includes homogeneous dolomite with dark bands, predominantly filled with hydrothermal saddle dolomite. (2) Isotopic Analysis: Carbon Isotopes: Samples from the study area exhibit positive anomalies in carbon isotopes. Oxygen Isotopes: Oxygen isotope values show significant differences, with the filling material (saddle dolomite) exhibiting notably lower values than homogeneous dolomite. Oxygen isotope values in samples from southwestern Sichuan are significantly lower than those from northwestern Sichuan. (3) Rare Earth Elements: Rare earth element analysis reveals a negative anomaly in δCe and a positive anomaly in δEu, indicating that the oxidation conditions of the products were influenced by later-stage hydrothermal alteration. (4) Strontium Isotopes: Strontium isotopic values of homogeneous dolomite fall within the range of contemporaneous seawater. However, the filling material in southwestern Sichuan exhibits strontium isotopic values higher than the seawater range and significantly higher than homogeneous dolomite. [Conclusion] (1) Hydrothermal Modification: The diagenetic fluids responsible for the formation of homogeneous dolomite in the western to northern Sichuan region are primarily derived from contemporaneous seawater. Subsequent hydrothermal activities lead to modifications, resulting in the formation of hydrothermal saddle dolomite. Notably, the intensity of hydrothermal activity is more pronounced in the southwestern region and relatively weaker in the northwestern part of western Sichuan. (2) Diagenetic Environments: The diagenetic environments of dolomites in the study area encompass four types: marine diagenetic settings, shallow-to-intermediate burial diagenetic environments, and intermediate-to-deep burial diagenetic environments. The marine environment refers to an open-sea, grain shoal environment, predominantly developing fine to medium-crystalline dolomite. Inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature below 85°C. Shallow-to-intermediate burial environments, with burial depths ranging from approximately 800m to 2000m, primarily foster homogeneous fine-crystalline dolomite and some medium-to-coarse-crystalline dolomite. Inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature above 112°C. Hydrothermal saddle dolomite mainly develops in intermediate-to-deep burial environments with burial depths exceeding 3000m, and inclusions exhibit a uniform temperature above 175°C. This comprehensive research provides nuanced insights into the diverse dolomite types and their diagenetic histories, contributing significantly to the broader understanding of sedimentary processes and geological evolution in the western Sichuan Basin during the Middle Permian period.
Abstract:
The dolomite evaporite symbiotic system is widely distributed during the Middle Triassic period in the Sichuan Basin, but its sedimentary characteristics lack systematic characterization. The development and distribution patterns and main controlling factors are still unclear. Based on drilling, core, and seismic data, this article characterizes the sedimentary characteristics of the developed dolomite evaporite symbiotic system in the study area at multiple scales, elucidates the genetic mechanisms of different types of symbiotic systems, and further reveals their spatiotemporal distribution patterns and main controlling factors. The research results indicate that: (1) Four types of symbiotic systems are mainly developed in the Leikoupo Formation in the northwest Sichuan Basin: thick layer of dolomite with thin layer of evaporite, interlayer of dolomite and evaporite, thick layer of evaporite with thin layer of dolomite, and overlapping of thick layer of evaporite with thick layer of dolomite. They are respectively formed in gypsum containing lagoons, cloud containing gypsum containing lagoons, gypsum salt lakes, and gypsum salt basins. Among them, thick layer of dolomite mixed with thin layer of evaporite is widely distributed in the four periods of Leikoupo. Thick layer of evaporite mixed with thin layer of dolomite, and the overlap of thick layer of evaporite and thick layer of dolomite is the most developed in the central part of the Leisan and Leisi sedimentary periods of the basin. (3) The uplift of the Longmenshan Island Chain on the west side resulted in southeast compression of the basin, while the uplift of the Xuefeng Mountain on the east side restricted the southern migration of the Luzhou Kaijiang ancient uplift. The southern subduction of the Qinling Mountains jointly formed a nearly northeast southwest structural pattern in the Sichuan Basin, controlling the overall distribution of gypsum and symbiotic systems in a northeast southwest direction. (4) Affected by the significant uplift of the Luzhou Kaijiang ancient uplift, the later subsidence center of the Leikoupo Formation migrated to the west, and the gypsum sedimentary center and four symbiotic systems correspondingly developed from early dispersion to later concentration and migrated to the west. Under the constraints of different types of symbiotic systems, the paleogeography of the Leikoupo Formation was reconstructed for four periods. The above research provides a new understanding for the study of the symbiotic system of dolomite evaporite in the northwest Sichuan region, and also has a guiding role in the reconstruction of regional paleogeography.
The dolomite evaporite symbiotic system is widely distributed during the Middle Triassic period in the Sichuan Basin, but its sedimentary characteristics lack systematic characterization. The development and distribution patterns and main controlling factors are still unclear. Based on drilling, core, and seismic data, this article characterizes the sedimentary characteristics of the developed dolomite evaporite symbiotic system in the study area at multiple scales, elucidates the genetic mechanisms of different types of symbiotic systems, and further reveals their spatiotemporal distribution patterns and main controlling factors. The research results indicate that: (1) Four types of symbiotic systems are mainly developed in the Leikoupo Formation in the northwest Sichuan Basin: thick layer of dolomite with thin layer of evaporite, interlayer of dolomite and evaporite, thick layer of evaporite with thin layer of dolomite, and overlapping of thick layer of evaporite with thick layer of dolomite. They are respectively formed in gypsum containing lagoons, cloud containing gypsum containing lagoons, gypsum salt lakes, and gypsum salt basins. Among them, thick layer of dolomite mixed with thin layer of evaporite is widely distributed in the four periods of Leikoupo. Thick layer of evaporite mixed with thin layer of dolomite, and the overlap of thick layer of evaporite and thick layer of dolomite is the most developed in the central part of the Leisan and Leisi sedimentary periods of the basin. (3) The uplift of the Longmenshan Island Chain on the west side resulted in southeast compression of the basin, while the uplift of the Xuefeng Mountain on the east side restricted the southern migration of the Luzhou Kaijiang ancient uplift. The southern subduction of the Qinling Mountains jointly formed a nearly northeast southwest structural pattern in the Sichuan Basin, controlling the overall distribution of gypsum and symbiotic systems in a northeast southwest direction. (4) Affected by the significant uplift of the Luzhou Kaijiang ancient uplift, the later subsidence center of the Leikoupo Formation migrated to the west, and the gypsum sedimentary center and four symbiotic systems correspondingly developed from early dispersion to later concentration and migrated to the west. Under the constraints of different types of symbiotic systems, the paleogeography of the Leikoupo Formation was reconstructed for four periods. The above research provides a new understanding for the study of the symbiotic system of dolomite evaporite in the northwest Sichuan region, and also has a guiding role in the reconstruction of regional paleogeography.
Abstract:
Since 2019, CNPC has conducted exploration on the Upper Cretaceous Donga strata in the Trakes Slope of the Termit Basin, Niger. Several wells obtained industrial oil flows, demonstrating good exploration potential. Compared to the Paleogene fluvial-deltaic Sokor1 Formation, the detailed characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous marine sandstones of the Donga Formation have not yet investigated in detail. In the present study, based on seismic, wireline and mud logging data, 53 side wall cores and cutting samples from 4 wells were analyzed thin sections, casting thin sections, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, gamma-ray spectral logging, etc. This study investigate the reservoir characteristics of the DS1~DS3 members of Donga Formation, and analyze their controlling factors. The results show that rock types of DS1 member are fine-medium grained quartz sandstones with high component maturity, whereas that of DS3 member are fine grained lithic quartz sandstones with cements mainly of calcareous minerals. The quartz grains are sub-round to round with moderate to poor sorting. The matrix are mainly composed of kaolinite and calcites, and sandstones exhibit point and line contacts. The most common diagenetic process were compaction, cementation and dissolution, and compaction and cementation are obvious. The sandstones commonly experienced dissolution, and pore types are mainly intergranular pores with medium to ultra-low porosity and permeability. The high-quality reservoirs of the Donga Formation are mainly distributed in the DS1 member. Physical properties of sandstones become better from the west to east in Trakes Slope. The analysis results show that sandstones development in the Donga Formation is mainly controlled by three factors. Firstly, vertical distribution of sedimentary facies and sandstones were mainly controlled by sea level changes. The DS1 member, deposited in the early stage of marine transgression, mainly consists of distributary channel sandstones, whereas DS3 member, deposited during the highest sea level, is dominated by delta front sheet sandstones and distributary channel sandstones. The high salinity of sea water in this period resulted in high content of carbonate cement, and poor physical properties of reservoir rocks. Secondly, the stable gentle slope in the Late Cretaceous was favorable for the development of sand bodies, and the intense strike-slip fault activities in the Paleogene induced the formation of micro-fractures in reservoir rocks, effectively improving their physical properties. Thirdly, the rigid support of quartz sandstones was favorable for the preservation of primary pores, and the dissolution of unstable minerals such as feldspar and calcareous minerals improved the pore structure of reservoir rocks. The development of regional cap rocks of marine mudstones and shales is conducive for the formation of “self-generation and self-preservation” play in the Donga Formation. Compared with the low slope of the Trakes Slope, sandstones with better physical properties are well developed in the middle and high slope which are closer to the eastern provenance. They are favorable exploration areas for the Donga Formation.
Since 2019, CNPC has conducted exploration on the Upper Cretaceous Donga strata in the Trakes Slope of the Termit Basin, Niger. Several wells obtained industrial oil flows, demonstrating good exploration potential. Compared to the Paleogene fluvial-deltaic Sokor1 Formation, the detailed characteristics of the Upper Cretaceous marine sandstones of the Donga Formation have not yet investigated in detail. In the present study, based on seismic, wireline and mud logging data, 53 side wall cores and cutting samples from 4 wells were analyzed thin sections, casting thin sections, X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscope, gamma-ray spectral logging, etc. This study investigate the reservoir characteristics of the DS1~DS3 members of Donga Formation, and analyze their controlling factors. The results show that rock types of DS1 member are fine-medium grained quartz sandstones with high component maturity, whereas that of DS3 member are fine grained lithic quartz sandstones with cements mainly of calcareous minerals. The quartz grains are sub-round to round with moderate to poor sorting. The matrix are mainly composed of kaolinite and calcites, and sandstones exhibit point and line contacts. The most common diagenetic process were compaction, cementation and dissolution, and compaction and cementation are obvious. The sandstones commonly experienced dissolution, and pore types are mainly intergranular pores with medium to ultra-low porosity and permeability. The high-quality reservoirs of the Donga Formation are mainly distributed in the DS1 member. Physical properties of sandstones become better from the west to east in Trakes Slope. The analysis results show that sandstones development in the Donga Formation is mainly controlled by three factors. Firstly, vertical distribution of sedimentary facies and sandstones were mainly controlled by sea level changes. The DS1 member, deposited in the early stage of marine transgression, mainly consists of distributary channel sandstones, whereas DS3 member, deposited during the highest sea level, is dominated by delta front sheet sandstones and distributary channel sandstones. The high salinity of sea water in this period resulted in high content of carbonate cement, and poor physical properties of reservoir rocks. Secondly, the stable gentle slope in the Late Cretaceous was favorable for the development of sand bodies, and the intense strike-slip fault activities in the Paleogene induced the formation of micro-fractures in reservoir rocks, effectively improving their physical properties. Thirdly, the rigid support of quartz sandstones was favorable for the preservation of primary pores, and the dissolution of unstable minerals such as feldspar and calcareous minerals improved the pore structure of reservoir rocks. The development of regional cap rocks of marine mudstones and shales is conducive for the formation of “self-generation and self-preservation” play in the Donga Formation. Compared with the low slope of the Trakes Slope, sandstones with better physical properties are well developed in the middle and high slope which are closer to the eastern provenance. They are favorable exploration areas for the Donga Formation.
Abstract:
As a kind of hydrocarbon organic matter remaining in source rocks or As a kind of hydrocarbon organic matter that oil or natural gas remains in source rocks or reservoirs, the formation and evolution of bitumen interstitials are closely related to the evolution history of oil reservoirs, which is an important symbol of oil and gas accumulation and transformation process. Previous studies have carried out many analyses on the types, genesis and thermal evolution of bitumen components in reservoirs, but the restriction mechanism of bitumen on reservoirs is still unclear. This study takes the Cretaceous Brazilian reconstructed reservoir in the Yingmai 467 well area in the west of Tabei as an example. With the help of casting thin sections, fluorescent thin sections, laser Raman experiments, combined with logging parameter identification, the relationship between bitumen and oil and gas reservoir stages is discussed, and the influence of different bitumen types on reservoir quality is identified. The results show that : ①According to the main components and formation stages, the bitumen interstitial materials in the study section are divided into two categories : type I is mainly intergranular filling, and most of them are yellow-brown and brown-black under the fluorescence microscope. The main components are oily and bituminous bitumen, and the bitumen reflectivity is more than 1 %. The type II is distributed on the edge of the pore in the form of bitumen lining. Under the fluorescence microscope, it is mostly orange and blue ( white ) color, with colloidal bitumen as the main component. The bitumen reflectivity is low, ranging from 0.42 % to 0.79 %. ② The bitumen interstitial material in Yingmai 467 well area is mainly type I bitumen. Because the oil and gas in the source rock of Huangshanjie Formation migrated through the unconformity at the bottom of the Shushanhe Formation, the fault was filled into the Brazilian reorganized massive sand layer 2 and the Brazilian reorganized thin sand layer, and then gas washing occurred. Type II bitumen is precipitated by retrograde condensation from the source rock oil and gas of the second phase of the Qiakemake Formation along the Cretaceous bottom and the Yingmai 7 fault zone into the Brazilian reorganization. It is affected by the thickness of the sand body and is mainly distributed in the first layer of massive sand. ③Type I bitumen has a strong effect on reservoir reconstruction and occupies part of pore space ; category II bitumen has little effect on reservoir porosity.
As a kind of hydrocarbon organic matter remaining in source rocks or As a kind of hydrocarbon organic matter that oil or natural gas remains in source rocks or reservoirs, the formation and evolution of bitumen interstitials are closely related to the evolution history of oil reservoirs, which is an important symbol of oil and gas accumulation and transformation process. Previous studies have carried out many analyses on the types, genesis and thermal evolution of bitumen components in reservoirs, but the restriction mechanism of bitumen on reservoirs is still unclear. This study takes the Cretaceous Brazilian reconstructed reservoir in the Yingmai 467 well area in the west of Tabei as an example. With the help of casting thin sections, fluorescent thin sections, laser Raman experiments, combined with logging parameter identification, the relationship between bitumen and oil and gas reservoir stages is discussed, and the influence of different bitumen types on reservoir quality is identified. The results show that : ①According to the main components and formation stages, the bitumen interstitial materials in the study section are divided into two categories : type I is mainly intergranular filling, and most of them are yellow-brown and brown-black under the fluorescence microscope. The main components are oily and bituminous bitumen, and the bitumen reflectivity is more than 1 %. The type II is distributed on the edge of the pore in the form of bitumen lining. Under the fluorescence microscope, it is mostly orange and blue ( white ) color, with colloidal bitumen as the main component. The bitumen reflectivity is low, ranging from 0.42 % to 0.79 %. ② The bitumen interstitial material in Yingmai 467 well area is mainly type I bitumen. Because the oil and gas in the source rock of Huangshanjie Formation migrated through the unconformity at the bottom of the Shushanhe Formation, the fault was filled into the Brazilian reorganized massive sand layer 2 and the Brazilian reorganized thin sand layer, and then gas washing occurred. Type II bitumen is precipitated by retrograde condensation from the source rock oil and gas of the second phase of the Qiakemake Formation along the Cretaceous bottom and the Yingmai 7 fault zone into the Brazilian reorganization. It is affected by the thickness of the sand body and is mainly distributed in the first layer of massive sand. ③Type I bitumen has a strong effect on reservoir reconstruction and occupies part of pore space ; category II bitumen has little effect on reservoir porosity.
Abstract:
【Objective】The carbonate-evaporite syngenetic system is widely distributed in the Cambrian of the Sichuan Basin, however, the developmental characteristics, depositional environments, depositional processes, and evolutionary modes of this syngenetic system are weakly studied, and the research methods need to be clarified urgently. 【Methods】The petrological characteristics of the symbiotic system, the state of the evaporites, the depositional environment of the symbiotic system, the depositional process and the evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system are investigated based on the data of drilling cores, field sections, rock sheets and carbon and oxygen isotopes, and the isotopic signatures of Fe, Mn and S. 【Results】The results show that 1) the developmental characteristics of the symbiotic system, 2) the depositional environment, and 3) the evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system are not well understood, but are not well understood. The results show that: 1) the carbonate-evaporite symbiotic system in the study area has developed five kinds of carbonate-evaporite symbiotic system rock assemblage sequences, including: carbonate rock and evaporite interbedded, evaporite sandwiched with carbonate rock, evaporite overlain carbonate rock, carbonate rock overlain with evaporite rock, and carbonate rock sandwiched with evaporite rock. 2) the geochemical features of the symbiotic system, including δ18O, mainly concentrated in -8‰～-9‰, and δ13C, mainly concentrated in -8‰～9‰; δ13C is mainly concentrated in -1‰～3‰; the results of using carbon and oxygen isotope values to calculate palaeosalinity and palaeotemperature show that the vast majority of Z values>120‰ and δ13C values>-2‰, and the palaeoseawater temperatures are in the range of 23.10～40.64℃; Fe is mainly concentrated in the range of 0～2000×10-5; and Mn is mainly concentrated in the range of 10-5～30×10-5, which indicates that in the Gautai Group During the Gaotai Formation, the depositional environment was a warm or hot paleoclimate and saline seawater environment, with a high degree of oxidation of the water body, and the rock-forming action in a relatively open system related to atmospheric water was experienced.3) Deposition of marine carbonate rocks and evaporites in a symbiotic system against the background of an arid and hot climate and a Ca-rich and low-SO4 calcite sea with a high degree of salinity The period of time can be divided into the sea level falling evaporite - dolomite deposition stage and sea level rising dolomite - evaporite - greywacke deposition stage; "tidal ping Sabuha mode" and "underwater condensed deposition mode" are two kinds of carbonate rock - evaporite symbiosis system development mode.【Conclusion】The carbonatite-evaporite symbiotic system carries the information of paleoenvironment, paleoclimate and paleohaline water chemistry during the depositional period, and also records the depositional process and evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system. This study provides new ideas and understanding of the depositional environments and depositional patterns of the carbonatite-evaporite symbiotic system of the evaporitic environment of the marine phase of the Cambrian Gautai Formation.
【Objective】The carbonate-evaporite syngenetic system is widely distributed in the Cambrian of the Sichuan Basin, however, the developmental characteristics, depositional environments, depositional processes, and evolutionary modes of this syngenetic system are weakly studied, and the research methods need to be clarified urgently. 【Methods】The petrological characteristics of the symbiotic system, the state of the evaporites, the depositional environment of the symbiotic system, the depositional process and the evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system are investigated based on the data of drilling cores, field sections, rock sheets and carbon and oxygen isotopes, and the isotopic signatures of Fe, Mn and S. 【Results】The results show that 1) the developmental characteristics of the symbiotic system, 2) the depositional environment, and 3) the evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system are not well understood, but are not well understood. The results show that: 1) the carbonate-evaporite symbiotic system in the study area has developed five kinds of carbonate-evaporite symbiotic system rock assemblage sequences, including: carbonate rock and evaporite interbedded, evaporite sandwiched with carbonate rock, evaporite overlain carbonate rock, carbonate rock overlain with evaporite rock, and carbonate rock sandwiched with evaporite rock. 2) the geochemical features of the symbiotic system, including δ18O, mainly concentrated in -8‰～-9‰, and δ13C, mainly concentrated in -8‰～9‰; δ13C is mainly concentrated in -1‰～3‰; the results of using carbon and oxygen isotope values to calculate palaeosalinity and palaeotemperature show that the vast majority of Z values>120‰ and δ13C values>-2‰, and the palaeoseawater temperatures are in the range of 23.10～40.64℃; Fe is mainly concentrated in the range of 0～2000×10-5; and Mn is mainly concentrated in the range of 10-5～30×10-5, which indicates that in the Gautai Group During the Gaotai Formation, the depositional environment was a warm or hot paleoclimate and saline seawater environment, with a high degree of oxidation of the water body, and the rock-forming action in a relatively open system related to atmospheric water was experienced.3) Deposition of marine carbonate rocks and evaporites in a symbiotic system against the background of an arid and hot climate and a Ca-rich and low-SO4 calcite sea with a high degree of salinity The period of time can be divided into the sea level falling evaporite - dolomite deposition stage and sea level rising dolomite - evaporite - greywacke deposition stage; "tidal ping Sabuha mode" and "underwater condensed deposition mode" are two kinds of carbonate rock - evaporite symbiosis system development mode.【Conclusion】The carbonatite-evaporite symbiotic system carries the information of paleoenvironment, paleoclimate and paleohaline water chemistry during the depositional period, and also records the depositional process and evolutionary pattern of the symbiotic system. This study provides new ideas and understanding of the depositional environments and depositional patterns of the carbonatite-evaporite symbiotic system of the evaporitic environment of the marine phase of the Cambrian Gautai Formation.
Abstract:
【Objective】Determining the depositional age, sedimentary sources and tectonic background of Neoproterozoic sedimentary strata in Hunan Province is one of the keys to understanding the tectonic evolution process in the middle segment of the Jiangnan orogenic belt.【Method】Six clastic rock samples of the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups in the middle segment of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt were collected. Provenance and tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin were constrained by studying the morphology, trace elements, and U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic composition of the detrital zircon, in combination with published data of detrital zircon and zircon from source area.【Result】The results showed that the Lengjiaxi Group was formed at about 852-825 Ma, and the Banxi Group was formed at about 820-720 Ma. The most important detrital zircon age peaks in the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups are 920-790 Ma, while the Lengjiaxi Group also shows 1750-1620 Ma and 2500-2450 Ma age peaks, and the Banxi Group shows 1950-1790 Ma and 2420-2330 Ma. The Hf isotopeic characteristics show that the Lengjiaxi Group mainly receives sediments from the Yangtze Block, while the Banxi Group received detritus from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. 【Conclusion】The U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons indicates that the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups were deposited before and after the amalgamation between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The Lengjiaxi Group was deposited in the backarc basin under the trencharc basin system, while the backarc basin was closed at 825 Ma, accompanied by strong folds developed in the sedimentary strata and a large number of S-type granites intrusions. The Banxi Group was deposited in intraplate rifting setting related to post-collision extension. Rifting related magma was flared up at 780-760 Ma and gradually weakened along the sedimentation of the Banxi Group.
【Objective】Determining the depositional age, sedimentary sources and tectonic background of Neoproterozoic sedimentary strata in Hunan Province is one of the keys to understanding the tectonic evolution process in the middle segment of the Jiangnan orogenic belt.【Method】Six clastic rock samples of the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups in the middle segment of the Jiangnan Orogenic Belt were collected. Provenance and tectonic setting of the sedimentary basin were constrained by studying the morphology, trace elements, and U-Pb-Lu-Hf isotopic composition of the detrital zircon, in combination with published data of detrital zircon and zircon from source area.【Result】The results showed that the Lengjiaxi Group was formed at about 852-825 Ma, and the Banxi Group was formed at about 820-720 Ma. The most important detrital zircon age peaks in the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups are 920-790 Ma, while the Lengjiaxi Group also shows 1750-1620 Ma and 2500-2450 Ma age peaks, and the Banxi Group shows 1950-1790 Ma and 2420-2330 Ma. The Hf isotopeic characteristics show that the Lengjiaxi Group mainly receives sediments from the Yangtze Block, while the Banxi Group received detritus from both the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. 【Conclusion】The U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopic compositions of detrital zircons indicates that the Lengjiaxi and Banxi groups were deposited before and after the amalgamation between the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks. The Lengjiaxi Group was deposited in the backarc basin under the trencharc basin system, while the backarc basin was closed at 825 Ma, accompanied by strong folds developed in the sedimentary strata and a large number of S-type granites intrusions. The Banxi Group was deposited in intraplate rifting setting related to post-collision extension. Rifting related magma was flared up at 780-760 Ma and gradually weakened along the sedimentation of the Banxi Group.
Abstract:
Paleo-geomorphology has a strong control on the sedimentary system and reservoir distribution. This paper analyzes the single-well facies in Gaoquan Structural Zone of Sikeshu Sag, identifies the characteristics of the sedimentary and reservoirs of the Qingshuihe Formation, and then combines with the paleo-geomorphology of the pre-Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan Structural Zone, establishes model of the sedimentary evolution under the control of paleo-geomorphology, and clarifies the influence of micro-geomorphology on the distribution of high-quality reservoirs. The study shows that three slope breaks are developed in the Gaoquan Structural zone of Sikeshu Sag, with a near-northwestern-south-eastern trend. Each slope-folding zone can be divided into two types of paleo-geomorphology units, namely, grooves and platforms. Three phases of regressive fan deltas were formed on the three slope breaks during the lake transgression, and each phase of fan deltas can form 9-15m thick conglomerate reservoirs. On each slope breaks, the groove and platform control the mud content of the conglomerate reservoirs, and the brown conglomerate with high mud content is easily developed in the groove area, while the gray or gray-green conglomerate with low mud content is easily developed in the platform area. The conglomerate with low mud content is ready to form high-quality reservoir in the platform area.
Paleo-geomorphology has a strong control on the sedimentary system and reservoir distribution. This paper analyzes the single-well facies in Gaoquan Structural Zone of Sikeshu Sag, identifies the characteristics of the sedimentary and reservoirs of the Qingshuihe Formation, and then combines with the paleo-geomorphology of the pre-Qingshuihe Formation in Gaoquan Structural Zone, establishes model of the sedimentary evolution under the control of paleo-geomorphology, and clarifies the influence of micro-geomorphology on the distribution of high-quality reservoirs. The study shows that three slope breaks are developed in the Gaoquan Structural zone of Sikeshu Sag, with a near-northwestern-south-eastern trend. Each slope-folding zone can be divided into two types of paleo-geomorphology units, namely, grooves and platforms. Three phases of regressive fan deltas were formed on the three slope breaks during the lake transgression, and each phase of fan deltas can form 9-15m thick conglomerate reservoirs. On each slope breaks, the groove and platform control the mud content of the conglomerate reservoirs, and the brown conglomerate with high mud content is easily developed in the groove area, while the gray or gray-green conglomerate with low mud content is easily developed in the platform area. The conglomerate with low mud content is ready to form high-quality reservoir in the platform area.
Abstract:
[Significance] The sedimentary simulation experiment in a circular flume is one of the effective means to simulate the sedimentary process and reveal its formation mechanism. It holds significant importance in research areas such as hydraulic engineering, environmental science, sedimentology, and oil and gas exploration. The circular flume can sustain continuous fluid flow under the influence of inertial and shear forces and is approximated as transporting and depositing over an infinite distance. Therefore, it can approximately replicate environmental fluid conditions in terms of transport distance and fluid velocity, overcoming the limitations of traditional flume simulations. [Progress] To meet the research needs of different application scenarios, circular flume have gradually evolved into four types, including conventional circular flume, in-situ circular flume, Mini circular tanks, and racetrack flume. Physical simulations in circular flume have achieved fruitful results in studying sediment characteristics, bedform morphology, and settling mechanisms, among other aspects. However, there is still a relative scarcity of research in sedimentary physical simulation. With the development of technology and equipment, research in sedimentary physical simulation has also made significant progress. Gravity flow sedimentation, the dynamics of fine-grained sediment transport, and tidal and wave sedimentation have become important research areas in physical simulation of circular flume. Nevertheless, there are several limitations in circular flume physical simulation, such as the influence of secondary circulation and the tracking of lateral sediment evolution, which will be optimized in subsequent research through improved experimental designs and enhanced measurement accuracy. [Conclusions and Prospects] In summary, expanding the application scope of circular flume physical simulation based on sedimentology principles will make significant contributions to the innovative development of fundamental sedimentology theory, as well as various aspects such as fine-grained sedimentology and unconventional petroleum sedimentology.
[Significance] The sedimentary simulation experiment in a circular flume is one of the effective means to simulate the sedimentary process and reveal its formation mechanism. It holds significant importance in research areas such as hydraulic engineering, environmental science, sedimentology, and oil and gas exploration. The circular flume can sustain continuous fluid flow under the influence of inertial and shear forces and is approximated as transporting and depositing over an infinite distance. Therefore, it can approximately replicate environmental fluid conditions in terms of transport distance and fluid velocity, overcoming the limitations of traditional flume simulations. [Progress] To meet the research needs of different application scenarios, circular flume have gradually evolved into four types, including conventional circular flume, in-situ circular flume, Mini circular tanks, and racetrack flume. Physical simulations in circular flume have achieved fruitful results in studying sediment characteristics, bedform morphology, and settling mechanisms, among other aspects. However, there is still a relative scarcity of research in sedimentary physical simulation. With the development of technology and equipment, research in sedimentary physical simulation has also made significant progress. Gravity flow sedimentation, the dynamics of fine-grained sediment transport, and tidal and wave sedimentation have become important research areas in physical simulation of circular flume. Nevertheless, there are several limitations in circular flume physical simulation, such as the influence of secondary circulation and the tracking of lateral sediment evolution, which will be optimized in subsequent research through improved experimental designs and enhanced measurement accuracy. [Conclusions and Prospects] In summary, expanding the application scope of circular flume physical simulation based on sedimentology principles will make significant contributions to the innovative development of fundamental sedimentology theory, as well as various aspects such as fine-grained sedimentology and unconventional petroleum sedimentology.
Abstract:
In order to further study the difference of sedimentary environment and sedimentary tectonic evolution of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations on the east and west sides of the kangdian old land, support regional shale gas exploration and development, the systematic petromineralogy and geochemistry of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation black mudstone in Zhaotong area in the east side of the ancient land and Yanyuan Basin in the west side are studied. The results show that there are obvious differences in sedimentary environment between the two sides. The eastern side is confined to Marine shelf deposits, and the organic-rich shale is dominated by siliceous calcareous rocks. The west side is an open Marine shelf, and the organic-rich shale is a siliceous rock series. Well XD2 on the east side is closer to the land, the parent rock is mainly felsic igneous rock, the chemical weathering is stronger, the climate is warmer, the sedimentary water is shallow and dominated by weak oxidation environment. The sedimentary water in the west side is deep and dominated by anoxic reduction environment, with strong tectonic movement and more complex tectonic background, with active continental margin and island arc environmental properties, which may be related to the collision between the western ocean crust and the Yangtze continental crust. Different sedimentary tectonic evolution models have contributed to the difference in genesis and distribution of organic-rich shales in Wufeng -Longmaxi Formation on both sides, which is of great significance to guide regional shale gas exploration and development.
In order to further study the difference of sedimentary environment and sedimentary tectonic evolution of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formations on the east and west sides of the kangdian old land, support regional shale gas exploration and development, the systematic petromineralogy and geochemistry of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation black mudstone in Zhaotong area in the east side of the ancient land and Yanyuan Basin in the west side are studied. The results show that there are obvious differences in sedimentary environment between the two sides. The eastern side is confined to Marine shelf deposits, and the organic-rich shale is dominated by siliceous calcareous rocks. The west side is an open Marine shelf, and the organic-rich shale is a siliceous rock series. Well XD2 on the east side is closer to the land, the parent rock is mainly felsic igneous rock, the chemical weathering is stronger, the climate is warmer, the sedimentary water is shallow and dominated by weak oxidation environment. The sedimentary water in the west side is deep and dominated by anoxic reduction environment, with strong tectonic movement and more complex tectonic background, with active continental margin and island arc environmental properties, which may be related to the collision between the western ocean crust and the Yangtze continental crust. Different sedimentary tectonic evolution models have contributed to the difference in genesis and distribution of organic-rich shales in Wufeng -Longmaxi Formation on both sides, which is of great significance to guide regional shale gas exploration and development.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] In order to discuss the high-frequency sequence division and effect of high-frequency sedimentary cycle control reservoir in carbonate strata. [Methods] Used the Th/U ratio curve in natural gamma ray spectrum logging as the indicator curve, combined with Fisher diagram and lithological assemblage sequence, high frequency sequence of Ma51-5 sub-member of Majiagou Formation were divided quantitatively in Tao 7 block of Ordos basin. [Results] The research shows that the Th/U ratio in natural gamma-ray spectroscopy logging can be used as an indirect alternative index of astronomical orbit in carbonate strata. The high-frequency sequence can be effectively divided by quantitative and qualitative analysis methods such as spectrum analysis combined with Fisher diagram and lithologic lithofacies analysis. Ma51-5 sub-member in Block 7 can be divided into one third-order sequence, six fourth-order sequences and twenty fifth-order sequences. It is estimated that the average deposition rate of Ma51-5 sub-member is 5.03 cm/kyr and the deposition time is about 2.43 Ma. The gypsum pseudocrystal dolomite , which developed in the upper part of the intertidal zone and in the top of the high-frequency sedimentary cycle with upward shallowing, is the dominant facies belt for reservoir development. Near the high-frequency sequence boundary of the fourth-order sequence is the favorable interval for reservoir development. The frequent changes of sea level cause early karstification, which is the main driving force for the formation of karst model pores in the Ma51-4 sub-member and the basis of later supergene gas karstification. [Conclusion] Quantitative identification and division of high-frequency sequence is impotant for reservoir prediction in carbonate strata.
Abstract: [Objective] In order to discuss the high-frequency sequence division and effect of high-frequency sedimentary cycle control reservoir in carbonate strata. [Methods] Used the Th/U ratio curve in natural gamma ray spectrum logging as the indicator curve, combined with Fisher diagram and lithological assemblage sequence, high frequency sequence of Ma51-5 sub-member of Majiagou Formation were divided quantitatively in Tao 7 block of Ordos basin. [Results] The research shows that the Th/U ratio in natural gamma-ray spectroscopy logging can be used as an indirect alternative index of astronomical orbit in carbonate strata. The high-frequency sequence can be effectively divided by quantitative and qualitative analysis methods such as spectrum analysis combined with Fisher diagram and lithologic lithofacies analysis. Ma51-5 sub-member in Block 7 can be divided into one third-order sequence, six fourth-order sequences and twenty fifth-order sequences. It is estimated that the average deposition rate of Ma51-5 sub-member is 5.03 cm/kyr and the deposition time is about 2.43 Ma. The gypsum pseudocrystal dolomite , which developed in the upper part of the intertidal zone and in the top of the high-frequency sedimentary cycle with upward shallowing, is the dominant facies belt for reservoir development. Near the high-frequency sequence boundary of the fourth-order sequence is the favorable interval for reservoir development. The frequent changes of sea level cause early karstification, which is the main driving force for the formation of karst model pores in the Ma51-4 sub-member and the basis of later supergene gas karstification. [Conclusion] Quantitative identification and division of high-frequency sequence is impotant for reservoir prediction in carbonate strata.
Abstract:
Recently, through a comprehensive and systematic investigation of paleontological fossils, the author and his team discovered abundant macrobiotic fossils in the dark gray silty shale of the lower black layer of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the Daxinshan Pude area of Luquan, Yunnan, which is very similar to the "Chengjiang Biota". The main types of fossils in Daxinshan include Kunmingella douvillei,pest ichnology,Conotheca sp.,Maotianshania sp.,Kutorgina chengjiangensis,Branchiocaris sp.,Vetulicola sp,Eoredlichia sp.and fossil leguminosae (unknown species); However, suspected skeletal fossils have been discovered at the same level in the Pude area. XRF scanning shows that the fossils contain relatively high concentrations of Ca, Cr, and P, which are significantly different from the composition of the surrounding rock (Fe, S, Ti). Ca and P are the main constituent elements of skeletal fossils. The fossils in the Daxinshan Pude area are not only well preserved and relatively abundant, but also have a large number of individuals and diverse species. The occurrence of the fossils is good, and the transportation is convenient. Moreover, the occurrence of the fossils is relatively low compared to the "Chengjiang Biota", which has good research significance and scientific popularization value. It is also expected to establish a second Early Cambrian Biota in the Luquan area of Yunnan: the Daxinshan Pude Biota; This discovery provides important paleontological fossil research materials for studying the patterns, scope, recovery, paleoenvironmental evolution, and stratigraphic regional correlation of early Cambrian biological activities.
Recently, through a comprehensive and systematic investigation of paleontological fossils, the author and his team discovered abundant macrobiotic fossils in the dark gray silty shale of the lower black layer of the Qiongzhusi Formation in the Daxinshan Pude area of Luquan, Yunnan, which is very similar to the "Chengjiang Biota". The main types of fossils in Daxinshan include Kunmingella douvillei,pest ichnology,Conotheca sp.,Maotianshania sp.,Kutorgina chengjiangensis,Branchiocaris sp.,Vetulicola sp,Eoredlichia sp.and fossil leguminosae (unknown species); However, suspected skeletal fossils have been discovered at the same level in the Pude area. XRF scanning shows that the fossils contain relatively high concentrations of Ca, Cr, and P, which are significantly different from the composition of the surrounding rock (Fe, S, Ti). Ca and P are the main constituent elements of skeletal fossils. The fossils in the Daxinshan Pude area are not only well preserved and relatively abundant, but also have a large number of individuals and diverse species. The occurrence of the fossils is good, and the transportation is convenient. Moreover, the occurrence of the fossils is relatively low compared to the "Chengjiang Biota", which has good research significance and scientific popularization value. It is also expected to establish a second Early Cambrian Biota in the Luquan area of Yunnan: the Daxinshan Pude Biota; This discovery provides important paleontological fossil research materials for studying the patterns, scope, recovery, paleoenvironmental evolution, and stratigraphic regional correlation of early Cambrian biological activities.
Abstract:
The Yuzhou area is the most highly studied on Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the southern part of North China Block, which has abundant sedimentological and stratigraphic paleontological research basis, however, due to the lack of absolute chronology data, the division of chronostratigraphy and regional large-scale stratigraphic correlation are affected. In this paper, a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to date the U-Pb age of detrital zircon of two mudstone samples near the stratigraphic boundary of Taiyuan-Shanxi Formations and Xiashihezi-Shangshihezi Formations in Yuzhou area, and to determine their maximum depositional ages. The results show that: ①The 40 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of Shanxi Formation (ZK1006-5) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 283Ma to 343Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 283±9.4Ma. The 18 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of Shangshihezi Formation (ZK2387-3) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 257Ma to 299Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 257±6.8Ma.They can represent the maximum deposition age of the sample strata, indicating that the deposition time is no earlier than 283±9.4Ma and 257±6.8Ma. ②The deposition of Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in Yuzhou area began in Kungurian and Wuchiapingian, respectively, which is consistent with regionnal biostratigraphic data. ③The Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the North China Block have obvious and large span of rock strata penetrating, and the overall performance is characterized by inward penetrating of the plate edge gradually through the new characteristics. Based on the previous studies on volcanic events in the Late Paleozoic basin of North China Block, it is concluded that the eastern margin of the basin was strongly active in which the same sedimentary period, and the induced magmatism, tectonic activity, biological succession and transgression may be related to the formation of the ancient continent of Laurisia land at the same time.
The Yuzhou area is the most highly studied on Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the southern part of North China Block, which has abundant sedimentological and stratigraphic paleontological research basis, however, due to the lack of absolute chronology data, the division of chronostratigraphy and regional large-scale stratigraphic correlation are affected. In this paper, a laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) was applied to date the U-Pb age of detrital zircon of two mudstone samples near the stratigraphic boundary of Taiyuan-Shanxi Formations and Xiashihezi-Shangshihezi Formations in Yuzhou area, and to determine their maximum depositional ages. The results show that: ①The 40 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of Shanxi Formation (ZK1006-5) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 283Ma to 343Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 283±9.4Ma. The 18 detrital zircons from the bottom sample of Shangshihezi Formation (ZK2387-3) constitute a continuous young component spectrum ranging from 257Ma to 299Ma, with the youngest single zircon age (YSG age) is 257±6.8Ma.They can represent the maximum deposition age of the sample strata, indicating that the deposition time is no earlier than 283±9.4Ma and 257±6.8Ma. ②The deposition of Shanxi Formation and Shangshihezi Formation in Yuzhou area began in Kungurian and Wuchiapingian, respectively, which is consistent with regionnal biostratigraphic data. ③The Upper Paleozoic coal-bearing strata of the North China Block have obvious and large span of rock strata penetrating, and the overall performance is characterized by inward penetrating of the plate edge gradually through the new characteristics. Based on the previous studies on volcanic events in the Late Paleozoic basin of North China Block, it is concluded that the eastern margin of the basin was strongly active in which the same sedimentary period, and the induced magmatism, tectonic activity, biological succession and transgression may be related to the formation of the ancient continent of Laurisia land at the same time.
Abstract:
[Objective]In order to explore the composition characteristics and main controlling factors of high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes in coal-measure source rocks. [Methods]The saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons of 29 coal measure source rocks in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [Results] According to the peak order and retention time of compounds, GC-MS analysis of coal measure source rocks in Ordos Basin was carried out. Four types of rearranged hopanes with different abundances were systematically identified, which were 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series (C30*), 18α(H) -neohopane series (Ts and C29Ts), early-eluting rearranged hopane series (C30E) and 21-methyl-28-norhopane series (29Nsp). And the peak order of the four types of rearranged hopane compounds is: early-eluting rearranged hopane series > 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series > 18α (H) -neohopane series > 21-methyl-28-norhopane series. The study of the internal composition of four types of rearranged hopane compounds in the coal-bearing source rocks in the study area shows that there is a good correlation between the same series of rearranged hopane compounds; the correlation between different series of rearranged hopanes is different. The correlation between C30*/C30 hopane, C30E/C30 hopane and 29Nsp/C29 hopane is good, but the correlation between C29Ts/C29 hopane and the above three is poor, indicating that the formation mechanism of different series of rearranged hopanes may be different. In addition, The Pr/Ph values of the high-abnormally high abundant of 17α (H)- rearranged hopane series, early-eluting rearranged hopane series, 21-methyl-28-norhopane series in the coal source rock samples in the study area are distributed between 1.0 and 2.0, the Gammacerane（G）/C30 hopane values are mostly distributed around 0.13, and the relative content of dibenzofuran is between 11.67 % and 55.26 %, with an average value of 35.51%. To put it another way, the sedimentary environment of coal-measure source rocks has a great influence on the relative abundance of these rearranged hopane compounds. With the increase of thermal evolution degree of organic matter, the relative abundance of these rearranged hopane compounds shows an approximate normal distribution. In the peak stage of oil generation (Ro is between 0.8%and 0.9%), the relative abundance of high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes compounds reaches the peak. What’s more, The ratios of (C28+C29) tricyclic terpanes（TT）/C30 hopanes and ∑regular steranes / ∑C30-35 hopanes in high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes samples were significantly positively correlated with the ratios of four types of rearranged hopanes, revealing that the biogenic parent materials of high-abnormally high-abundant rearranged hopanes are mainly lower aquatic organisms and algae compounds.[Conclusion] Through the same evolution path and formation mechanism of the same series of rearranged hopanes, it is speculated that the main controlling factors for the formation of 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series, early-eluting rearranged hopane series, 21-methyl-28-norhopane series high-abnormally high rearranged hopanes in coal-measure source rocks are mainly weak oxidation-weak reduction, bacterial hopane precursors developed in brackish water sedimentary environment ; the formation of high-abnormal high-abundance 18α (H)-neohopanes is mainly controlled by the biogenic parent material of organic matter, which may be limonene or C29 hopane compounds.
[Objective]In order to explore the composition characteristics and main controlling factors of high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes in coal-measure source rocks. [Methods]The saturated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons of 29 coal measure source rocks in the Upper Paleozoic of Ordos Basin were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). [Results] According to the peak order and retention time of compounds, GC-MS analysis of coal measure source rocks in Ordos Basin was carried out. Four types of rearranged hopanes with different abundances were systematically identified, which were 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series (C30*), 18α(H) -neohopane series (Ts and C29Ts), early-eluting rearranged hopane series (C30E) and 21-methyl-28-norhopane series (29Nsp). And the peak order of the four types of rearranged hopane compounds is: early-eluting rearranged hopane series > 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series > 18α (H) -neohopane series > 21-methyl-28-norhopane series. The study of the internal composition of four types of rearranged hopane compounds in the coal-bearing source rocks in the study area shows that there is a good correlation between the same series of rearranged hopane compounds; the correlation between different series of rearranged hopanes is different. The correlation between C30*/C30 hopane, C30E/C30 hopane and 29Nsp/C29 hopane is good, but the correlation between C29Ts/C29 hopane and the above three is poor, indicating that the formation mechanism of different series of rearranged hopanes may be different. In addition, The Pr/Ph values of the high-abnormally high abundant of 17α (H)- rearranged hopane series, early-eluting rearranged hopane series, 21-methyl-28-norhopane series in the coal source rock samples in the study area are distributed between 1.0 and 2.0, the Gammacerane（G）/C30 hopane values are mostly distributed around 0.13, and the relative content of dibenzofuran is between 11.67 % and 55.26 %, with an average value of 35.51%. To put it another way, the sedimentary environment of coal-measure source rocks has a great influence on the relative abundance of these rearranged hopane compounds. With the increase of thermal evolution degree of organic matter, the relative abundance of these rearranged hopane compounds shows an approximate normal distribution. In the peak stage of oil generation (Ro is between 0.8%and 0.9%), the relative abundance of high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes compounds reaches the peak. What’s more, The ratios of (C28+C29) tricyclic terpanes（TT）/C30 hopanes and ∑regular steranes / ∑C30-35 hopanes in high-abnormally high abundant rearranged hopanes samples were significantly positively correlated with the ratios of four types of rearranged hopanes, revealing that the biogenic parent materials of high-abnormally high-abundant rearranged hopanes are mainly lower aquatic organisms and algae compounds.[Conclusion] Through the same evolution path and formation mechanism of the same series of rearranged hopanes, it is speculated that the main controlling factors for the formation of 17α (H) -rearranged hopane series, early-eluting rearranged hopane series, 21-methyl-28-norhopane series high-abnormally high rearranged hopanes in coal-measure source rocks are mainly weak oxidation-weak reduction, bacterial hopane precursors developed in brackish water sedimentary environment ; the formation of high-abnormal high-abundance 18α (H)-neohopanes is mainly controlled by the biogenic parent material of organic matter, which may be limonene or C29 hopane compounds.
Abstract:
Aiming at the problem of unclear fan formation mechanism and sedimentary filling process under the condition of no well, from the perspective of source and sink system, three-dimensional seismic data were used to comprehensively analyze the denudation capacity and transport path of the source area of Bonan low bulge, and the sedimentary response characteristics and coupling mechanism of the large sublacustrine fan in the southeastern slope of Bozhong depression were clarified. The developmental model was summarized. The results show that: (1) The second of Dongying sequence is in the transition stage of lake basin fault depression, which can be divided into two tertiary sequences, in which the sublacustrine fan mainly developed in the highstand systems tract of the lower second of Dongying sequence; (2) The denudation flux in the eastern part of the Bonan low bulge is greater than deposition flux of the subestrustrine fan. The large subestrustrine fan is mainly influenced by the near province-source, and the braided river delta formed in the high part of the uplift does not pass through, and is discharged under the depositional break of the slope along five transport channels spreading from south to north. The coupling of near source supply, transport channel and sedimentary slope break formed a large contiguous lacustrine fan deposit. (3) The sedimentary filling of sublacustrine fan is controlled by the location of restricted palaeogeomorphology and the size of the space that can be accommodated. Among them, the early restricted paleogeomorphology formed A large space, and the fan sand body of the lake bottom was preferentially unloaded, forming three fan sediments, A, B and C. Due to the spatial limitations on both sides and the strong hydrodynamic conditions, the seismic facies showed the characteristics of chaotic downcut waterways and lateral migration superimposed, and the sand body formed was relatively rich in sand. With the inflow of gravity flow, the space that can be contained gradually decreases, and the gravity flow overflows along the recharge channel to the center of the open lake basin, forming two fan bodies D and E. Due to the dilution of water concentration and the change of paleo-geomorphology, the energy gradually weakens. The seismic phase has the characteristics of laminary-strong amplitude reflection, the channel features are not obvious, and the sand richness is moderate. The late source supply and energy are weak, and compared with the local erosion and reconstruction of the early fan, the earthquake shows weak amplitude reflection, which is dominated by the muddy channel. The large-scale sublustrine fan has the spatial and temporal distribution and evolution law of early restricted filling, mid-stage overflow adjustment and late erosion transformation, which constitute the development characteristics of transverse continuous and vertical multi-stage superposition. The three fan bodies A, B and C below the first stage have good sand-rich, shallow burial, good oil and gas migration and accumulation conditions, and good reservoer-cap combination. The sweet area of C-fan is large, which is an important target for lithologic reservoir exploration in Bohai sea in recent years.
Aiming at the problem of unclear fan formation mechanism and sedimentary filling process under the condition of no well, from the perspective of source and sink system, three-dimensional seismic data were used to comprehensively analyze the denudation capacity and transport path of the source area of Bonan low bulge, and the sedimentary response characteristics and coupling mechanism of the large sublacustrine fan in the southeastern slope of Bozhong depression were clarified. The developmental model was summarized. The results show that: (1) The second of Dongying sequence is in the transition stage of lake basin fault depression, which can be divided into two tertiary sequences, in which the sublacustrine fan mainly developed in the highstand systems tract of the lower second of Dongying sequence; (2) The denudation flux in the eastern part of the Bonan low bulge is greater than deposition flux of the subestrustrine fan. The large subestrustrine fan is mainly influenced by the near province-source, and the braided river delta formed in the high part of the uplift does not pass through, and is discharged under the depositional break of the slope along five transport channels spreading from south to north. The coupling of near source supply, transport channel and sedimentary slope break formed a large contiguous lacustrine fan deposit. (3) The sedimentary filling of sublacustrine fan is controlled by the location of restricted palaeogeomorphology and the size of the space that can be accommodated. Among them, the early restricted paleogeomorphology formed A large space, and the fan sand body of the lake bottom was preferentially unloaded, forming three fan sediments, A, B and C. Due to the spatial limitations on both sides and the strong hydrodynamic conditions, the seismic facies showed the characteristics of chaotic downcut waterways and lateral migration superimposed, and the sand body formed was relatively rich in sand. With the inflow of gravity flow, the space that can be contained gradually decreases, and the gravity flow overflows along the recharge channel to the center of the open lake basin, forming two fan bodies D and E. Due to the dilution of water concentration and the change of paleo-geomorphology, the energy gradually weakens. The seismic phase has the characteristics of laminary-strong amplitude reflection, the channel features are not obvious, and the sand richness is moderate. The late source supply and energy are weak, and compared with the local erosion and reconstruction of the early fan, the earthquake shows weak amplitude reflection, which is dominated by the muddy channel. The large-scale sublustrine fan has the spatial and temporal distribution and evolution law of early restricted filling, mid-stage overflow adjustment and late erosion transformation, which constitute the development characteristics of transverse continuous and vertical multi-stage superposition. The three fan bodies A, B and C below the first stage have good sand-rich, shallow burial, good oil and gas migration and accumulation conditions, and good reservoer-cap combination. The sweet area of C-fan is large, which is an important target for lithologic reservoir exploration in Bohai sea in recent years.
Abstract:
[Objective] The previous regional geological data regarded the Sanjie sand and gravel section in Juren Town, Binxian County, Heilongjiang Province as the Luojiaweng Formation, but the study of its stratigraphic properties and sedimentary environment is weak, which greatly limits the in-depth understanding of regional surface processes recorded in this stratum. [Methods] From the perspectives of sedimentology, mineralogy, elemental geochemistry and U-Pb chronology of detrital zircon, the chemical weathering characteristics, source rock properties, sedimentary environment and tectonic setting of the provenance area of this section are discussed. [Results]The results show that the weathered degree of sand and gravel in the three sections is low, the sorting is poor, the roundness is good, and there is no obvious directional arrangement. The gravel lithology is mainly granitic rock (46.31%) and quartzy rock (28.19%), followed by syenite (0.2%), tuff (0.01%) and schist (0.01%). The heavy minerals were mainly sphenite (65.18%) and epidote (11.87%), but the other heavy minerals were less active. Elemental geochemistry reveals that the sediments in the three sections have a weak to moderate degree of chemical weathering, most of the sediments have undergone a primary cycle, and their parent rock type is felsic. According to the geochemical migration and enrichment of elements and the paleoclimate discrimination diagram, the sediment is revealed to be braided river sediment in arid oxidation environment. The zircon U-Pb ages are distributed in a narrow range (134.2~220.3 Ma, with a peak age of ~168 Ma), indicating the detrite contribution from Zhangguangcai Mountain, and indicating the subduction movement of Mudanjiang Ocean and the transformation of extensional environment after the subduction of the eastern oceanic plate to orogeny. Compared with the standard strata of Luojiawang Formation, there are significant differences in sedimentological characteristics, genetic types and geomorphologic characteristics of the three-section section. It is speculated that the formation time of the three-section section is later than that of the standard strata of Luojiawang Formation, and the time is roughly the same as that of Baitushan Formation. [Conclusion]This provides important indications for the division of the Quaternary strata in Harbin and the coupling relationship between regional structure geomorphology climate water system evolution.
[Objective] The previous regional geological data regarded the Sanjie sand and gravel section in Juren Town, Binxian County, Heilongjiang Province as the Luojiaweng Formation, but the study of its stratigraphic properties and sedimentary environment is weak, which greatly limits the in-depth understanding of regional surface processes recorded in this stratum. [Methods] From the perspectives of sedimentology, mineralogy, elemental geochemistry and U-Pb chronology of detrital zircon, the chemical weathering characteristics, source rock properties, sedimentary environment and tectonic setting of the provenance area of this section are discussed. [Results]The results show that the weathered degree of sand and gravel in the three sections is low, the sorting is poor, the roundness is good, and there is no obvious directional arrangement. The gravel lithology is mainly granitic rock (46.31%) and quartzy rock (28.19%), followed by syenite (0.2%), tuff (0.01%) and schist (0.01%). The heavy minerals were mainly sphenite (65.18%) and epidote (11.87%), but the other heavy minerals were less active. Elemental geochemistry reveals that the sediments in the three sections have a weak to moderate degree of chemical weathering, most of the sediments have undergone a primary cycle, and their parent rock type is felsic. According to the geochemical migration and enrichment of elements and the paleoclimate discrimination diagram, the sediment is revealed to be braided river sediment in arid oxidation environment. The zircon U-Pb ages are distributed in a narrow range (134.2~220.3 Ma, with a peak age of ~168 Ma), indicating the detrite contribution from Zhangguangcai Mountain, and indicating the subduction movement of Mudanjiang Ocean and the transformation of extensional environment after the subduction of the eastern oceanic plate to orogeny. Compared with the standard strata of Luojiawang Formation, there are significant differences in sedimentological characteristics, genetic types and geomorphologic characteristics of the three-section section. It is speculated that the formation time of the three-section section is later than that of the standard strata of Luojiawang Formation, and the time is roughly the same as that of Baitushan Formation. [Conclusion]This provides important indications for the division of the Quaternary strata in Harbin and the coupling relationship between regional structure geomorphology climate water system evolution.
Abstract:
C-6 Oilfield is one of the most principal oilfields of Caofeidian oil province with hundred million cubic metre of reserves. The third oil group of Guantao Formation (N1gⅢ), the main production zone of C-6 Oilfield, is sand-rich braided river deposit. The architecture and connectivity of braided river sandstone are the key geological factors affecting the development effect of the Oilfield. Calibrated with limited log data, intelligent fusion technology of multiple seismic attributes was introduced to finely characterizes the spatial distribution of the level-4 architecture units of the braided river reservoir. According to log interpretation, N1gⅢ of C-6 oilfield mainly develops two types of level-4 architecture units, namely, channel bar and braided channel, and braided bar is the best reservoir with high sandstone thickness and excellent physical properties. Based on seismic attribute extraction and correlation analysis with lithological and physical parameters, reflection intensity, relative impedance, sweet point, original amplitude, envelop were chosen as intelligent fusion seismic attributes with Deep Feed-Forward Neural Network (DFNN) algorithm under the supervision of porosity. The 3D attribute of DFNN fusion, representative of lithology and petrophysical property, largely improves the detecting ability of braided river sandstone unit and its boundary, and can be used to finely characterize the plan and section distribution of braided river level-4 architecture units effectively. A NE-SW braided flow zone was developed in N1gⅢ of C-6 oilfield, which could be internally sub-divided into 15 rhombic level-4 architecture units of the braided bar. Distributary channels, another level-4 architecture units, surrounded braided bar in a narrow strip. The level-4 architecture interface between the two units played as seepage barriers for fluid migration. The braided bars cut and overlapped one another vertically, forming “big bar and small channel” plan reservoir architecture pattern. The fine characterization results deepened the understanding of the reservoir connectivity of the braided river reservoir with sparse well pattern, which provided direct geological bases for the making of optimized adjustment plan of C-6 Oilfield.
C-6 Oilfield is one of the most principal oilfields of Caofeidian oil province with hundred million cubic metre of reserves. The third oil group of Guantao Formation (N1gⅢ), the main production zone of C-6 Oilfield, is sand-rich braided river deposit. The architecture and connectivity of braided river sandstone are the key geological factors affecting the development effect of the Oilfield. Calibrated with limited log data, intelligent fusion technology of multiple seismic attributes was introduced to finely characterizes the spatial distribution of the level-4 architecture units of the braided river reservoir. According to log interpretation, N1gⅢ of C-6 oilfield mainly develops two types of level-4 architecture units, namely, channel bar and braided channel, and braided bar is the best reservoir with high sandstone thickness and excellent physical properties. Based on seismic attribute extraction and correlation analysis with lithological and physical parameters, reflection intensity, relative impedance, sweet point, original amplitude, envelop were chosen as intelligent fusion seismic attributes with Deep Feed-Forward Neural Network (DFNN) algorithm under the supervision of porosity. The 3D attribute of DFNN fusion, representative of lithology and petrophysical property, largely improves the detecting ability of braided river sandstone unit and its boundary, and can be used to finely characterize the plan and section distribution of braided river level-4 architecture units effectively. A NE-SW braided flow zone was developed in N1gⅢ of C-6 oilfield, which could be internally sub-divided into 15 rhombic level-4 architecture units of the braided bar. Distributary channels, another level-4 architecture units, surrounded braided bar in a narrow strip. The level-4 architecture interface between the two units played as seepage barriers for fluid migration. The braided bars cut and overlapped one another vertically, forming “big bar and small channel” plan reservoir architecture pattern. The fine characterization results deepened the understanding of the reservoir connectivity of the braided river reservoir with sparse well pattern, which provided direct geological bases for the making of optimized adjustment plan of C-6 Oilfield.
Abstract:
The Middle Permian to Lower Triassic stratigraphy in the Fars region of the southern Persian Gulf harbors substantial oil and gas resources, making it a focal area for China's overseas exploration efforts. The current research lacks a comprehensive sequence stratigraphy and a macroscopic understanding of the sedimentary evolution of the entire oil-bearing succession. This study focuses on the Middle to Upper Permian Dalan Formation and the Lower Triassic Kangan Formation in the region. Utilizing data from individual wells, cross-sections, core samples, thin sections, well logging, and IHS and C&C databases, along with consideration of regional geological context and existing knowledge, the Middle Permian to Early Triassic in the study area is stratigraphically divided into sequences. The study provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics and evolution of each sequence's sedimentary systems. The results indicate that the Dalan-Kangan formations in the study area exhibit six sequence boundaries and five maximum flooding surfaces. Based on the types of sequence boundaries and the development of maximum flooding surfaces, the Dalan and Kangan formations in the southern Persian Gulf are subdivided into five third-order sequences. The targeted lithology is predominantly carbonate ramp deposits, further categorized into inner ramp, mid-ramp, and outer ramp subfacies. The inner ramp can be subdivided into six depositional microfacies: Sabkha in the intertidal zone, tidal flat, lagoon, back-barrier, shoal middle, and shoal front. The study area represents an arid and hot shallow-water carbonate deposition environment. During the SQ1-SQ2 deposition period, a predominantly progradational sedimentary model is observed, while the SQ3 deposition period follows a retrogradational and aggradational model. The SQ4 deposition period returns to a progradational model, and the SQ5 deposition period is characterized by a retrogradational model.
The Middle Permian to Lower Triassic stratigraphy in the Fars region of the southern Persian Gulf harbors substantial oil and gas resources, making it a focal area for China's overseas exploration efforts. The current research lacks a comprehensive sequence stratigraphy and a macroscopic understanding of the sedimentary evolution of the entire oil-bearing succession. This study focuses on the Middle to Upper Permian Dalan Formation and the Lower Triassic Kangan Formation in the region. Utilizing data from individual wells, cross-sections, core samples, thin sections, well logging, and IHS and C&C databases, along with consideration of regional geological context and existing knowledge, the Middle Permian to Early Triassic in the study area is stratigraphically divided into sequences. The study provides an in-depth analysis of the characteristics and evolution of each sequence's sedimentary systems. The results indicate that the Dalan-Kangan formations in the study area exhibit six sequence boundaries and five maximum flooding surfaces. Based on the types of sequence boundaries and the development of maximum flooding surfaces, the Dalan and Kangan formations in the southern Persian Gulf are subdivided into five third-order sequences. The targeted lithology is predominantly carbonate ramp deposits, further categorized into inner ramp, mid-ramp, and outer ramp subfacies. The inner ramp can be subdivided into six depositional microfacies: Sabkha in the intertidal zone, tidal flat, lagoon, back-barrier, shoal middle, and shoal front. The study area represents an arid and hot shallow-water carbonate deposition environment. During the SQ1-SQ2 deposition period, a predominantly progradational sedimentary model is observed, while the SQ3 deposition period follows a retrogradational and aggradational model. The SQ4 deposition period returns to a progradational model, and the SQ5 deposition period is characterized by a retrogradational model.
Abstract:
[Objective] By analyzing the influence of the periodic change of earth orbit on the periodic change of climate, this paper discusses the climate change characteristics of the Lower Oil Sand Mountain Formation in Qaidam Basin, and establishes a high-resolution astronomical scale for the Lower Oil Sand Mountain in Qaidam Basin based on Milankovitch theory to identify and divide high-frequency sequences. [Methods] Firstly, Laskar algorithm is used to calculate the variation period of the earth's orbital parameters during the summer solstice at 35 north latitude from 14.5~23.8 Ma, and the Miocene cycle theory and Miocene cycle ratio in this sedimentary period are determined. Then, taking wells Xianzhong 39, Xianzhong 8-9 and Xianzhong 8-12 in Nanbaxian oil and gas field as examples, the natural gamma data are analyzed by frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform. Finally, according to the orbital period, the average sedimentation rate of the Lower Youshashan Formation is calculated, and the "floating" astronomical scale of well Xianzhong 39 is established. [Results] Through the analysis of frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform, the Neogene Lower Youshashan Formation is mainly controlled by eccentricity periods of 400 ka and 95 ka. The average sedimentation rate of the Lower Youshashan Formation is 0.094 41 m/ka, and the sedimentation duration is 7.2 Ma. Based on the 400 ka long eccentric period curve and 95 ka short eccentric period curve as benchmark curves, 18 fourth-order quasi-sequence groups and 72 fifth-order quasi-sequence groups were identified. [Conclusion] The results show that the climate change recorded in the Lower Youshashan Formation is obviously controlled and driven by cycles. Identification and division based on Milankovitch theory can reduce the influence of subjective factors, improve the accuracy of division results, and more accurately describe the climate change characteristics in sediments. These research results are helpful to deeply understand the evolution law of the earth's climate and provide important reference for oil and gas exploration and resource evaluation.
[Objective] By analyzing the influence of the periodic change of earth orbit on the periodic change of climate, this paper discusses the climate change characteristics of the Lower Oil Sand Mountain Formation in Qaidam Basin, and establishes a high-resolution astronomical scale for the Lower Oil Sand Mountain in Qaidam Basin based on Milankovitch theory to identify and divide high-frequency sequences. [Methods] Firstly, Laskar algorithm is used to calculate the variation period of the earth's orbital parameters during the summer solstice at 35 north latitude from 14.5~23.8 Ma, and the Miocene cycle theory and Miocene cycle ratio in this sedimentary period are determined. Then, taking wells Xianzhong 39, Xianzhong 8-9 and Xianzhong 8-12 in Nanbaxian oil and gas field as examples, the natural gamma data are analyzed by frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform. Finally, according to the orbital period, the average sedimentation rate of the Lower Youshashan Formation is calculated, and the "floating" astronomical scale of well Xianzhong 39 is established. [Results] Through the analysis of frequency spectrum and continuous wavelet transform, the Neogene Lower Youshashan Formation is mainly controlled by eccentricity periods of 400 ka and 95 ka. The average sedimentation rate of the Lower Youshashan Formation is 0.094 41 m/ka, and the sedimentation duration is 7.2 Ma. Based on the 400 ka long eccentric period curve and 95 ka short eccentric period curve as benchmark curves, 18 fourth-order quasi-sequence groups and 72 fifth-order quasi-sequence groups were identified. [Conclusion] The results show that the climate change recorded in the Lower Youshashan Formation is obviously controlled and driven by cycles. Identification and division based on Milankovitch theory can reduce the influence of subjective factors, improve the accuracy of division results, and more accurately describe the climate change characteristics in sediments. These research results are helpful to deeply understand the evolution law of the earth's climate and provide important reference for oil and gas exploration and resource evaluation.
Abstract:
The East Mariana Basin of the West Pacific Ocean, which is located in the east of the Mariana Trench, south of the Magellan Seamounts, and north of the Caroline Seamounts, is an ideal area for the study of Asina aeolian dust deposits, but the sediment research of the East Mariana Basin is still weak. In order to reveal the sediment geochemical characteristics and provide background data for further sediment provenance, seabed mineral resources evaluation and climate-environment evolution research, element geochemistry of surface sediments in the East Mariana Basin was studied. Based on 28 pelagic clay surface sediment (0-10 cm) samples collected in the east part of the East Mariana Basin using the box sampler and gravity sampler, contents of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements of the sediments were analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods. Then, elements geochemical characteristics were analyzed, and their influencing factors and indicative significance were discussed. The results show that the contents of major elements in the pelagic clay sediments in the study area are roughly the same as those in the neighboring sea areas of the West Pacific Ocean. The distribution pattern of major elements (oxides) in sediments follows SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > Na2O > MgO > K2O > CaO > MnO > TiO2 > P2O5. The highest content of major elements is SiO2, with an average of 49.14%, followed by Al2O3, with an average of 15.85%. The highest content of trace elements was Ba, with an average of 770×10-6, followed by Cu, with an average of 289×10-6. The average of total rare earth elements ∑REE is 284×10-6, which is light rare earth-rich type, with the highest Ce, Nd and La contents. Principal component analysis of elements shows that the composition of chemical elements can be divided into four categories: The first type is closely related to rare earth elements, including rare earth elements ( except Ce ), P2O5, TiO2, etc., the second type is related to Fe-Mn micronodules, including Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba and other metal elements, the third type is related to terrigenous debris, including Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, U, Hf, Th, Ce, etc., the fourth type is related to biological sources, including Cd, CaO, Mo. The elements combination indices (Si/Al, Fe/Al, La/Tb, Th/Sc, etc.) and the elements combination projection diagrams (La-Th-Sc triangle diagram, La/Th-Hf bivariate diagram) further reveal that the sediments sources are dominated by terrigenous materials, especially terrestrial aeolian dust materials. Meanwhile, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicates that the parent rocks in the sediment source area are in low-medium chemical weathering conditions. The redox sensitive elements (Cr, Ni, V, U, Th, etc.) combination reveals that the bottom sedimentary environment in the study area is oxidation-weak oxidation environment. This study has some reference significance for understanding the influence of the Asian aeolian dust on the sediment provenance of the East Mariana Basin, revealing the sedimentary environment characteristics of the basin and the distribution of seabed mineral resources.
The East Mariana Basin of the West Pacific Ocean, which is located in the east of the Mariana Trench, south of the Magellan Seamounts, and north of the Caroline Seamounts, is an ideal area for the study of Asina aeolian dust deposits, but the sediment research of the East Mariana Basin is still weak. In order to reveal the sediment geochemical characteristics and provide background data for further sediment provenance, seabed mineral resources evaluation and climate-environment evolution research, element geochemistry of surface sediments in the East Mariana Basin was studied. Based on 28 pelagic clay surface sediment (0-10 cm) samples collected in the east part of the East Mariana Basin using the box sampler and gravity sampler, contents of major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements of the sediments were analyzed by ICP-OES and ICP-MS methods. Then, elements geochemical characteristics were analyzed, and their influencing factors and indicative significance were discussed. The results show that the contents of major elements in the pelagic clay sediments in the study area are roughly the same as those in the neighboring sea areas of the West Pacific Ocean. The distribution pattern of major elements (oxides) in sediments follows SiO2 > Al2O3 > Fe2O3 > Na2O > MgO > K2O > CaO > MnO > TiO2 > P2O5. The highest content of major elements is SiO2, with an average of 49.14%, followed by Al2O3, with an average of 15.85%. The highest content of trace elements was Ba, with an average of 770×10-6, followed by Cu, with an average of 289×10-6. The average of total rare earth elements ∑REE is 284×10-6, which is light rare earth-rich type, with the highest Ce, Nd and La contents. Principal component analysis of elements shows that the composition of chemical elements can be divided into four categories: The first type is closely related to rare earth elements, including rare earth elements ( except Ce ), P2O5, TiO2, etc., the second type is related to Fe-Mn micronodules, including Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Ba and other metal elements, the third type is related to terrigenous debris, including Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, U, Hf, Th, Ce, etc., the fourth type is related to biological sources, including Cd, CaO, Mo. The elements combination indices (Si/Al, Fe/Al, La/Tb, Th/Sc, etc.) and the elements combination projection diagrams (La-Th-Sc triangle diagram, La/Th-Hf bivariate diagram) further reveal that the sediments sources are dominated by terrigenous materials, especially terrestrial aeolian dust materials. Meanwhile, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicates that the parent rocks in the sediment source area are in low-medium chemical weathering conditions. The redox sensitive elements (Cr, Ni, V, U, Th, etc.) combination reveals that the bottom sedimentary environment in the study area is oxidation-weak oxidation environment. This study has some reference significance for understanding the influence of the Asian aeolian dust on the sediment provenance of the East Mariana Basin, revealing the sedimentary environment characteristics of the basin and the distribution of seabed mineral resources.
Abstract:
[Objective]Dengying Formation in Penglai area of central Sichuan has achieved a major breakthrough in exploration, but the fourth member of Dengying Formation has experienced multiple stages of oil and gas charging due to its large burial depth, old age and complex diagenetic evolution, the relationship between reservoir pore evolution and oil and gas charging is still unclear. [Methods]Based on drilling coring data, the petrological types, reservoir space characteristics, diagenetic types, diagenetic evolution sequence, pore evolution and hydrocarbon charging of the fourth member of Dengying Formation were studied by means of thin section observation, cathodoluminescence, in situ microelement analysis and fluid inclusion. [Results and Discussions]The reservoir rock types of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in Penglai area are mainly crystalline dolomite, granular dolomite and microbial dolomite. The types of reservoir space can be divided into three types: cave, pore and fracture. The main diagenetic types are syngene-parsyngenetic dissolution, epigenetic dissolution, buried dissolution, cementation and filling, tectonic rupture, silicification and compaction. Diagenesis in different stages jointly controls the evolution of reservoir pores in the four members of Dengying Formation, among which the constructive diagenesis is dissolution and rupture in different periods, and the destructive diagenesis is compaction and pressure-dissolution and cementation and filling.[Conclusion] The filling sequence of cement in the solution holes of the fourth member of the reservoir can be divided into: the first generation blade-like dolomite → the second generation powdery dolomite → the first stage bitumen → the third generation fine crystalline dolomite → the fourth generation medium crystalline dolomite → the fifth generation coarse crystalline dolomite → the sixth generation giant crystalline saddle-shaped dolomite → the second stage bitumen → the seventh generation quartz, fluorite and other minerals. According to the information of fluid inclusions captured by cemented fill of each stage, such as type, phase state and homogenization temperature, the oil-gas charging process of Dthe fourth member of Dengying Formation in Penglai Area was reconstructed: Paleo-oil reservoir charging in the middle and late Silurian period (the first phase of fossil oil reservoir) → late Caledonian paleo-oil reservoir destruction → Middle Triassic paleo-oil reservoir charging (the second phase of fossil oil reservoir) → Late Jurassic paleo-gas cracking in paleo-oil reservoir → the adjustment and formation of paleo-gas reservoir from Late Cretaceous to present, in which the late oil cracking gas → gaseous hydrocarbon charging is the main forming period of the fourth member gas reservoir of Dengying Formation.
[Objective]Dengying Formation in Penglai area of central Sichuan has achieved a major breakthrough in exploration, but the fourth member of Dengying Formation has experienced multiple stages of oil and gas charging due to its large burial depth, old age and complex diagenetic evolution, the relationship between reservoir pore evolution and oil and gas charging is still unclear. [Methods]Based on drilling coring data, the petrological types, reservoir space characteristics, diagenetic types, diagenetic evolution sequence, pore evolution and hydrocarbon charging of the fourth member of Dengying Formation were studied by means of thin section observation, cathodoluminescence, in situ microelement analysis and fluid inclusion. [Results and Discussions]The reservoir rock types of the fourth member of Dengying Formation in Penglai area are mainly crystalline dolomite, granular dolomite and microbial dolomite. The types of reservoir space can be divided into three types: cave, pore and fracture. The main diagenetic types are syngene-parsyngenetic dissolution, epigenetic dissolution, buried dissolution, cementation and filling, tectonic rupture, silicification and compaction. Diagenesis in different stages jointly controls the evolution of reservoir pores in the four members of Dengying Formation, among which the constructive diagenesis is dissolution and rupture in different periods, and the destructive diagenesis is compaction and pressure-dissolution and cementation and filling.[Conclusion] The filling sequence of cement in the solution holes of the fourth member of the reservoir can be divided into: the first generation blade-like dolomite → the second generation powdery dolomite → the first stage bitumen → the third generation fine crystalline dolomite → the fourth generation medium crystalline dolomite → the fifth generation coarse crystalline dolomite → the sixth generation giant crystalline saddle-shaped dolomite → the second stage bitumen → the seventh generation quartz, fluorite and other minerals. According to the information of fluid inclusions captured by cemented fill of each stage, such as type, phase state and homogenization temperature, the oil-gas charging process of Dthe fourth member of Dengying Formation in Penglai Area was reconstructed: Paleo-oil reservoir charging in the middle and late Silurian period (the first phase of fossil oil reservoir) → late Caledonian paleo-oil reservoir destruction → Middle Triassic paleo-oil reservoir charging (the second phase of fossil oil reservoir) → Late Jurassic paleo-gas cracking in paleo-oil reservoir → the adjustment and formation of paleo-gas reservoir from Late Cretaceous to present, in which the late oil cracking gas → gaseous hydrocarbon charging is the main forming period of the fourth member gas reservoir of Dengying Formation.
Abstract:
The Huodiya Group is an important Precambrian stratigraphic unit in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block and a significant graphite-bearing stratum in China. However, its depositional age, provenance and tectonic attribution have been controversial for a long time. In this paper, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating were carried out on the sericite phyllite from the Shangliang Formation of Huodiya Group, Wangcang area. The results show that maximum depositional age of the sample is 837.6 ± 6.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.60, n = 5). Combined existing data, the depositional age of Huodiya Group is constrained between ~910 Ma and ~835 Ma. The age populations of detrital zircons are concentrated in the four peaks of 832-843 Ma, 855-883 Ma, 895-936 Ma and 952-988 Ma, and the detrital provenance is mainly from the southeast and northwest magmatic rocks. A synthesis of depositional age, provenance and regional geological background, the Shangliang Formation of Huodiya Group in Wangcang area probably deposited in the backarc basin receiving provenance from both sides, which is a response to the late-stage convergence of the Rodinia supercontinent in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block.
The Huodiya Group is an important Precambrian stratigraphic unit in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block and a significant graphite-bearing stratum in China. However, its depositional age, provenance and tectonic attribution have been controversial for a long time. In this paper, LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating were carried out on the sericite phyllite from the Shangliang Formation of Huodiya Group, Wangcang area. The results show that maximum depositional age of the sample is 837.6 ± 6.0 Ma (MSWD = 0.60, n = 5). Combined existing data, the depositional age of Huodiya Group is constrained between ~910 Ma and ~835 Ma. The age populations of detrital zircons are concentrated in the four peaks of 832-843 Ma, 855-883 Ma, 895-936 Ma and 952-988 Ma, and the detrital provenance is mainly from the southeast and northwest magmatic rocks. A synthesis of depositional age, provenance and regional geological background, the Shangliang Formation of Huodiya Group in Wangcang area probably deposited in the backarc basin receiving provenance from both sides, which is a response to the late-stage convergence of the Rodinia supercontinent in the northwestern margin of the Yangtze Block.
Abstract:
[Objective]The reticulated laterite in southern China is a good geological carrier for Quaternary environmental changes, but there is currently relatively little microscopic research on bedrock reticulation,Not conducive to a comprehensive understanding of reticulation [Methods]Through micro-area analysis techniques, geostatistical and factor analysis, and other methods to conducted elemental geochemical analysis on the white vein micro-area of the bedrock and variegated?horizon in the Langxi profile. [Results]1) Element content in the white vein micro-area of sandstone: The content of iron group elements such as Fe2O3 (1.14-13.29%) and Mn (87×10-6 -3230×10-6) showed a trend of increasing from the center of the white veins to the periphery. However, the spatial distribution of other major elements and stable elements such as Ti (1294×10-6~ 2454×10-6) and Zr (171 ×10-6~ 197×10-6) showed the opposite trend. The spatial distribution of element content in the bedrock layer is basically consistent with that of the variegated?horizon. 2) Ti/Zr (bedrock layer: 7.23-12.89; reticulated layer: 12.82-21.84) and Ti/Al2O3 (bedrock layer: 0.013-0.018; reticulated layer: 0.044-0.062) were divided into two groups through cluster analysis and scatter plot.They have different provenance 3) The weathering of the bedrock layer (CIA: 86.37%~87.49%; SA: 5.23~5.76) is slightly higher than that of the variegated?horizon (CIA: 85.10%~86.07%; SA: 6.91~8.16;). The leaching intensity of elements such as Al2O3 (17.3%)、 Fe2O3 (73.91%) and MnO (76.68%)in the bedrock white vein micro-area and Al2O3 (15.78%) 、Fe2O3 (70.39%) and MnO (74.84%) in the variegated?horizon white vein micro-area showed a trend of decreasing from the center of the white veins to the periphery. 4) The common feature of factors in the white vein micro-area of the bedrock layer and the reticulated layer is that they are mainly factor 1, which reflects the leaching migration of iron and iron group elements in the white vein, as well as the relative enrichment process of constant elements such asAl2O3、SiO2and K2O and stable elements such as Ti and Zr. [Conclusion] The composition of the white reticulated interior of the bedrock layer and the variegated?horizon are non-spatially homogeneous, and the process of reticulation is a spatial process that extends from the center to the periphery.During reticulation, the leaching of iron and iron group elements dominates, but other elements also have a certain degree of migration, mainly characterized by strong leaching at the center of the reticulation and relatively weak leaching at the periphery. The reticulation process of the two is quite similar.
[Objective]The reticulated laterite in southern China is a good geological carrier for Quaternary environmental changes, but there is currently relatively little microscopic research on bedrock reticulation,Not conducive to a comprehensive understanding of reticulation [Methods]Through micro-area analysis techniques, geostatistical and factor analysis, and other methods to conducted elemental geochemical analysis on the white vein micro-area of the bedrock and variegated?horizon in the Langxi profile. [Results]1) Element content in the white vein micro-area of sandstone: The content of iron group elements such as Fe2O3 (1.14-13.29%) and Mn (87×10-6 -3230×10-6) showed a trend of increasing from the center of the white veins to the periphery. However, the spatial distribution of other major elements and stable elements such as Ti (1294×10-6~ 2454×10-6) and Zr (171 ×10-6~ 197×10-6) showed the opposite trend. The spatial distribution of element content in the bedrock layer is basically consistent with that of the variegated?horizon. 2) Ti/Zr (bedrock layer: 7.23-12.89; reticulated layer: 12.82-21.84) and Ti/Al2O3 (bedrock layer: 0.013-0.018; reticulated layer: 0.044-0.062) were divided into two groups through cluster analysis and scatter plot.They have different provenance 3) The weathering of the bedrock layer (CIA: 86.37%~87.49%; SA: 5.23~5.76) is slightly higher than that of the variegated?horizon (CIA: 85.10%~86.07%; SA: 6.91~8.16;). The leaching intensity of elements such as Al2O3 (17.3%)、 Fe2O3 (73.91%) and MnO (76.68%)in the bedrock white vein micro-area and Al2O3 (15.78%) 、Fe2O3 (70.39%) and MnO (74.84%) in the variegated?horizon white vein micro-area showed a trend of decreasing from the center of the white veins to the periphery. 4) The common feature of factors in the white vein micro-area of the bedrock layer and the reticulated layer is that they are mainly factor 1, which reflects the leaching migration of iron and iron group elements in the white vein, as well as the relative enrichment process of constant elements such asAl2O3、SiO2and K2O and stable elements such as Ti and Zr. [Conclusion] The composition of the white reticulated interior of the bedrock layer and the variegated?horizon are non-spatially homogeneous, and the process of reticulation is a spatial process that extends from the center to the periphery.During reticulation, the leaching of iron and iron group elements dominates, but other elements also have a certain degree of migration, mainly characterized by strong leaching at the center of the reticulation and relatively weak leaching at the periphery. The reticulation process of the two is quite similar.
Abstract:
Carbon and oxygen isotopes are one of the important geochemical indexes of carbonate rocks, which play an important role in revealing the characteristics of sedimentary and diagenetic fluids, and have become one of the basic means to study carbonate rocks. At present, a large number of studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes in limestone-dolomite stage have been carried out at home and abroad, but there are few studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes in sulfate-carbonate stage. In the sulfate-carbonate stage of the sedimentary sequence, there are still carbon and oxygen elements that can be tested, which makes this study possible. There are currently studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes of the plaster salt section of Huaying Mountain and the plaster bearing strata of Reichenhall Formation, Australia, but these studies are few and concentrated on surface samples. It is of great theoretical significance to study carbon and oxygen isotopes of underground paste and salt samples. In the process of drilling geothermal well in Doubei Village, Gaotan Town, Linshui County, Sichuan, to the east of Huaying Mountain in Sichuan Basin, carbon and oxygen isotopes of paste salt interbedding cuttings of Jialingjiang-Lekoupo Formation were studied. It is concluded that :(1) The δ18OPDB (‰) of paste salt interbedding cuttings in the Daobei geothermal well ranges from -2.56 to -15.47, with an average value of -9.13. The δ13CPDB (‰) ranges from -4.68 to -0.12, with an average value of -2.86, and the Z-value is generally lower than 120, which is inconsistent with the characteristics of Marine sediments. The δ18OPDB and δ13CPDB values were significantly lower than that of the Triassic paste salt formation in Huaying Mountain and the Reichenhall paste salt formation in Australia; (2) The carbon and oxygen isotopes of the underground salt-salt strata in this area are mainly affected by the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in the deep-buried stage before the formation fold and the massive inflow of surface fresh water after the formation fold, fracture and uplift. The high formation temperature and the exchange of organic carbon before fold and the desalting of surface water after fold and fracture are the fundamental reasons for the low δ18O and δ13C of the gypsum salt layer in this area. At the same time, there may be a little freshwater action and influence during the depositional stage; (3) The formation temperature calculated by Craig'sequation (1965) was 28.18~111.71℃, with an average of 68.45℃. The formation temperature calculated by Vasconcelos'sequation (2005) ranges from 4.54℃ to 78.21℃, with an average value of 38.91℃. The former is close to the present temperature of the formation, while the latter is lower, which may be related to the selection of δ18O in the calculation formula.
Carbon and oxygen isotopes are one of the important geochemical indexes of carbonate rocks, which play an important role in revealing the characteristics of sedimentary and diagenetic fluids, and have become one of the basic means to study carbonate rocks. At present, a large number of studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes in limestone-dolomite stage have been carried out at home and abroad, but there are few studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes in sulfate-carbonate stage. In the sulfate-carbonate stage of the sedimentary sequence, there are still carbon and oxygen elements that can be tested, which makes this study possible. There are currently studies on carbon and oxygen isotopes of the plaster salt section of Huaying Mountain and the plaster bearing strata of Reichenhall Formation, Australia, but these studies are few and concentrated on surface samples. It is of great theoretical significance to study carbon and oxygen isotopes of underground paste and salt samples. In the process of drilling geothermal well in Doubei Village, Gaotan Town, Linshui County, Sichuan, to the east of Huaying Mountain in Sichuan Basin, carbon and oxygen isotopes of paste salt interbedding cuttings of Jialingjiang-Lekoupo Formation were studied. It is concluded that :(1) The δ18OPDB (‰) of paste salt interbedding cuttings in the Daobei geothermal well ranges from -2.56 to -15.47, with an average value of -9.13. The δ13CPDB (‰) ranges from -4.68 to -0.12, with an average value of -2.86, and the Z-value is generally lower than 120, which is inconsistent with the characteristics of Marine sediments. The δ18OPDB and δ13CPDB values were significantly lower than that of the Triassic paste salt formation in Huaying Mountain and the Reichenhall paste salt formation in Australia; (2) The carbon and oxygen isotopes of the underground salt-salt strata in this area are mainly affected by the thermochemical sulfate reduction (TSR) in the deep-buried stage before the formation fold and the massive inflow of surface fresh water after the formation fold, fracture and uplift. The high formation temperature and the exchange of organic carbon before fold and the desalting of surface water after fold and fracture are the fundamental reasons for the low δ18O and δ13C of the gypsum salt layer in this area. At the same time, there may be a little freshwater action and influence during the depositional stage; (3) The formation temperature calculated by Craig'sequation (1965) was 28.18~111.71℃, with an average of 68.45℃. The formation temperature calculated by Vasconcelos'sequation (2005) ranges from 4.54℃ to 78.21℃, with an average value of 38.91℃. The former is close to the present temperature of the formation, while the latter is lower, which may be related to the selection of δ18O in the calculation formula.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Paleogene Shahejie Formation around the Bozhong sag, Bohai Bay Basin is characterized by the development of mixed rock reservoirs, which are rich in abundant oil and gas resources. The unique biomass cavity pores in mixed rock reservoirs make the initial porosity of mixed rocks cannot be obtained by the conventional initial porosity recovery formula for mixed rocks, and there is a lack of initial porosity recovery methods for mixed rocks both at home and abroad, and the accurate recovery of the initial porosity is a key element in the study of the evolution of the reservoir. [Methods] In this study, modern snail samples were selected to determine the volume of snail body cavities using experimental and formulaic methods. Subsequently, a physical simulation experiment was conducted to simulate the filling conditions of snail body cavities in a real depositional environment. Finally, based on commonly used formulas for calculating initial porosity in reservoirs, a formula suitable for mixed rock reservoirs was derived. [Results and Discussions] Studies have shown that the species of snails is the biggest factor affecting the percentage of body cavity pore volume of snails. Different species of snails have different sizes of effective storage space, i.e., body cavity pore porosity; the main reason affecting the difference in body cavity pore porosity of the same species of snails is the size of the body cavity pore lumen. Taking the mixed rock sample from well QHD36-3-A at a depth of 3765.03m with a high content of fragmented bioclasts as an example, the initial porosity of this mixed rock at that depth was determined to be 51.68%. [Conclusions] In this paper, a new calculation method to find the initial porosity of mixed rocks is established based on the previous formula and combined with physical simulation experiments, which is of great significance for the study of mixed reservoir evolution.
[Objective] The Paleogene Shahejie Formation around the Bozhong sag, Bohai Bay Basin is characterized by the development of mixed rock reservoirs, which are rich in abundant oil and gas resources. The unique biomass cavity pores in mixed rock reservoirs make the initial porosity of mixed rocks cannot be obtained by the conventional initial porosity recovery formula for mixed rocks, and there is a lack of initial porosity recovery methods for mixed rocks both at home and abroad, and the accurate recovery of the initial porosity is a key element in the study of the evolution of the reservoir. [Methods] In this study, modern snail samples were selected to determine the volume of snail body cavities using experimental and formulaic methods. Subsequently, a physical simulation experiment was conducted to simulate the filling conditions of snail body cavities in a real depositional environment. Finally, based on commonly used formulas for calculating initial porosity in reservoirs, a formula suitable for mixed rock reservoirs was derived. [Results and Discussions] Studies have shown that the species of snails is the biggest factor affecting the percentage of body cavity pore volume of snails. Different species of snails have different sizes of effective storage space, i.e., body cavity pore porosity; the main reason affecting the difference in body cavity pore porosity of the same species of snails is the size of the body cavity pore lumen. Taking the mixed rock sample from well QHD36-3-A at a depth of 3765.03m with a high content of fragmented bioclasts as an example, the initial porosity of this mixed rock at that depth was determined to be 51.68%. [Conclusions] In this paper, a new calculation method to find the initial porosity of mixed rocks is established based on the previous formula and combined with physical simulation experiments, which is of great significance for the study of mixed reservoir evolution.
Abstract:
[Objective]Typical beach bar sedimentary sand bodies are developed in the middle and upper member of Shibei Formation in Tainan area of Qinghai Oilfield, which is an important high-quality reservoir. The formation mechanism and distribution pattern of beach bar sand body have always been controversial, which has limited the further exploration and development of the gas field. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out fine characterization of the interior of the beach bar in Tainan area, identify the sedimentary microfacies types, and establish the corresponding deposit model of the beach bar. [Methods] Under the guidance of sedimentology, considering the hydrodynamic difference during the formation of beach bars, the sand body particle size and permeability are different. Using the median grain size as the link, the corresponding logging template of rock facies is summarized, and the interpretation standard and dynamic response of sedimentary microfacies are determined, so as to classify the sedimentary microfacies more scientifically. Based on the modern sedimentary analogy, sand body anatomy in the dense well pattern area of the study area, and the reasonableness of microfacies classification by horizontal Wells and production data, a beach bar sedimentation model suitable for the inland depression lake basin is proposed considering that the formation of beach bars is controlled by multiple factors. [Results] The beach and bar subfacies in the middle and upper part of Sebei Formation in Tainan area can be further divided into the main body of the bar, the edge of the bar, the main body of the beach and the edge of the beach. The bar sand is distributed above the beach sand, extending vertically to the northwest wind, in the form of lenticular and mencrescent, with a length of about 1,250 m and a width of about 250 m. The linear positive correlation between the length and width of the bar sand is about 5, which is consistent with modern sedimentation. As a whole, the beach sand is distributed in the direction of vertical provenance, and broadly and gently covers the edge of the bar sand. By comparing the deposit of beach bar in Tiangiz Lake, the extension direction, distribution rule and length-width ratio of bar sand are well corresponding. Sufficient source supply provides a good material basis for the formation of beach bars. The coupling of palaeostructure, palaeogeomorphology, palaeomonsoon and palaeowater depth controls the development scale of beach bars, the development form and geographical location of bar sands. [Conclusions] The sedimentary model of "open shallow lake, wind wave transformation, oblique row type" is proposed, which can provide theoretical guidance for the identification of beach bar system in inland depression lake basins.
[Objective]Typical beach bar sedimentary sand bodies are developed in the middle and upper member of Shibei Formation in Tainan area of Qinghai Oilfield, which is an important high-quality reservoir. The formation mechanism and distribution pattern of beach bar sand body have always been controversial, which has limited the further exploration and development of the gas field. Therefore, it is urgent to carry out fine characterization of the interior of the beach bar in Tainan area, identify the sedimentary microfacies types, and establish the corresponding deposit model of the beach bar. [Methods] Under the guidance of sedimentology, considering the hydrodynamic difference during the formation of beach bars, the sand body particle size and permeability are different. Using the median grain size as the link, the corresponding logging template of rock facies is summarized, and the interpretation standard and dynamic response of sedimentary microfacies are determined, so as to classify the sedimentary microfacies more scientifically. Based on the modern sedimentary analogy, sand body anatomy in the dense well pattern area of the study area, and the reasonableness of microfacies classification by horizontal Wells and production data, a beach bar sedimentation model suitable for the inland depression lake basin is proposed considering that the formation of beach bars is controlled by multiple factors. [Results] The beach and bar subfacies in the middle and upper part of Sebei Formation in Tainan area can be further divided into the main body of the bar, the edge of the bar, the main body of the beach and the edge of the beach. The bar sand is distributed above the beach sand, extending vertically to the northwest wind, in the form of lenticular and mencrescent, with a length of about 1,250 m and a width of about 250 m. The linear positive correlation between the length and width of the bar sand is about 5, which is consistent with modern sedimentation. As a whole, the beach sand is distributed in the direction of vertical provenance, and broadly and gently covers the edge of the bar sand. By comparing the deposit of beach bar in Tiangiz Lake, the extension direction, distribution rule and length-width ratio of bar sand are well corresponding. Sufficient source supply provides a good material basis for the formation of beach bars. The coupling of palaeostructure, palaeogeomorphology, palaeomonsoon and palaeowater depth controls the development scale of beach bars, the development form and geographical location of bar sands. [Conclusions] The sedimentary model of "open shallow lake, wind wave transformation, oblique row type" is proposed, which can provide theoretical guidance for the identification of beach bar system in inland depression lake basins.
Abstract:
During the Cretaceous period, extreme greenhouse climate, global oceanic anoxia and oxygen enrichment events occurred in geological history, and the Cretaceous red beds that appeared during this period contain important information related to paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, which is of great significance to the understanding of stratigraphic surface systems. In this paper, a set of red mudstones developed during the Cretaceous in the North Yellow Sea Basin of eastern China is taken as the object of study. X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (XRD) analyses were carried out on the red and grey mudstones of the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, in order to semi-quantitatively and quantitatively analyze the composition and content of chromogenic minerals in the rocks. We also combined the ordinary thin section and scanning electron microscope methods to observe the characteristics of chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone, such as the morphology, distribution and crystalline size of iron-containing minerals. XRD results show that the chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone are hematite and goethite, of which hematite is the main content, the highest content can reach 14%, while the grey mudstone does not contain hematite; hematite aggregates can be seen under the microscope in the red mudstone, and alteration phenomena can be seen in the local area; hematite can be seen in the form of granular or plate aggregates under the scanning electron microscope; Using the characteristics of changes in hematite and goethite content, it is concluded that the climate was relatively humid from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, and hot and dry from the Middle to Late Early Cretaceous. Combined with the paleoclimate data of the North Yellow Sea Basin and its adjacent areas, the method of using iron oxides to reflect the paleoclimate changes in the study area is found to be feasible, and a comprehensive analysis suggests that the chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone of the Lower Cretaceous have indicative significance for the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.
During the Cretaceous period, extreme greenhouse climate, global oceanic anoxia and oxygen enrichment events occurred in geological history, and the Cretaceous red beds that appeared during this period contain important information related to paleoclimate and paleoenvironment, which is of great significance to the understanding of stratigraphic surface systems. In this paper, a set of red mudstones developed during the Cretaceous in the North Yellow Sea Basin of eastern China is taken as the object of study. X-ray diffraction and diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (XRD) analyses were carried out on the red and grey mudstones of the Middle Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous, in order to semi-quantitatively and quantitatively analyze the composition and content of chromogenic minerals in the rocks. We also combined the ordinary thin section and scanning electron microscope methods to observe the characteristics of chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone, such as the morphology, distribution and crystalline size of iron-containing minerals. XRD results show that the chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone are hematite and goethite, of which hematite is the main content, the highest content can reach 14%, while the grey mudstone does not contain hematite; hematite aggregates can be seen under the microscope in the red mudstone, and alteration phenomena can be seen in the local area; hematite can be seen in the form of granular or plate aggregates under the scanning electron microscope; Using the characteristics of changes in hematite and goethite content, it is concluded that the climate was relatively humid from the Late Jurassic to the Early Cretaceous, and hot and dry from the Middle to Late Early Cretaceous. Combined with the paleoclimate data of the North Yellow Sea Basin and its adjacent areas, the method of using iron oxides to reflect the paleoclimate changes in the study area is found to be feasible, and a comprehensive analysis suggests that the chromogenic minerals in the red mudstone of the Lower Cretaceous have indicative significance for the paleoenvironment and paleoclimate.
Abstract:
There are many curvilinear ridges that have similar planforms as rivers in the northern and southwestern Qaidam Basin. To investigate their formation mechanism, [Methods] we carry out statistical and morphological analyses on 21 sets of gravel samples from the curvilinear ridges, and compared them with the gravel layer sediments in the middle reaches of the Han River. [Results and Discussions] Analysis shows that the ratio of round and sub-round gravels in the curvilinear ridges area ranges from 71.6% to 74.0%, and the ratio of discoid gravels ranges from 44.9% to 54.0%. The correlation coefficients of the gravel morphological features between the distribution area of curvilinear ridges in the Qaidam Basin and the sampling area of the middle reaches of the Han River range from 0.688 to 0.7258. [Conclusions] Studies indicate the following: the gravels in the curvilinear ridges are fluvial deposits. And if based on the modern hydrologic parameters of the Qaidam Basin, the paleocurrent velocity, paleo-discharge and paleo-annual runoff rate of the river indicated by the curvilinear ridges are 0.217 m/s, 1.39 m3/s, and 0.1440 × 108 m3, respectively. The paleo-discharge range of the curvilinear ridges of the Qaidam Basin reconstructed based on the channel width is 14-16 m3/s. Accordingly, the paleo-runoff depth is estimated to be about 2 m, and the corresponding paleocurrent velocity, paleo-discharge and paleo-annual runoff rate are about 0.357 m/s, 14.28 m3/s, and 1.4801×108 m3, respectively. Keywords: Qaidam Basin; Curvilinear ridge; Gravel morphology; Han River; Paleohydrology
There are many curvilinear ridges that have similar planforms as rivers in the northern and southwestern Qaidam Basin. To investigate their formation mechanism, [Methods] we carry out statistical and morphological analyses on 21 sets of gravel samples from the curvilinear ridges, and compared them with the gravel layer sediments in the middle reaches of the Han River. [Results and Discussions] Analysis shows that the ratio of round and sub-round gravels in the curvilinear ridges area ranges from 71.6% to 74.0%, and the ratio of discoid gravels ranges from 44.9% to 54.0%. The correlation coefficients of the gravel morphological features between the distribution area of curvilinear ridges in the Qaidam Basin and the sampling area of the middle reaches of the Han River range from 0.688 to 0.7258. [Conclusions] Studies indicate the following: the gravels in the curvilinear ridges are fluvial deposits. And if based on the modern hydrologic parameters of the Qaidam Basin, the paleocurrent velocity, paleo-discharge and paleo-annual runoff rate of the river indicated by the curvilinear ridges are 0.217 m/s, 1.39 m3/s, and 0.1440 × 108 m3, respectively. The paleo-discharge range of the curvilinear ridges of the Qaidam Basin reconstructed based on the channel width is 14-16 m3/s. Accordingly, the paleo-runoff depth is estimated to be about 2 m, and the corresponding paleocurrent velocity, paleo-discharge and paleo-annual runoff rate are about 0.357 m/s, 14.28 m3/s, and 1.4801×108 m3, respectively. Keywords: Qaidam Basin; Curvilinear ridge; Gravel morphology; Han River; Paleohydrology
Abstract:
[Objective] Chemical weathering is a key geological process that regulates the long-term climate of the earth and participates in the global carbon cycle, and is particularly important for the evolution of terrestrial climate and reconstruction of paleoclimate. [Methods] In this study, 89 aeolian sand and river sand fine-grained components (<63 μm), revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of chemical weathering in the four major sandy lands in Northeast China (Hunshandake Sandy Land, Horqin Sandy Land, Songnen Sandy Land and Hulunbuir Sandy Land), and evaluated the response relationship and influencing factors of 13 weathering indexes to climatic factors (average annual temperature and average annual precipitation). [Results and Discussions] The results showed that the same chemical weathering index (e.g. CIA) showed a poor spatial distribution law and poor correlation with climatic factors in different sandy lands (the correlation coefficient was generally less than 0.4), but different weathering indicators showed a good correlation with climatic factors in different sandy lands (the correlation coefficient was generally greater than 0.6). This indicates that the sensitivity of different weathering indicators to climate varies significantly in different regions. The chemical weathering of the sandy land in Northeast China measured by different indexes is generally controlled by climatic factors, but there are still obvious differences in the correlation between the chemical weathering intensity and temperature and precipitation in different sandy lands. The chemical weathering intensity of Hunshandake Sandy Land was generally low under the influence of precipitation, which was mainly controlled by river action and monsoon precipitation. The weathering intensity in the eastern part of the sandy land is affected by precipitation, which is mainly controlled by topography, monsoon, water vapor transport and element migration, while the weathering intensity in the western part of the sandy land is affected by temperature, which is mainly affected by the topography and high annual average temperature. The southern part of the Songnen Sandy Land has a high weathering rate and is most significantly affected by precipitation, which is mainly affected by geographical location, monsoon precipitation, distribution of multiple rivers and vegetation coverage. The weathering intensity of Hulunbuir Sandy Land is at a moderate level and is relatively weak due to temperature and precipitation, which is mainly controlled by topography, wind erosion, physical weathering and vegetation coverage. [Conclusions] In general, in addition to climatic conditions, the effects of river development, topography and regional geographical characteristics on chemical weathering intensity are equally important, so it is necessary to choose carefully when using sediment chemical weathering indicators for paleoclimate reconstruction, and this study also provides a new idea for sandy land environmental management in Northeast China.
[Objective] Chemical weathering is a key geological process that regulates the long-term climate of the earth and participates in the global carbon cycle, and is particularly important for the evolution of terrestrial climate and reconstruction of paleoclimate. [Methods] In this study, 89 aeolian sand and river sand fine-grained components (<63 μm), revealed the spatial distribution characteristics of chemical weathering in the four major sandy lands in Northeast China (Hunshandake Sandy Land, Horqin Sandy Land, Songnen Sandy Land and Hulunbuir Sandy Land), and evaluated the response relationship and influencing factors of 13 weathering indexes to climatic factors (average annual temperature and average annual precipitation). [Results and Discussions] The results showed that the same chemical weathering index (e.g. CIA) showed a poor spatial distribution law and poor correlation with climatic factors in different sandy lands (the correlation coefficient was generally less than 0.4), but different weathering indicators showed a good correlation with climatic factors in different sandy lands (the correlation coefficient was generally greater than 0.6). This indicates that the sensitivity of different weathering indicators to climate varies significantly in different regions. The chemical weathering of the sandy land in Northeast China measured by different indexes is generally controlled by climatic factors, but there are still obvious differences in the correlation between the chemical weathering intensity and temperature and precipitation in different sandy lands. The chemical weathering intensity of Hunshandake Sandy Land was generally low under the influence of precipitation, which was mainly controlled by river action and monsoon precipitation. The weathering intensity in the eastern part of the sandy land is affected by precipitation, which is mainly controlled by topography, monsoon, water vapor transport and element migration, while the weathering intensity in the western part of the sandy land is affected by temperature, which is mainly affected by the topography and high annual average temperature. The southern part of the Songnen Sandy Land has a high weathering rate and is most significantly affected by precipitation, which is mainly affected by geographical location, monsoon precipitation, distribution of multiple rivers and vegetation coverage. The weathering intensity of Hulunbuir Sandy Land is at a moderate level and is relatively weak due to temperature and precipitation, which is mainly controlled by topography, wind erosion, physical weathering and vegetation coverage. [Conclusions] In general, in addition to climatic conditions, the effects of river development, topography and regional geographical characteristics on chemical weathering intensity are equally important, so it is necessary to choose carefully when using sediment chemical weathering indicators for paleoclimate reconstruction, and this study also provides a new idea for sandy land environmental management in Northeast China.
Abstract:
The coal-bearing strata of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation are widely distributed in Dawangzhuang area, Jiyang depression, and the high-quality reservoir control factors in the coal strata have an important influence on oil and gas exploration. Combined with burial history, tectonic evolution history, multi-proxy analyses, including the cast thin sections, fluorescence, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum, petrography of fluid inclusion and homogeneous temperature, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, were conducted to systematically study the characteristics and genetic model of high-quality reservoir of clastic rocks in coal-bearing strata of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation(C3t) in Dawangzhuang area, Jiyang depression. The clastic reservoir of Taiyuan Formation coal measure strata in Dawangzhuang area is mainly composed of lithic quartz sandstone. The high-quality reservoir space is dominated by secondary pores, and the dissolution is strong. It is mainly filled with interstitial materials dissolution pores and feldspar dissolution pores formed by atmospheric fresh water and organic acid dissolution. The porosity of high-quality reservoir is more than 8 %, and the permeability is more than 5 × 10-3 μm2. And two phases of quartz overgrowth and two phases of carbonate cements are developed, dominated by carbonate cements. The first phase of quartz overgrowth mainly derives from pressure dissolution of quartz particles, the second phase of quartz overgrowth is mainly sourced from the feldspar dissolution. Siderite is mainly formed by pore water precipitation in syndepositional-early diagenesis stage, and ankerite is mainly related to organic acid decarboxylation. The evolution process of the diagenesis-accumulation system of the clastic rock reservoir of coal measures strata of C3t in Dawangzhuang area of Jiyang depression is: siderite → first phase of quartz overgrowth → first-stage oil in yellow fluorescence emplacement → kaolinite → ankerite →second-stage oil emplacement in blue fluorescence → second phase of quartz overgrowth and kaolinite →pyrite. High-quality reservoirs are mainly controlled by sedimentary facies, tectonic action and diagenesis. The sedimentary facies controls the distribution of lithofacies of high-quality reservoirs. The high-quality reservoirs are mainly controlled by the late uplift of atmospheric fresh water leaching dissolution and buried organic acid dissolution. At the same time, they are controlled by tectonic activities. The distance between the high-quality reservoirs and the docking faults should be far away, so as to avoid the further precipitation of CO2 produced by decarboxylation to form ankerite to destroy the reservoir properties.
The coal-bearing strata of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation are widely distributed in Dawangzhuang area, Jiyang depression, and the high-quality reservoir control factors in the coal strata have an important influence on oil and gas exploration. Combined with burial history, tectonic evolution history, multi-proxy analyses, including the cast thin sections, fluorescence, cathodoluminescence, scanning electron microscopy and energy spectrum, petrography of fluid inclusion and homogeneous temperature, and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, were conducted to systematically study the characteristics and genetic model of high-quality reservoir of clastic rocks in coal-bearing strata of Carboniferous Taiyuan Formation(C3t) in Dawangzhuang area, Jiyang depression. The clastic reservoir of Taiyuan Formation coal measure strata in Dawangzhuang area is mainly composed of lithic quartz sandstone. The high-quality reservoir space is dominated by secondary pores, and the dissolution is strong. It is mainly filled with interstitial materials dissolution pores and feldspar dissolution pores formed by atmospheric fresh water and organic acid dissolution. The porosity of high-quality reservoir is more than 8 %, and the permeability is more than 5 × 10-3 μm2. And two phases of quartz overgrowth and two phases of carbonate cements are developed, dominated by carbonate cements. The first phase of quartz overgrowth mainly derives from pressure dissolution of quartz particles, the second phase of quartz overgrowth is mainly sourced from the feldspar dissolution. Siderite is mainly formed by pore water precipitation in syndepositional-early diagenesis stage, and ankerite is mainly related to organic acid decarboxylation. The evolution process of the diagenesis-accumulation system of the clastic rock reservoir of coal measures strata of C3t in Dawangzhuang area of Jiyang depression is: siderite → first phase of quartz overgrowth → first-stage oil in yellow fluorescence emplacement → kaolinite → ankerite →second-stage oil emplacement in blue fluorescence → second phase of quartz overgrowth and kaolinite →pyrite. High-quality reservoirs are mainly controlled by sedimentary facies, tectonic action and diagenesis. The sedimentary facies controls the distribution of lithofacies of high-quality reservoirs. The high-quality reservoirs are mainly controlled by the late uplift of atmospheric fresh water leaching dissolution and buried organic acid dissolution. At the same time, they are controlled by tectonic activities. The distance between the high-quality reservoirs and the docking faults should be far away, so as to avoid the further precipitation of CO2 produced by decarboxylation to form ankerite to destroy the reservoir properties.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective] In this study, to redetermine the stratigraphic boundary of the Carboniferous-Permian Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the Yichuan area of the Ordos Basin and to solve the problem of sedimentary age attribution of coal-bearing natural gas mudstone section near the boundary of the Shanxi-Taiyuan Formation. [Methods] We selected the sandstone and mudstone samples of the transition layer between the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the typical coring well Yi 120 to conduct the U-Pb dating of detrital zircon and we used the maximum depositional age ( MDA ) estimation method, combined with previous research results on the zircon age of the Taiyuan Formation-Shanxi Formation in the North China Plate, to constrain the depositional age of the study interval. [Results] Experiments show that the maximum likelihood age (MLA) of the sandstone and mudstone at the top of the Taiyuan Formation is 298±2 Ma, which represents the age of the latest deposition of the strata. This interval was deposited in the Early Asselian period, which is consistent with the Asselian sedimentary age determined by conodont. The MLAs of the sandstone samples at the bottom of the Shanxi Formation is 295±1 Ma, representing the age of the earliest deposition, which was deposited in the Middle-Late Arthurian period. [Conclusions] Based on the above research and analysis, we conclude that the boundary between the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the study area should be above the sand-mudstone section at the top of the Taiyuan Formation; that is, the marine sand-mudstone layer at the top of the Taiyuan Formation in the study area should belong to the Taiyuan Formation, which provides a certain basis for the stratigraphic division of the Shanxi-Taiyuan Formation in the study area.
Abstract: [Objective] In this study, to redetermine the stratigraphic boundary of the Carboniferous-Permian Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the Yichuan area of the Ordos Basin and to solve the problem of sedimentary age attribution of coal-bearing natural gas mudstone section near the boundary of the Shanxi-Taiyuan Formation. [Methods] We selected the sandstone and mudstone samples of the transition layer between the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the typical coring well Yi 120 to conduct the U-Pb dating of detrital zircon and we used the maximum depositional age ( MDA ) estimation method, combined with previous research results on the zircon age of the Taiyuan Formation-Shanxi Formation in the North China Plate, to constrain the depositional age of the study interval. [Results] Experiments show that the maximum likelihood age (MLA) of the sandstone and mudstone at the top of the Taiyuan Formation is 298±2 Ma, which represents the age of the latest deposition of the strata. This interval was deposited in the Early Asselian period, which is consistent with the Asselian sedimentary age determined by conodont. The MLAs of the sandstone samples at the bottom of the Shanxi Formation is 295±1 Ma, representing the age of the earliest deposition, which was deposited in the Middle-Late Arthurian period. [Conclusions] Based on the above research and analysis, we conclude that the boundary between the Taiyuan and Shanxi formations in the study area should be above the sand-mudstone section at the top of the Taiyuan Formation; that is, the marine sand-mudstone layer at the top of the Taiyuan Formation in the study area should belong to the Taiyuan Formation, which provides a certain basis for the stratigraphic division of the Shanxi-Taiyuan Formation in the study area.
Abstract:
China possesses abundant terrestrial shale oil resources, exhibiting significant potential for exploration. This study focuses on the black shale of the Shahejie Formation(Es1) in the Jiyang Depression as its research subject. By employing XRD, rock pyrolysis, fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and low-temperature gas adsorption techniques, we comprehensively investigate the laminated black shale layer types, layer combinations, pore types, and structural characteristics of the Es1 section within the southern Bohai Bay Basin. The findings reveal a diverse range of mineral types present in the Es1 section black shales. Based on their distinct compositions, these black shale layers are classified into five categories: feldspar-quartz lamina, clay mineral-rich lamina, aragonite lamina, micritic calcite-dominated lamina, and organic-rich lamina. Furthermore, the vertical stacking relationships allow for their division into three binary layer combinations: "organic-rich + micritic calcite", "organic-rich + aragonite" and "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz". Among these, the porosity of "organic-rich + aragonite" and "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz" binary lamina combination shales was relatively higher, with superior pore structure and connectivity compared to those of "organic-rich + micritic calcite" binary lamina combination shales. In the "organic-rich + aragonite" binary lamina combination shale, shale oil is present in a free state within interlayer crevices, exhibiting optimal mobility. The coexistence of free oil and adsorbed oil in the "organic-rich + aragonite" binary lamina combination shale results in relatively poor mobility. However, in the "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz" binary lamina combination shale, shale oil primarily exists in an adsorbed form, demonstrating the lowest mobility. The research findings elucidate the heterogeneity in reservoir properties among different lamina combinations and establish the pivotal influence of diverse lamina combinations on balck shale's porosity, pore structure, and hydrocarbon storage capacity. Based on these discoveries, we have developed shale oil storage models tailored to various lamina combination black shales, thereby providing a scientific foundation for future extraction of shale oil and gas.
China possesses abundant terrestrial shale oil resources, exhibiting significant potential for exploration. This study focuses on the black shale of the Shahejie Formation(Es1) in the Jiyang Depression as its research subject. By employing XRD, rock pyrolysis, fluorescence analysis, scanning electron microscopy, and low-temperature gas adsorption techniques, we comprehensively investigate the laminated black shale layer types, layer combinations, pore types, and structural characteristics of the Es1 section within the southern Bohai Bay Basin. The findings reveal a diverse range of mineral types present in the Es1 section black shales. Based on their distinct compositions, these black shale layers are classified into five categories: feldspar-quartz lamina, clay mineral-rich lamina, aragonite lamina, micritic calcite-dominated lamina, and organic-rich lamina. Furthermore, the vertical stacking relationships allow for their division into three binary layer combinations: "organic-rich + micritic calcite", "organic-rich + aragonite" and "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz". Among these, the porosity of "organic-rich + aragonite" and "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz" binary lamina combination shales was relatively higher, with superior pore structure and connectivity compared to those of "organic-rich + micritic calcite" binary lamina combination shales. In the "organic-rich + aragonite" binary lamina combination shale, shale oil is present in a free state within interlayer crevices, exhibiting optimal mobility. The coexistence of free oil and adsorbed oil in the "organic-rich + aragonite" binary lamina combination shale results in relatively poor mobility. However, in the "organic-rich + feldspar-quartz" binary lamina combination shale, shale oil primarily exists in an adsorbed form, demonstrating the lowest mobility. The research findings elucidate the heterogeneity in reservoir properties among different lamina combinations and establish the pivotal influence of diverse lamina combinations on balck shale's porosity, pore structure, and hydrocarbon storage capacity. Based on these discoveries, we have developed shale oil storage models tailored to various lamina combination black shales, thereby providing a scientific foundation for future extraction of shale oil and gas.
Abstract:
[Objective] To investigate the sorting movement and sedimentary characteristics of fine-grained sediments under the action of turbidity currents, and analyze the controlled factors of their transport distance and sediments spatial distribution. [Methods] Based on circular flume simulation experiment, the transport and deposition process of fine-grained sediments carried by turbidity currents were simulated and analyzed by controlling three conditions: initial fluid velocity, sediment concentration, and sand mud ratio, and the sedimentary dynamic mechanism was explored. [Results] The simulation results indicate that: (1) Fine-grained sediments transported by turbidity currents will experience experimental phenomena such as “water jump”, “double flow segmentation”, “lofting”, “head lifting”, and “new head” during the flow process. (2) During fluid transportation, the movement speed and distance of fine-grained sediments are influenced by the concentration difference between the fluid and the environmental fluid. (3) Factors such as initial flow velocity, water jump, and lofting control fluid flow velocity, fine-grained sediments transport distance, and spatial distribution. (4) The “new head” phenomenon causes the sand bodies carried by the fluid to become discontinuous, isolated or dispersed. [Conclusions] According to the “new head” phenomenon in the simulation process, the causes of dispersed sand bodies are speculated, which has certain guiding significance for the study of the formation and distribution of dispersed sand bodies.
[Objective] To investigate the sorting movement and sedimentary characteristics of fine-grained sediments under the action of turbidity currents, and analyze the controlled factors of their transport distance and sediments spatial distribution. [Methods] Based on circular flume simulation experiment, the transport and deposition process of fine-grained sediments carried by turbidity currents were simulated and analyzed by controlling three conditions: initial fluid velocity, sediment concentration, and sand mud ratio, and the sedimentary dynamic mechanism was explored. [Results] The simulation results indicate that: (1) Fine-grained sediments transported by turbidity currents will experience experimental phenomena such as “water jump”, “double flow segmentation”, “lofting”, “head lifting”, and “new head” during the flow process. (2) During fluid transportation, the movement speed and distance of fine-grained sediments are influenced by the concentration difference between the fluid and the environmental fluid. (3) Factors such as initial flow velocity, water jump, and lofting control fluid flow velocity, fine-grained sediments transport distance, and spatial distribution. (4) The “new head” phenomenon causes the sand bodies carried by the fluid to become discontinuous, isolated or dispersed. [Conclusions] According to the “new head” phenomenon in the simulation process, the causes of dispersed sand bodies are speculated, which has certain guiding significance for the study of the formation and distribution of dispersed sand bodies.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Late Paleozoic Ice Age is the most remarkable icehouse period since the flourish of the terrestrial ecosystem and is characterized by multiple discrete glacial and interglacial periods. Several global warming events occurred during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, which have received wide attention in recent years. An abrupt negative excursion in carbon isotopes (δ13C) has been recorded near the Late Pennsylvanian Kasimovian-Gzhelian Boundary (KGB), accompanied by significant global warming. The KGB warming event under the background of interglacial period of the icehouse climate is of great interest, but the study on this warming event is still in the initial stage. [Methods] In this paper, detailed sedimentological and comprehensive stratigraphic studies were carried out on the ~20-m-thick strata across the KGB in the Naqing, Shanglong, and Narao sections of the Luodian Basin, South China. [Results and Discussions] Four sedimentary lithofacies are identified, including the lime mudstone facies, bioclastic wacke- to packstone facies, normal-graded packstone facies, and dark calcareous mudstone facies, indicating a deep-water slope environment with frequent sea-level fluctuations. The newly obtained carbonate δ13C record from the Shanglong section can be well compared with the previously published records from the Naqing and Narao sections, and the negative excursion in δ13C across the KGB is recorded around the world. Three cycles of paleo-water-depth variation at the Heckelina eudoraensis zone, Idiognathodus naraoensis zone, and the bottom of H. simulator zone in the study interval show a similar pace with the astronomical cycles and can be correlated to those of the Mid-continent from North America. [Conclusions] The studied successions of the Luodian Basin provide an important reference for the study of the KGB warming event.
[Objective] The Late Paleozoic Ice Age is the most remarkable icehouse period since the flourish of the terrestrial ecosystem and is characterized by multiple discrete glacial and interglacial periods. Several global warming events occurred during the Late Paleozoic Ice Age, which have received wide attention in recent years. An abrupt negative excursion in carbon isotopes (δ13C) has been recorded near the Late Pennsylvanian Kasimovian-Gzhelian Boundary (KGB), accompanied by significant global warming. The KGB warming event under the background of interglacial period of the icehouse climate is of great interest, but the study on this warming event is still in the initial stage. [Methods] In this paper, detailed sedimentological and comprehensive stratigraphic studies were carried out on the ~20-m-thick strata across the KGB in the Naqing, Shanglong, and Narao sections of the Luodian Basin, South China. [Results and Discussions] Four sedimentary lithofacies are identified, including the lime mudstone facies, bioclastic wacke- to packstone facies, normal-graded packstone facies, and dark calcareous mudstone facies, indicating a deep-water slope environment with frequent sea-level fluctuations. The newly obtained carbonate δ13C record from the Shanglong section can be well compared with the previously published records from the Naqing and Narao sections, and the negative excursion in δ13C across the KGB is recorded around the world. Three cycles of paleo-water-depth variation at the Heckelina eudoraensis zone, Idiognathodus naraoensis zone, and the bottom of H. simulator zone in the study interval show a similar pace with the astronomical cycles and can be correlated to those of the Mid-continent from North America. [Conclusions] The studied successions of the Luodian Basin provide an important reference for the study of the KGB warming event.
Abstract:
[Objective] Selective dissolution is common in marine carbonates, and its origin is typically to be related to meteoric fluids, while other possible origins lack further discussion. [Methods] In this study, the origin of marine selective dissolution of Buqu Formation of well GK-1 in the south Qiangtang basin is investigated based on petrography, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and elemental geochemistry. [Results] Eight sedimentary cycles (C1 to C8 from bottom to top) were recognized from the studied Buqu Formation, each cycle with limestone in the lower part and dolostone in the upper part. These eight cycles can be divided into two types (A and B) according to different carbonate components. The limestone in type A cycle (C1-C4) is dominated by bioclastic packstone and grainstone, while in type B cycle (C5-C8) is dominated by bioclastic wackstone and packstone. Upwards from type A cycle to the type B cycle, the content of aragonite fossils (gastropods and bivalves) in the limestone decreases and the content of peloids increases. The dolomite in both type A and type B cycles is crystalline dolomite with ooid ghosts showing selective dissolution pores. Importantly, the overall percentage of selective dissolution pores in type A cycles is significantly higher than that in type B cycles. In terms of geochemistry, the carbon and oxygen isotopes of dolostone are relatively higher compared to those of limestone in each cycle. Rare earth elements and yttrium concentrations (0.44~7.25 ppm) of dolostone and limestone are extremely low and the Y/Ho ratios (35.63~75.55) are basically within the range of modern seawater. Dolostone exhibits a seawater-like PAAS-normalized REE+ Y pattern, showing a left leaning style with relatively LREE depletion and HREE enrichment, while PAAS-normalized REE+ Y pattern of limestone is relatively flat; δCe values of dolostone range from 0.55 to 0.78 (average 0.63) and δCe value of limestoe range from 0.80 to 0.88 (average 0.84); The concentrations of redox sensitive elements (U, Mo, V) are very low, and the V/V+Ni ratios range from 0.04 to 0.45. In each cycle, both Cu and Zn content in dolostone is higher than limestone, and type A cycles overall have higher Cu and Zn contents than type B cycles. [Conclusions] Based on lithology and sedimentary components, the Buqu Formation of GK-1 Well was likely deposited in shallow marine grain-shoal settings, with sea water becoming restricted from type A cycles to type B cycles. Based on the comprehensive petrological and geochemical analysis, selective dissolution herein is interpreted to be produced by early marine diagenesis rather than meteoric diagenesis or deep burial. During early marine diagenesis, aragonite may be selectively dissolved by undersaturated pore fluids via organic matter decomposition. In the sedimentary cycles, the differential development of selective dissolution is probably controlled by aragonite content, paleoproductivity, and early marine diagenetic redox boundary: i) in a single cycle, dolostone interval is characterized by higher paleoproductivity and more oxic pore water than limestone interval during early diagenesis, favoring the production of undersaturated fluids and the formation of selective dissolution pores; ii) in comparison between type A and type B cycles, type A cycles have higher content of aragonite, higher paleoproductivity and lower early marine diagenetic redox boundary, therefore resulting in a better development of selective dissolution.
[Objective] Selective dissolution is common in marine carbonates, and its origin is typically to be related to meteoric fluids, while other possible origins lack further discussion. [Methods] In this study, the origin of marine selective dissolution of Buqu Formation of well GK-1 in the south Qiangtang basin is investigated based on petrography, stable carbon and oxygen isotopes, and elemental geochemistry. [Results] Eight sedimentary cycles (C1 to C8 from bottom to top) were recognized from the studied Buqu Formation, each cycle with limestone in the lower part and dolostone in the upper part. These eight cycles can be divided into two types (A and B) according to different carbonate components. The limestone in type A cycle (C1-C4) is dominated by bioclastic packstone and grainstone, while in type B cycle (C5-C8) is dominated by bioclastic wackstone and packstone. Upwards from type A cycle to the type B cycle, the content of aragonite fossils (gastropods and bivalves) in the limestone decreases and the content of peloids increases. The dolomite in both type A and type B cycles is crystalline dolomite with ooid ghosts showing selective dissolution pores. Importantly, the overall percentage of selective dissolution pores in type A cycles is significantly higher than that in type B cycles. In terms of geochemistry, the carbon and oxygen isotopes of dolostone are relatively higher compared to those of limestone in each cycle. Rare earth elements and yttrium concentrations (0.44~7.25 ppm) of dolostone and limestone are extremely low and the Y/Ho ratios (35.63~75.55) are basically within the range of modern seawater. Dolostone exhibits a seawater-like PAAS-normalized REE+ Y pattern, showing a left leaning style with relatively LREE depletion and HREE enrichment, while PAAS-normalized REE+ Y pattern of limestone is relatively flat; δCe values of dolostone range from 0.55 to 0.78 (average 0.63) and δCe value of limestoe range from 0.80 to 0.88 (average 0.84); The concentrations of redox sensitive elements (U, Mo, V) are very low, and the V/V+Ni ratios range from 0.04 to 0.45. In each cycle, both Cu and Zn content in dolostone is higher than limestone, and type A cycles overall have higher Cu and Zn contents than type B cycles. [Conclusions] Based on lithology and sedimentary components, the Buqu Formation of GK-1 Well was likely deposited in shallow marine grain-shoal settings, with sea water becoming restricted from type A cycles to type B cycles. Based on the comprehensive petrological and geochemical analysis, selective dissolution herein is interpreted to be produced by early marine diagenesis rather than meteoric diagenesis or deep burial. During early marine diagenesis, aragonite may be selectively dissolved by undersaturated pore fluids via organic matter decomposition. In the sedimentary cycles, the differential development of selective dissolution is probably controlled by aragonite content, paleoproductivity, and early marine diagenetic redox boundary: i) in a single cycle, dolostone interval is characterized by higher paleoproductivity and more oxic pore water than limestone interval during early diagenesis, favoring the production of undersaturated fluids and the formation of selective dissolution pores; ii) in comparison between type A and type B cycles, type A cycles have higher content of aragonite, higher paleoproductivity and lower early marine diagenetic redox boundary, therefore resulting in a better development of selective dissolution.
Abstract:
The Neoproterozoic Sturtian Glaciation (~ 717-660 Ma) developed widely across the world, which was well recorded in the Nanhua Basin, but the study of carbon cycling during this period has been lacked. To understand the characteristics of carbon isotope compositions during the Sturtian Glaciation, this study focuses on the drillcore ZK2115 in Songtao area, eastern Guizhou Province, and the high-resolution organic and inorganic carbon isotopes (δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb) of the syn-Sturtian Tiesi’ao Formation are analyzed. The results show that the values of δ13Ccarb vary between -9.29 ‰ and -3.37 ‰ (mean -7.24 ‰), indicating the genitive excursion. The values of δ13Corg vary between -33.63 ‰ and -23.35 ‰ (mean -29.29 ‰). Besides, there is a positive correlation for the δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb values, indicating that the inorganic carbon isotope compositions are not affected by the diagenesis, and can be used to reflect the original carbon isotope signals of the syn-Sturtian Nanhua Basin. Combined with the low TOC contents (mean 0.25%) of the Tiesi’ao Formation, showing that the photosynthesis still existed under the extreme glacial conditions with low rates, and the contents of the generated organic matter are low. The research of carbon isotope compositions in this study can be used to explore the carbon cycling during the Sturtian Glaciation and can also provide evidence for the paleo-marine environment and biogeochemical cycle under extreme climatic condition.
The Neoproterozoic Sturtian Glaciation (~ 717-660 Ma) developed widely across the world, which was well recorded in the Nanhua Basin, but the study of carbon cycling during this period has been lacked. To understand the characteristics of carbon isotope compositions during the Sturtian Glaciation, this study focuses on the drillcore ZK2115 in Songtao area, eastern Guizhou Province, and the high-resolution organic and inorganic carbon isotopes (δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb) of the syn-Sturtian Tiesi’ao Formation are analyzed. The results show that the values of δ13Ccarb vary between -9.29 ‰ and -3.37 ‰ (mean -7.24 ‰), indicating the genitive excursion. The values of δ13Corg vary between -33.63 ‰ and -23.35 ‰ (mean -29.29 ‰). Besides, there is a positive correlation for the δ13Corg and δ13Ccarb values, indicating that the inorganic carbon isotope compositions are not affected by the diagenesis, and can be used to reflect the original carbon isotope signals of the syn-Sturtian Nanhua Basin. Combined with the low TOC contents (mean 0.25%) of the Tiesi’ao Formation, showing that the photosynthesis still existed under the extreme glacial conditions with low rates, and the contents of the generated organic matter are low. The research of carbon isotope compositions in this study can be used to explore the carbon cycling during the Sturtian Glaciation and can also provide evidence for the paleo-marine environment and biogeochemical cycle under extreme climatic condition.
Abstract:
The Early Cambrian Biological Explosion is usually thought to be related to the increase of nitrate concentration, however, the latest study shows that there is no significant change of nitrate concentration in this period. In order to find out the influence of nitrate on the biological explosion, this paper takes the borehole core (well ZK0202) in the slope area of the southeastern margin of Yangtze as an anatomical research object, and reconstructs the characteristics of the paleomarine environment and nitrogen cycle in this period through the analyses of the indexes of major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements, and carbon-nitrogen isotopes. The results show that the Early Cambrian Fortunian-Middle Age 2 (>526 Ma) paleomarine was characterized by a stratified ocean with deepened chemocline, and both nitrogen fixation and denitrification developed during the same period, with nitrogen fixation being the dominant effect. Late Age 2-Early Age 3 (~526-518 Ma), the paleomarine was characterized by strong anoxic-euxinic, and nitrogen fixation was the most important nitrogen cycle pathway. Middle and late Age 3 (<518 Ma) paleomarine was dominated by suboxic-oxic, and nitrogen fixation was still developed. The evolution of the redox state may be related to the high primary productivity induced by hydrothermal action, while the persistent nitrogen fixation shows that the nitrate concentration was maintained at a low level during the same period. Therefore, the abundance of nitrate may not be the main controlling factor for the biological explosion, and ocean oxidation and the abundance of organisms at the base of the food chain may be important triggers for the biological explosion. The above research results further enhance the degree of research on the paleomarine environment and nitrogen cycle in the Early Cambrian slope area of the southeast margin of the South China Yangtze, and provide new references for the correct understanding of the mechanism of the environment-biological co-evolution in this period.
The Early Cambrian Biological Explosion is usually thought to be related to the increase of nitrate concentration, however, the latest study shows that there is no significant change of nitrate concentration in this period. In order to find out the influence of nitrate on the biological explosion, this paper takes the borehole core (well ZK0202) in the slope area of the southeastern margin of Yangtze as an anatomical research object, and reconstructs the characteristics of the paleomarine environment and nitrogen cycle in this period through the analyses of the indexes of major elements, trace elements, rare earth elements, and carbon-nitrogen isotopes. The results show that the Early Cambrian Fortunian-Middle Age 2 (>526 Ma) paleomarine was characterized by a stratified ocean with deepened chemocline, and both nitrogen fixation and denitrification developed during the same period, with nitrogen fixation being the dominant effect. Late Age 2-Early Age 3 (~526-518 Ma), the paleomarine was characterized by strong anoxic-euxinic, and nitrogen fixation was the most important nitrogen cycle pathway. Middle and late Age 3 (<518 Ma) paleomarine was dominated by suboxic-oxic, and nitrogen fixation was still developed. The evolution of the redox state may be related to the high primary productivity induced by hydrothermal action, while the persistent nitrogen fixation shows that the nitrate concentration was maintained at a low level during the same period. Therefore, the abundance of nitrate may not be the main controlling factor for the biological explosion, and ocean oxidation and the abundance of organisms at the base of the food chain may be important triggers for the biological explosion. The above research results further enhance the degree of research on the paleomarine environment and nitrogen cycle in the Early Cambrian slope area of the southeast margin of the South China Yangtze, and provide new references for the correct understanding of the mechanism of the environment-biological co-evolution in this period.
Abstract:
[Objective]The lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rock mixed with clay, felsic, carbonate and analcite minerals develops in the fourth member of Shahejie Formation of the Leijia area in the western sag of the Liaohe Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin and is the main carrier for the occurrence of oil and gas. Due to the complex composition and rapid lateral changes of mixed fine-grained rocks, the reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, which brings certain difficulties to the prediction of high-quality reservoirs. [Methods] Taking the Lei 15 well, the Lei 14 well and the Lei 61 well in the Leijia area of the western sag as an example, based on time series analysis method, high-precision carbonate U-Pb dating and natural gamma logging data, the mixed fine-grained rocks of the the fourth member of Shahejie Formation were analyzed by cyclostratigraphy. [Results and Discussions] 1) The optimal sedimentation rates of Well Lei 15, Well Lei 14 and Well Lei 61 were estimated by COCO, and it was found that the optimal sedimentation rates increased sequentially and were 10.57 cm/kyr, 11.4 cm/kyr and 13.93 cm respectively; Perform spectrum analysis on the paleoclimate proxy indicator (GR) and compare it with the data spectrum analysis results of the standard ETP curve (eccentricity, slope, precession composite curve), identify astronomical cycle signals in mixed fine-grained rocks in Wells Lei 15, Lei 14 and Lei 61, And use the 405 kyr long eccentricity for astronomical tuning, and use the age 43.4±1.7 Ma at 2766.61m in Well Lei 14 as the anchor point to establish an absolute astronomical time scale. [Conclusions] By conducting cyclostratigraphic research on the fourth member of Shahejie Formation in the Leijia area, astronomical cycle signals in the fourth member of Shahejie Formation can be effectively identified. This method quantitatively establishes a fine stratigraphic division and comparison framework with time attributes, which plays an important role in guiding further oil and gas exploration in the area and broadens the applicability of cycle stratigraphy in the Bohai Bay Basin.
[Objective]The lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rock mixed with clay, felsic, carbonate and analcite minerals develops in the fourth member of Shahejie Formation of the Leijia area in the western sag of the Liaohe Depression in the Bohai Bay Basin and is the main carrier for the occurrence of oil and gas. Due to the complex composition and rapid lateral changes of mixed fine-grained rocks, the reservoirs are highly heterogeneous, which brings certain difficulties to the prediction of high-quality reservoirs. [Methods] Taking the Lei 15 well, the Lei 14 well and the Lei 61 well in the Leijia area of the western sag as an example, based on time series analysis method, high-precision carbonate U-Pb dating and natural gamma logging data, the mixed fine-grained rocks of the the fourth member of Shahejie Formation were analyzed by cyclostratigraphy. [Results and Discussions] 1) The optimal sedimentation rates of Well Lei 15, Well Lei 14 and Well Lei 61 were estimated by COCO, and it was found that the optimal sedimentation rates increased sequentially and were 10.57 cm/kyr, 11.4 cm/kyr and 13.93 cm respectively; Perform spectrum analysis on the paleoclimate proxy indicator (GR) and compare it with the data spectrum analysis results of the standard ETP curve (eccentricity, slope, precession composite curve), identify astronomical cycle signals in mixed fine-grained rocks in Wells Lei 15, Lei 14 and Lei 61, And use the 405 kyr long eccentricity for astronomical tuning, and use the age 43.4±1.7 Ma at 2766.61m in Well Lei 14 as the anchor point to establish an absolute astronomical time scale. [Conclusions] By conducting cyclostratigraphic research on the fourth member of Shahejie Formation in the Leijia area, astronomical cycle signals in the fourth member of Shahejie Formation can be effectively identified. This method quantitatively establishes a fine stratigraphic division and comparison framework with time attributes, which plays an important role in guiding further oil and gas exploration in the area and broadens the applicability of cycle stratigraphy in the Bohai Bay Basin.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Shaximiao Formation in the Middle Jurassic of the Sichuan Basin is an important tight gas exploration and development layer. Currently, the exploration and development of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation is in its initial stage, with weak overall research, especially the lack of a systematic understanding of the controlling role of high-quality sand body distribution. [Methods] Based on petrological analysis and geochemistry, this article studied the provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region. [Results] The results are as follows: (1) The sandstone of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region is mainly composed of feldspar litharenite and lithic feldspar sandstone. Igneous rock lithic fragments are mainly andesite, which are less developed in the underlying formations but commonly found in the northeast and southeast of Sichuan. (2) The dominant heavy minerals in the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region are garnet and epidote. Epidote is rare in the underlying formations but highly developed in the northeast and southeast of Sichuan. (3) Discrimination diagrams, including F1-F2, SiO2-TiO2, La/Th-Hf, and Co/Th-La/Sc, show that the provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region is mainly felsic volcanic rocks with a small amount of sedimentary rocks. [Conclusion] Based on the above analysis, the sandstone provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin is mainly derived from the Daba Mountains in the northeast of Sichuan Basin, while other directions around the basin have limited provenance supply. These results provide strong support for the division of favorable areas for tight gas in the Sichuan Basin and for exploration and development activities.
[Objective] The Shaximiao Formation in the Middle Jurassic of the Sichuan Basin is an important tight gas exploration and development layer. Currently, the exploration and development of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation is in its initial stage, with weak overall research, especially the lack of a systematic understanding of the controlling role of high-quality sand body distribution. [Methods] Based on petrological analysis and geochemistry, this article studied the provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region. [Results] The results are as follows: (1) The sandstone of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region is mainly composed of feldspar litharenite and lithic feldspar sandstone. Igneous rock lithic fragments are mainly andesite, which are less developed in the underlying formations but commonly found in the northeast and southeast of Sichuan. (2) The dominant heavy minerals in the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region are garnet and epidote. Epidote is rare in the underlying formations but highly developed in the northeast and southeast of Sichuan. (3) Discrimination diagrams, including F1-F2, SiO2-TiO2, La/Th-Hf, and Co/Th-La/Sc, show that the provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan region is mainly felsic volcanic rocks with a small amount of sedimentary rocks. [Conclusion] Based on the above analysis, the sandstone provenance of the first Member of the Shaximiao Formation in the central Sichuan Basin is mainly derived from the Daba Mountains in the northeast of Sichuan Basin, while other directions around the basin have limited provenance supply. These results provide strong support for the division of favorable areas for tight gas in the Sichuan Basin and for exploration and development activities.
Abstract:
Calcite containing hydrocarbon and asphalt inclusions developed in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation subsalt carbonate reservoir in the Wusenqi area of Ordos Basin, which is an important indicator of fluid source and hydrocarbon accumulation process. Through core observation, rock thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, rare earth elements, C, O, Sr isotopes, microfluorescence and laser Raman spectroscopy analysis, the calcite development stages were divided, the sources of vein forming fluids were analyzed, and the fluid inclusions were studied to reveal the significance of hydrocarbon activities on oil and gas accumulation. The results show that 4 stages of calcite veins (C1, C2, C3, C4) are developed in the carbonate reservoir in Wushenqi area, and the characteristics and sources of secondary calcite veins are different in different periods. The C1 and C4 vein forming fluids are derived from the dissolved surrounding rocks, and their isotopes of strontium carbon and oxygen are consistent with those of Ordovician seawater, and the rare earth partition pattern is characteristic of seawater. C2 calcite veins have very negative carbon isotope values, high 87Sr/86Sr values and total rare earth content, positive Eu anomaly, and the fluid comes from external fluids. C3 calcite has a negative carbon isotope value, higher 87Sr/86Sr values and total rare earth content, and the fluid is derived from external fluids. In addition, asphaltic inclusions developed on calcite veins of C2 and C3 stages, indicating that oil and gas cracked after entering the reservoir. The geochemical characteristics of calcite veins in the study area provide a theoretical basis for oil and gas accumulation in Ordos Basin and other basins.
Calcite containing hydrocarbon and asphalt inclusions developed in the Ordovician Majiagou Formation subsalt carbonate reservoir in the Wusenqi area of Ordos Basin, which is an important indicator of fluid source and hydrocarbon accumulation process. Through core observation, rock thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, rare earth elements, C, O, Sr isotopes, microfluorescence and laser Raman spectroscopy analysis, the calcite development stages were divided, the sources of vein forming fluids were analyzed, and the fluid inclusions were studied to reveal the significance of hydrocarbon activities on oil and gas accumulation. The results show that 4 stages of calcite veins (C1, C2, C3, C4) are developed in the carbonate reservoir in Wushenqi area, and the characteristics and sources of secondary calcite veins are different in different periods. The C1 and C4 vein forming fluids are derived from the dissolved surrounding rocks, and their isotopes of strontium carbon and oxygen are consistent with those of Ordovician seawater, and the rare earth partition pattern is characteristic of seawater. C2 calcite veins have very negative carbon isotope values, high 87Sr/86Sr values and total rare earth content, positive Eu anomaly, and the fluid comes from external fluids. C3 calcite has a negative carbon isotope value, higher 87Sr/86Sr values and total rare earth content, and the fluid is derived from external fluids. In addition, asphaltic inclusions developed on calcite veins of C2 and C3 stages, indicating that oil and gas cracked after entering the reservoir. The geochemical characteristics of calcite veins in the study area provide a theoretical basis for oil and gas accumulation in Ordos Basin and other basins.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Dianqianbei depression is not only an important exploration area and producing area of marine shale gas in southern China, but also an important large-super large MVT type lead-zinc metallogenic area associated with key metals in China. Asphalt or ancient reservoirs with high Pb and Zn contents are constantly found in lead-zinc deposits. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of elements in black shale kerogen are used to study the material contribution of mineralization and the sedimentary environment of black shale. [Methods] The black shale outcrops in the Dashiban, Liangfengao and Maoba areas in the eastern part of the northern Yunnan-Guizhou depression were taken as the research objects. The kerogen in the black shale was pretreated by microwave digestion, and the trace elements in the black shale and kerogen were analyzed and tested in combination with petrographic and mineralographic observations. [Results] Three redox indicators (U/Th ,Ni/Co, V/Cr) in the kerogen of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation showed that the Wufeng Formation was oxygen-poor-anoxic, and the Longmaxi Formation was oxygen-rich-oxygen-poor environment ; the ancient water depth calculated by Co element in the study area is 6.85 ~ 54.37 m. The paleoclimate reflected by Sr / Cu is warm and humid, and the Sr / Ba value is less than 0.5, which represents the sedimentary environment of brackish water. At the same time, in terms of paleoproductivity, Wufeng Formation is greater than Longmaxi Formation. The contents of Pb, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sb, V, Cr and Ni in the whole rock are higher than those in the kerogen, and the contents of Ag, Ge, U and Th in the kerogen are higher than those in the whole rock. The light rare earth elements in the whole rock and kerogen are relatively enriched, and the heavy rare earth elements are relatively depleted. The Eu and some Ce in the whole rock show weak negative anomalies. The kerogen shows strong Ce negative anomaly, Eu weak negative anomaly, and the total rare earth content is higher than that of the whole rock. [Conclusions] The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the study area is generally an oxygen-rich-oxygen-poor turbulent sedimentary environment, with a warm and humid climate of brackish water shallow shelf facies sedimentary characteristics. Trace elements in black shale kerogen can provide a basis for regional prospecting.
[Objective] The Dianqianbei depression is not only an important exploration area and producing area of marine shale gas in southern China, but also an important large-super large MVT type lead-zinc metallogenic area associated with key metals in China. Asphalt or ancient reservoirs with high Pb and Zn contents are constantly found in lead-zinc deposits. In this paper, the geochemical characteristics of elements in black shale kerogen are used to study the material contribution of mineralization and the sedimentary environment of black shale. [Methods] The black shale outcrops in the Dashiban, Liangfengao and Maoba areas in the eastern part of the northern Yunnan-Guizhou depression were taken as the research objects. The kerogen in the black shale was pretreated by microwave digestion, and the trace elements in the black shale and kerogen were analyzed and tested in combination with petrographic and mineralographic observations. [Results] Three redox indicators (U/Th ,Ni/Co, V/Cr) in the kerogen of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation showed that the Wufeng Formation was oxygen-poor-anoxic, and the Longmaxi Formation was oxygen-rich-oxygen-poor environment ; the ancient water depth calculated by Co element in the study area is 6.85 ~ 54.37 m. The paleoclimate reflected by Sr / Cu is warm and humid, and the Sr / Ba value is less than 0.5, which represents the sedimentary environment of brackish water. At the same time, in terms of paleoproductivity, Wufeng Formation is greater than Longmaxi Formation. The contents of Pb, Zn, Cd, Bi, Sb, V, Cr and Ni in the whole rock are higher than those in the kerogen, and the contents of Ag, Ge, U and Th in the kerogen are higher than those in the whole rock. The light rare earth elements in the whole rock and kerogen are relatively enriched, and the heavy rare earth elements are relatively depleted. The Eu and some Ce in the whole rock show weak negative anomalies. The kerogen shows strong Ce negative anomaly, Eu weak negative anomaly, and the total rare earth content is higher than that of the whole rock. [Conclusions] The Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation in the study area is generally an oxygen-rich-oxygen-poor turbulent sedimentary environment, with a warm and humid climate of brackish water shallow shelf facies sedimentary characteristics. Trace elements in black shale kerogen can provide a basis for regional prospecting.
Abstract:
Peperite is a kind of transitional rock formed by the syngenetic mixing of hot magmatic materials and wet and cold unconsolidated sediments, which has important paleoenvironmental implications. Based on outcrop geological survey and microscopic petrological analysis, typical peperites are recognized in Ediacaran basic volcanic rocks in northwestern Tarim Basin, which mainly include blocky peperites and fluidal peperites, and their host is purplish red sandy sediments. The peperites were mainly formed by the intrusion of magma into the water-rich unconsolidated sandy sediments or by the flow of magma on the surface of the water-rich unconsolidated sandy sediments. Among them, the thinner magmatic intrusion and the bottom of the surface flood basalt mainly formed the fluidal peperites, while the thicker magmatic intrusion developed the blocky peperites. It is concluded that the northern margin of the Tarim craton was still in an intraplate rift setting related to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Ediacaran, and the development of peperite indicates that the basalt eruption in this area was mainly in a littoral subaqueous sedimentary environment; with the end of volcanic eruption, the northern Tarim Craton transformed into a relatively stable passive continental margin basin or a cratonic basin during the late Ediacaran.
Peperite is a kind of transitional rock formed by the syngenetic mixing of hot magmatic materials and wet and cold unconsolidated sediments, which has important paleoenvironmental implications. Based on outcrop geological survey and microscopic petrological analysis, typical peperites are recognized in Ediacaran basic volcanic rocks in northwestern Tarim Basin, which mainly include blocky peperites and fluidal peperites, and their host is purplish red sandy sediments. The peperites were mainly formed by the intrusion of magma into the water-rich unconsolidated sandy sediments or by the flow of magma on the surface of the water-rich unconsolidated sandy sediments. Among them, the thinner magmatic intrusion and the bottom of the surface flood basalt mainly formed the fluidal peperites, while the thicker magmatic intrusion developed the blocky peperites. It is concluded that the northern margin of the Tarim craton was still in an intraplate rift setting related to the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent during the early Ediacaran, and the development of peperite indicates that the basalt eruption in this area was mainly in a littoral subaqueous sedimentary environment; with the end of volcanic eruption, the northern Tarim Craton transformed into a relatively stable passive continental margin basin or a cratonic basin during the late Ediacaran.
Abstract:
Mangrove is an important coastal blue carbon ecosystem, which has a strong carbon sink function and has a profound impact on the global carbon cycle. In this study, the mangrove forest in Yanpu Bay was selected as the study area, and the high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework was established by 210Pb dating technology to analyze the sediment mass burial rate (SAR), organic carbon burial flux (OCAR) and potential sources of organic carbon. The results showed that the sedimentation rate of mangrove was about 2.2cm/a. The sediment was mainly silt and clay, the particle size was basically stable with depth, and there was a good correlation between excess 210Pb activity and depth, indicating that the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The SAR values of the sediments ranged from 52.03~233.61g/(cm2·a), and the OCAR values ranged from 112.78~473.97g/(m2·a). The higher SAR values were conducive to the deposition and burial of organic carbon. Based on the distribution characteristics of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR), it can be seen that sediment organic carbon was a mixed source of sea and land, in which the average contribution rate of mangrove litter was 59.70% and suspended organic particles (POM) is 25.68%. Therefore, mangrove areas and POM delivery are important factors affecting sediment organic carbon burial. At the same time, extreme weather, natural disasters, water conservancy projects and other factors further promote the complexity of organic carbon source changes.
Mangrove is an important coastal blue carbon ecosystem, which has a strong carbon sink function and has a profound impact on the global carbon cycle. In this study, the mangrove forest in Yanpu Bay was selected as the study area, and the high-resolution chronostratigraphic framework was established by 210Pb dating technology to analyze the sediment mass burial rate (SAR), organic carbon burial flux (OCAR) and potential sources of organic carbon. The results showed that the sedimentation rate of mangrove was about 2.2cm/a. The sediment was mainly silt and clay, the particle size was basically stable with depth, and there was a good correlation between excess 210Pb activity and depth, indicating that the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The SAR values of the sediments ranged from 52.03~233.61g/(cm2·a), and the OCAR values ranged from 112.78~473.97g/(m2·a). The higher SAR values were conducive to the deposition and burial of organic carbon. Based on the distribution characteristics of stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes and the Bayesian mixing model (MixSIAR), it can be seen that sediment organic carbon was a mixed source of sea and land, in which the average contribution rate of mangrove litter was 59.70% and suspended organic particles (POM) is 25.68%. Therefore, mangrove areas and POM delivery are important factors affecting sediment organic carbon burial. At the same time, extreme weather, natural disasters, water conservancy projects and other factors further promote the complexity of organic carbon source changes.
Abstract:
【Objective】Significant breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of Jurassic continental shale oil in the Sichuan Basin. Due to the small grain size, rapid facies changes, and strong heterogeneity of continental mud shale facies, it is urgently necessary to systematically study the development rules of lithofacies and organic matter enrichment characteristics in the Dongyuemiao Member.【Methods】Taking the Dongyuemiao Member of the Ziliujing Formation in the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin as an example, based on core data, non-core lithofacies interpretation from well logging, and utilizing theory of cyclic stratigraphy, various methods such as data preprocessing, power spectral analysis, evolutionary spectral analysis, filtering of data, correlation coefficient analysis, and astronomical tuning were employed to establish a 4-5 level high frequency stratigraphic framework for the study area. Through the sedimentary response of astronomical cycles, the development rules of mud shale lithofacies and organic matter enrichment characteristics under high-frequency chronostratigraphic framework were discussed. 【Results】 ① The Dongyuemiao Member shows a good astronomical cycle signal,and the long eccentricity (405 ka), short eccentricity (128 ka), obliquity (43 ka), and precession (21 ka) astronomical cycles were extracted. There are four long eccentricity cycles and fifteen short eccentricity cycles. The long eccentricity cycle and short eccentricity cycle were used as the subdivision units of the fourth-order and fifth-order sequences, establishing a 4-5 level chronostratigraphic framework for the Dongyuemiao Member in the study area. ②Taking into account rock thins, X-ray diffraction whole-rock analysis, and well logging data, the principle of structure first is employed, with components and sedimentary structures as the primary basis The Dongyuemiao Member is divided into two lithofacies types: indigenous organic-rich laminated mudstone facies , exogenous shell-bearing mudstone and shell limestone facies and seven lithofacies types including laminated silty-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, massive silt-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated mixed mudstone facies, laminated shell-bearing silty-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated silt-bearing shell-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated silt-bearing clay-rich shelly mudstone facies, massive argillaceous shell limestone facies, massive argillaceous shell limestone facies. ③ The coupling relationship between paleoclimate, mineral composition, and eccentricity revealed that during periods of high eccentricity and its maximum amplitude, the climate was humid and hot with significant seasonal variations. This led to the input of a large amount of fine-grained material and organic matter from the land and the development of indigenous organic-rich laminated mud shale facies. During periods of low eccentricity and its minimum amplitude, the climate was dry and cold with less input of terrigenous materials. The clay mineral and detrital mineral content were lower, and the lithofacies were dominated by exogenous shell-bearing mudstone facies, which affected the development of organic matter. The Dongyuemiao Member is mainly controlled by eccentricity cycles, and the deposition of lacustrine shelly mud shale is controlled by the climate changes driven by the 405 ka and 128 ka eccentricity cycles.【Conclusion】Long eccentricity is a key factor controlling the distribution of lithofacies and organic matter enrichment. It controls the ordered development of indigenous organic-rich laminated mud shale facies and exogenous shell-bearing mudstone and shell-bearing limestone facies. Short eccentricity has a limited impact on organic matter enrichment but significantly controls the lithofacies composition of exogenous shell-bearing mudstone.
【Objective】Significant breakthroughs have been made in the exploration of Jurassic continental shale oil in the Sichuan Basin. Due to the small grain size, rapid facies changes, and strong heterogeneity of continental mud shale facies, it is urgently necessary to systematically study the development rules of lithofacies and organic matter enrichment characteristics in the Dongyuemiao Member.【Methods】Taking the Dongyuemiao Member of the Ziliujing Formation in the eastern part of the Sichuan Basin as an example, based on core data, non-core lithofacies interpretation from well logging, and utilizing theory of cyclic stratigraphy, various methods such as data preprocessing, power spectral analysis, evolutionary spectral analysis, filtering of data, correlation coefficient analysis, and astronomical tuning were employed to establish a 4-5 level high frequency stratigraphic framework for the study area. Through the sedimentary response of astronomical cycles, the development rules of mud shale lithofacies and organic matter enrichment characteristics under high-frequency chronostratigraphic framework were discussed. 【Results】 ① The Dongyuemiao Member shows a good astronomical cycle signal,and the long eccentricity (405 ka), short eccentricity (128 ka), obliquity (43 ka), and precession (21 ka) astronomical cycles were extracted. There are four long eccentricity cycles and fifteen short eccentricity cycles. The long eccentricity cycle and short eccentricity cycle were used as the subdivision units of the fourth-order and fifth-order sequences, establishing a 4-5 level chronostratigraphic framework for the Dongyuemiao Member in the study area. ②Taking into account rock thins, X-ray diffraction whole-rock analysis, and well logging data, the principle of structure first is employed, with components and sedimentary structures as the primary basis The Dongyuemiao Member is divided into two lithofacies types: indigenous organic-rich laminated mudstone facies , exogenous shell-bearing mudstone and shell limestone facies and seven lithofacies types including laminated silty-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, massive silt-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated mixed mudstone facies, laminated shell-bearing silty-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated silt-bearing shell-rich argillaceous mudstone facies, laminated silt-bearing clay-rich shelly mudstone facies, massive argillaceous shell limestone facies, massive argillaceous shell limestone facies. ③ The coupling relationship between paleoclimate, mineral composition, and eccentricity revealed that during periods of high eccentricity and its maximum amplitude, the climate was humid and hot with significant seasonal variations. This led to the input of a large amount of fine-grained material and organic matter from the land and the development of indigenous organic-rich laminated mud shale facies. During periods of low eccentricity and its minimum amplitude, the climate was dry and cold with less input of terrigenous materials. The clay mineral and detrital mineral content were lower, and the lithofacies were dominated by exogenous shell-bearing mudstone facies, which affected the development of organic matter. The Dongyuemiao Member is mainly controlled by eccentricity cycles, and the deposition of lacustrine shelly mud shale is controlled by the climate changes driven by the 405 ka and 128 ka eccentricity cycles.【Conclusion】Long eccentricity is a key factor controlling the distribution of lithofacies and organic matter enrichment. It controls the ordered development of indigenous organic-rich laminated mud shale facies and exogenous shell-bearing mudstone and shell-bearing limestone facies. Short eccentricity has a limited impact on organic matter enrichment but significantly controls the lithofacies composition of exogenous shell-bearing mudstone.
Abstract:
Designing a reliable and rapid method for determining shale facies while scientifically constructing a framework for shale facies combination is of great significance for studying the vertical and horizontal changes of shale facies combinations. Accurately calculate the composition of shale minerals through methods such as X-ray diffraction analysis, lithology logging, multi mineral model, and Ipsom neural network, and use Python software to quickly divide the "three terminal element" lithofacies; Extracting high-frequency stratigraphic cycles as a framework for shale facies combination through time series analysis methods such as spectral analysis, optimal sedimentation rate estimation, and Gaussian filtering. The results show that there are 12 types of lithofacies developed in the strata, and the fifth order cycle is divided into five order sequences with good correspondence with vertical lithofacies changes. The fourth order cycle defines the fourth order sequence and divides the strata into eight 405kyr sedimentary lithofacies combinations (E1-E8). The Guanyinqiao Formation is used as a time anchor to calculate the starting and ending depths of each well lithofacies combination, and to build an isochronous ithofacies combination framework; Through comparative study of lithofacies combinations, it was found that the E1 to E4 lithofacies combinations at the bottom of the Longyi Formation have the characteristics of multiple types of lithofacies, rapid changes in vertical and horizontal lithofacies. The lithofacies types of the E5 to E8 lithofacies combinations are relatively simple, and the lateral changes are small; From the low point to the high point of the ancient structure, the E1 lithofacies combination shows a continuous decreasing trend of siliceous shale content, the E2-E4 lithofacies combination shows a significant decrease in mixed shale content, the E5-E8 lithofacies combination shows a decrease in siliceous shale content, and the siliceous/muddy mixed shale content significantly increases. Overall, the shale lithofacies combination framework built based on time series analysis methods, combined with new lithofacies judgment methods, can accurately describe the differences in stratigraphic lithofacies combinations in different regions during the same period, providing new ideas for quantitative analysis of shale lithofacies heterogeneity and its changing trends.
Designing a reliable and rapid method for determining shale facies while scientifically constructing a framework for shale facies combination is of great significance for studying the vertical and horizontal changes of shale facies combinations. Accurately calculate the composition of shale minerals through methods such as X-ray diffraction analysis, lithology logging, multi mineral model, and Ipsom neural network, and use Python software to quickly divide the "three terminal element" lithofacies; Extracting high-frequency stratigraphic cycles as a framework for shale facies combination through time series analysis methods such as spectral analysis, optimal sedimentation rate estimation, and Gaussian filtering. The results show that there are 12 types of lithofacies developed in the strata, and the fifth order cycle is divided into five order sequences with good correspondence with vertical lithofacies changes. The fourth order cycle defines the fourth order sequence and divides the strata into eight 405kyr sedimentary lithofacies combinations (E1-E8). The Guanyinqiao Formation is used as a time anchor to calculate the starting and ending depths of each well lithofacies combination, and to build an isochronous ithofacies combination framework; Through comparative study of lithofacies combinations, it was found that the E1 to E4 lithofacies combinations at the bottom of the Longyi Formation have the characteristics of multiple types of lithofacies, rapid changes in vertical and horizontal lithofacies. The lithofacies types of the E5 to E8 lithofacies combinations are relatively simple, and the lateral changes are small; From the low point to the high point of the ancient structure, the E1 lithofacies combination shows a continuous decreasing trend of siliceous shale content, the E2-E4 lithofacies combination shows a significant decrease in mixed shale content, the E5-E8 lithofacies combination shows a decrease in siliceous shale content, and the siliceous/muddy mixed shale content significantly increases. Overall, the shale lithofacies combination framework built based on time series analysis methods, combined with new lithofacies judgment methods, can accurately describe the differences in stratigraphic lithofacies combinations in different regions during the same period, providing new ideas for quantitative analysis of shale lithofacies heterogeneity and its changing trends.
Abstract:
[Objective] The southeastern part of South China underwent a strong orogenic process, known as the Kwangsian Orogeny, during the Early Paleozoic period. However, there is still considerable controversy surrounding the nature of Kwangsian Orogeny. In order to understand the geodynamic mechanism of the Early Paleozoic Kwangsian Orogeny of South China, the detrital multi-minerals U-Pb geochronology is used to reconstruct the paleogeographic position of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in Early Paleozoic and restore the relative displacement of terranes. [Methods] U-Pb geochronology and hafnium isotopic data of detrital zircon and detrital monazite from Early Paleozoic strata of South China are revisited to trace the potential sources. [Results and Discussions] The results show that: (1) Detrital zircons from the Cambrian to Ordovician strata in Western Yangtze yield predominantly age peaks at 850-750 Ma and 550-500 Ma, with minor age peaks at 1 000-900 Ma, 1 900-1 800 Ma and 2 550-2 400 Ma. In combination with the regional lithofacies evolution, provenance analysis demonstrates that the abundant 550-500 Ma detrital zircons with positive εHf(t) values reflecting a large involvement of juvenile crustal materials, were probably derived exotically from the Cadomian arc belt along the Iran-Turkey margin. The Neoproterozoic detrital zircons preserved in the Cambrian to Ordovician strata of the western margin of the Yangtze Block are mainly derived from the Neoproterozoic igneous rock in the western Yangtze Block and the recycled materials from the underlying Neoproterozoic strata in Western Yangtze. Provenance analysis reveals that the Yangtze Block and Iran have a close provenance linkage; (2) U-Pb ages of detrital zircon and detrital monazite from the Cambrian to Ordovician strata in the Cathaysia Block exhibit predominantly age peaks at 1 000-900 Ma and 550-500 Ma. The former aligns with the age of the magmatic and metamorphic zircon/monazite in the East Ghats belt of NE India and Rayner belt in East Antarctic, while the latter corresponds to the U-Pb ages of the zircon and monazite from the Kuunga Orogen in NE India, and (3) In the age spectra of the Silurian succession of southeastern Yangtze, the peaks older than 440 Ma are identical to those of the pre-Silurian strata, indicating that the provenance of detritus of those ages is mainly the recycled materials from the underlying Cambrian to Ordovician strata. The age peak of 460-410 Ma coincides with the timing of the massive 440?400 Ma Syn-orogenic granites in Cathaysia Block. [Conclusions] The result of provenance analysis favors an oblique distribution of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks along the northeastern margin of East Gondwana. The Yangtze Block, specifically, was situated in the northeast of Iran, while Cathaysia occupied the northeastern margin of India during the Cambrian to Ordovician period, respectively. It is crucial to note that the Kwangsian Orogeny is an oblique strike-slip convergence triggered by the final assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian period. The oblique strike-slip convergence of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks after the late Ordovician (~460 Ma) resulted in the formation of the Wuyi-Yunkai Orogenic Belt (460-420 Ma).
[Objective] The southeastern part of South China underwent a strong orogenic process, known as the Kwangsian Orogeny, during the Early Paleozoic period. However, there is still considerable controversy surrounding the nature of Kwangsian Orogeny. In order to understand the geodynamic mechanism of the Early Paleozoic Kwangsian Orogeny of South China, the detrital multi-minerals U-Pb geochronology is used to reconstruct the paleogeographic position of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks in Early Paleozoic and restore the relative displacement of terranes. [Methods] U-Pb geochronology and hafnium isotopic data of detrital zircon and detrital monazite from Early Paleozoic strata of South China are revisited to trace the potential sources. [Results and Discussions] The results show that: (1) Detrital zircons from the Cambrian to Ordovician strata in Western Yangtze yield predominantly age peaks at 850-750 Ma and 550-500 Ma, with minor age peaks at 1 000-900 Ma, 1 900-1 800 Ma and 2 550-2 400 Ma. In combination with the regional lithofacies evolution, provenance analysis demonstrates that the abundant 550-500 Ma detrital zircons with positive εHf(t) values reflecting a large involvement of juvenile crustal materials, were probably derived exotically from the Cadomian arc belt along the Iran-Turkey margin. The Neoproterozoic detrital zircons preserved in the Cambrian to Ordovician strata of the western margin of the Yangtze Block are mainly derived from the Neoproterozoic igneous rock in the western Yangtze Block and the recycled materials from the underlying Neoproterozoic strata in Western Yangtze. Provenance analysis reveals that the Yangtze Block and Iran have a close provenance linkage; (2) U-Pb ages of detrital zircon and detrital monazite from the Cambrian to Ordovician strata in the Cathaysia Block exhibit predominantly age peaks at 1 000-900 Ma and 550-500 Ma. The former aligns with the age of the magmatic and metamorphic zircon/monazite in the East Ghats belt of NE India and Rayner belt in East Antarctic, while the latter corresponds to the U-Pb ages of the zircon and monazite from the Kuunga Orogen in NE India, and (3) In the age spectra of the Silurian succession of southeastern Yangtze, the peaks older than 440 Ma are identical to those of the pre-Silurian strata, indicating that the provenance of detritus of those ages is mainly the recycled materials from the underlying Cambrian to Ordovician strata. The age peak of 460-410 Ma coincides with the timing of the massive 440?400 Ma Syn-orogenic granites in Cathaysia Block. [Conclusions] The result of provenance analysis favors an oblique distribution of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks along the northeastern margin of East Gondwana. The Yangtze Block, specifically, was situated in the northeast of Iran, while Cathaysia occupied the northeastern margin of India during the Cambrian to Ordovician period, respectively. It is crucial to note that the Kwangsian Orogeny is an oblique strike-slip convergence triggered by the final assembly of the supercontinent Gondwana during the late Neoproterozoic to Cambrian period. The oblique strike-slip convergence of the Yangtze and Cathaysia blocks after the late Ordovician (~460 Ma) resulted in the formation of the Wuyi-Yunkai Orogenic Belt (460-420 Ma).
Abstract:
Abstract : In order to deeply evaluate the natural gas exploration prospect and predict the favorable exploration zone and exploration target of the shore-shallow lake beach-bar sand body of the Quaternary Qigequan Formation in Tainan area, eastern Qaidam Basin, based on the comprehensive analysis of core observation and drilling ( logging ) data, combined with the analysis results of rock thin section, grain size-standard deviation, grain size cumulative probability curve, environmental sensitive grain size composition and other parameters, the grain size variation characteristics and hydrodynamic significance of the shore-shallow lake beach-bar sand body of Qigequan Formation in this area were studied in detail. The results show that : First, The sedimentary period of Qigequan in Tainan area is the sedimentary environment of shore-shallow lake. The beach-bar sand body is developed, the rock is loose, the cementation is poor, easy to break, and the grain size is fine. The lithology is mainly lithic feldspar fine sandstone-siltstone, the composition maturity is medium-poor, and the sorting roundness is medium-poor. Second,During the sedimentary period of Qigequan Formation, the cumulative probability curve of grain size of beach-bar sand bodies in the study area showed six patterns, mainly one-hop one-suspension type ( 64.4% ), followed by multi-segment type ( 11.9% ), and the third is two-hop one-suspension type ( 7.5% ). Third, During the sedimentary period of Qigequan Formation, the grain size-standard deviation diagram of beach-bar sand bodies in the study area showed four patterns, mainly multimodal ( 50.0% ), followed by bimodal ( 33.4% ), unimodal and trimodal ( both 8.3% ). Combined with the cumulative curve of grain size probability and paleogeomorphology analysis, four environmentally sensitive grain size components were determined, which represented suspension transport, wave, coastal current and storm wave, respectively. Among them, wave was the main hydrodynamic type controlling the formation and development of beach-bar sand bodies, and the average value of environmentally sensitive grain size components accounted for 27.9% of the total grain size. Followed by the suspension effect ( average of 15.3% ) and the coastal current ( average of 11.4% ), the storm wave effect is the weakest ( average of 2.3% ). Forth, Through the study of the plane distribution characteristics of the percentage content of environmentally sensitive grain size components, it is shown that the influence of waves on the formation and development of beach-bar sand bodies is weakened from the core to the wing of the anticline, while the suspension effect is just the opposite, and the influence of coastal flow on beach-bar sand bodies is concentrated on the east and west wings of the anticline.
Abstract : In order to deeply evaluate the natural gas exploration prospect and predict the favorable exploration zone and exploration target of the shore-shallow lake beach-bar sand body of the Quaternary Qigequan Formation in Tainan area, eastern Qaidam Basin, based on the comprehensive analysis of core observation and drilling ( logging ) data, combined with the analysis results of rock thin section, grain size-standard deviation, grain size cumulative probability curve, environmental sensitive grain size composition and other parameters, the grain size variation characteristics and hydrodynamic significance of the shore-shallow lake beach-bar sand body of Qigequan Formation in this area were studied in detail. The results show that : First, The sedimentary period of Qigequan in Tainan area is the sedimentary environment of shore-shallow lake. The beach-bar sand body is developed, the rock is loose, the cementation is poor, easy to break, and the grain size is fine. The lithology is mainly lithic feldspar fine sandstone-siltstone, the composition maturity is medium-poor, and the sorting roundness is medium-poor. Second,During the sedimentary period of Qigequan Formation, the cumulative probability curve of grain size of beach-bar sand bodies in the study area showed six patterns, mainly one-hop one-suspension type ( 64.4% ), followed by multi-segment type ( 11.9% ), and the third is two-hop one-suspension type ( 7.5% ). Third, During the sedimentary period of Qigequan Formation, the grain size-standard deviation diagram of beach-bar sand bodies in the study area showed four patterns, mainly multimodal ( 50.0% ), followed by bimodal ( 33.4% ), unimodal and trimodal ( both 8.3% ). Combined with the cumulative curve of grain size probability and paleogeomorphology analysis, four environmentally sensitive grain size components were determined, which represented suspension transport, wave, coastal current and storm wave, respectively. Among them, wave was the main hydrodynamic type controlling the formation and development of beach-bar sand bodies, and the average value of environmentally sensitive grain size components accounted for 27.9% of the total grain size. Followed by the suspension effect ( average of 15.3% ) and the coastal current ( average of 11.4% ), the storm wave effect is the weakest ( average of 2.3% ). Forth, Through the study of the plane distribution characteristics of the percentage content of environmentally sensitive grain size components, it is shown that the influence of waves on the formation and development of beach-bar sand bodies is weakened from the core to the wing of the anticline, while the suspension effect is just the opposite, and the influence of coastal flow on beach-bar sand bodies is concentrated on the east and west wings of the anticline.
Abstract:
To investigate the degradation characteristics of n-hexadecane, a major component of petroleum, by microorganisms isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil in the Changqing oilfield, we employed petroleum-contaminated soil as the source of bacteria. Our objectives were to isolate strains with highly efficient n-hexadecane degradation capabilities, implement a salinization approach to achieve salinity-resistant degradation, and elucidate the kinetics and associated metabolic mechanisms of degradation. Through morphological characterization, Gram staining, biochemical and physicochemical tests, as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis, we identified the isolated strain as Acinetobacter sp.5-5. The optimal degradation conditions for Acinetobacter sp.5-5 were determined through a resistance experiment spanning 14 days. It was found that, under specific conditions of n-hexadecane concentration (0.5% (V/V)), salinity (0.5%), and pH (7.0), the petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria achieved a remarkable total degradation of n-hexadecane, reaching 99.24%, with rapid degradation completed within two days (82.13%). Subsequently, the kinetics of n-hexadecane degradation were explored using zero-, quasi-primary, and quasi-secondary kinetic models. The results revealed that the quasi-primary model provided the best fit for describing the degradation process of n-hexadecane. Furthermore, in conjunction with the analysis of culture solution pH and degradation product profiles, our preliminary assessment of the n-hexadecane degradation pathway within this microbial degradation system indicated a process involving chain cleavage and acid production. This study underscores the high degradation potential of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, including their resilience to saline and alkaline conditions, particularly in the context of n-hexadecane. These findings hold promise for their widespread application in the remediation of salinized petroleum-contaminated soils.
To investigate the degradation characteristics of n-hexadecane, a major component of petroleum, by microorganisms isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil in the Changqing oilfield, we employed petroleum-contaminated soil as the source of bacteria. Our objectives were to isolate strains with highly efficient n-hexadecane degradation capabilities, implement a salinization approach to achieve salinity-resistant degradation, and elucidate the kinetics and associated metabolic mechanisms of degradation. Through morphological characterization, Gram staining, biochemical and physicochemical tests, as well as 16S rDNA sequence analysis, we identified the isolated strain as Acinetobacter sp.5-5. The optimal degradation conditions for Acinetobacter sp.5-5 were determined through a resistance experiment spanning 14 days. It was found that, under specific conditions of n-hexadecane concentration (0.5% (V/V)), salinity (0.5%), and pH (7.0), the petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria achieved a remarkable total degradation of n-hexadecane, reaching 99.24%, with rapid degradation completed within two days (82.13%). Subsequently, the kinetics of n-hexadecane degradation were explored using zero-, quasi-primary, and quasi-secondary kinetic models. The results revealed that the quasi-primary model provided the best fit for describing the degradation process of n-hexadecane. Furthermore, in conjunction with the analysis of culture solution pH and degradation product profiles, our preliminary assessment of the n-hexadecane degradation pathway within this microbial degradation system indicated a process involving chain cleavage and acid production. This study underscores the high degradation potential of petroleum hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria, including their resilience to saline and alkaline conditions, particularly in the context of n-hexadecane. These findings hold promise for their widespread application in the remediation of salinized petroleum-contaminated soils.
Abstract:
[Objective] Recently, the shale gas exploration of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin marked a significant breakthrough, which has aroused widespread attention towards the redox conditions and the organic matter enrichment mechanisms of the Qiongzhusi Formation during its sedimentary period. Redox conditions of water column play a pivotal role in controlling the enrichment of organic matter. The particle sizes and distribution of framboidal pyrites serve as powerful redox indicators. These proxies, when combined with relevant geochemical data, enable the reconstruction of the ancient oceanic redox environment. Furthermore, the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics may correspond to changes in redox conditions. However, a detailed comparison between the pyrite morphological characteristics and redox conditions revealed by other geochemical markers remains limited. [Methods] This study focuses on the black shale of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation from well W207 in the Sichuan Basin. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the particle sizes and distribution patterns of the framboidal pyrites. Using this method, in combination with total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), pyrite content and previously published iron speciation data, we aimed to reconstruct the paleo-marine redox environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation during its sedimentary period. On this basis, the relationship between the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics and redox condition changes is discussed. [Results and Discussions] The redox environmental evolution of the Qiongzhusi Formation can be divided into three stages, i.e., strongly euxinic, intermittently euxinic and dysoxic from the bottom to the top. The morphology of pyrite is abundant, mainly framboidal pyrites, accompanied by a few pyrite microcrystals and euhedral pyrites. The framboidal pyrites are generally small in size, ranging from 2.2 to 18.4 μm with an average value of 6.39 ± 1.7 μm. More than 80% of the particle sizes are in the range of 3 – 8 μm, reflecting that framboidal pyrites were mainly formed in the water bodies of the synsedimentary period. In addition, a robust positive correlation between pyrite content and TOC and TS contents was observed. Pyrite morphology varies in different redox conditions. Specifically, in euxinic environment, the pyrite content is notably high, mainly contributed by abundant framboidal pyrites. In this setting, spherulitic microcrystals are dominant, while pyrite microcrystals and well-defined euhedral pyrites with clear edges are rare. As the redox environment gradually shifted to a more oxidized state, there was a decline in both the pyrite content and the quantity of framboidal pyrites. Concurrently, the microcrystals of the framboidal pyrites evolved from octahedral to cubic forms. At this stage, the pyrite microcrystals and euhedral pyrites both increase in quantity, with the former often exhibiting aggregates and the latter featuring irregular edges. [Conclusions] In conclusion, the observed changes in redox conditions during the sedimentation of the Qiongzhusi Formation reflect a gradual oxidation process in the inner shelf areas of South China. This aligns with the rise in atmospheric oxygen level during the early Cambrian. Notably, sedimentary pyrite displays distinct variations in the distribution of particle sizes and the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics as a function of redox conditions. These differences can serve as valuable supplementary indicators for assessing redox conditions in subsequent studies.
[Objective] Recently, the shale gas exploration of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation in the Sichuan Basin marked a significant breakthrough, which has aroused widespread attention towards the redox conditions and the organic matter enrichment mechanisms of the Qiongzhusi Formation during its sedimentary period. Redox conditions of water column play a pivotal role in controlling the enrichment of organic matter. The particle sizes and distribution of framboidal pyrites serve as powerful redox indicators. These proxies, when combined with relevant geochemical data, enable the reconstruction of the ancient oceanic redox environment. Furthermore, the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics may correspond to changes in redox conditions. However, a detailed comparison between the pyrite morphological characteristics and redox conditions revealed by other geochemical markers remains limited. [Methods] This study focuses on the black shale of the Lower Cambrian Qiongzhusi Formation from well W207 in the Sichuan Basin. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of the particle sizes and distribution patterns of the framboidal pyrites. Using this method, in combination with total organic carbon (TOC), total sulfur (TS), pyrite content and previously published iron speciation data, we aimed to reconstruct the paleo-marine redox environment of the Qiongzhusi Formation during its sedimentary period. On this basis, the relationship between the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics and redox condition changes is discussed. [Results and Discussions] The redox environmental evolution of the Qiongzhusi Formation can be divided into three stages, i.e., strongly euxinic, intermittently euxinic and dysoxic from the bottom to the top. The morphology of pyrite is abundant, mainly framboidal pyrites, accompanied by a few pyrite microcrystals and euhedral pyrites. The framboidal pyrites are generally small in size, ranging from 2.2 to 18.4 μm with an average value of 6.39 ± 1.7 μm. More than 80% of the particle sizes are in the range of 3 – 8 μm, reflecting that framboidal pyrites were mainly formed in the water bodies of the synsedimentary period. In addition, a robust positive correlation between pyrite content and TOC and TS contents was observed. Pyrite morphology varies in different redox conditions. Specifically, in euxinic environment, the pyrite content is notably high, mainly contributed by abundant framboidal pyrites. In this setting, spherulitic microcrystals are dominant, while pyrite microcrystals and well-defined euhedral pyrites with clear edges are rare. As the redox environment gradually shifted to a more oxidized state, there was a decline in both the pyrite content and the quantity of framboidal pyrites. Concurrently, the microcrystals of the framboidal pyrites evolved from octahedral to cubic forms. At this stage, the pyrite microcrystals and euhedral pyrites both increase in quantity, with the former often exhibiting aggregates and the latter featuring irregular edges. [Conclusions] In conclusion, the observed changes in redox conditions during the sedimentation of the Qiongzhusi Formation reflect a gradual oxidation process in the inner shelf areas of South China. This aligns with the rise in atmospheric oxygen level during the early Cambrian. Notably, sedimentary pyrite displays distinct variations in the distribution of particle sizes and the assemblage of pyrite morphological characteristics as a function of redox conditions. These differences can serve as valuable supplementary indicators for assessing redox conditions in subsequent studies.
Abstract:
[Significance] Grain-sizes of sediment contain multiple factors in transport way, depositional process and environment. Defined as the occurrence frequencies of different diameter particles in sedimentology and geology, grain-size distribution (GSD) records the original sedimentological information. It is one of the based data to reveal modern and ancient depositional environment in river, lake, ocean, desert, loess, etc. Traditional GSDs analytical methods are just adopted to discuss overall features of depositional processes and environments qualitatively or semi-quantitatively, which hardly overcome the defects of quantification and multiple-solutions. [Progress] In this paper, different classification standards of grain-size scale are summarized. Moment and graphical methods of GSD parameters and morphological description standards of frequency curve are compared. Applicability and attention of sedimentary environment analysis traditional methods for GSDs are combed. Using mathematical means, some unconventional research methods are formed to tackle the entirety of GSD. Unsupervised clustering algorithms calculate the similarity of GSDs using frequency, cumulative frequency or statistical parameter of GSDs. Then depositional environments are sorted according to the classes of clustering. Multifractal extracts fractal parameters to represent the complexity of GSDs frequency data. These fractal structures of GSDs could reveal different depositional properties. Operated by multiple sedimentary processes in some sedimentary environments and dynamics, GSD is superposed by multi-subpopulations, and the corresponding frequency curve is bimodal or multimodal. This implies that an inverse model of unmixing would be ideally suited to obtain genetically meaningful interpretations of these subpopulations. There are two kinds of technologies to separate grain-size component from frequency data of GSD. Based on finite mixture model in statistics, single-sample unmixing (SSU) uses probability density function, such as normal, skew normal and Weibull distribution, to unmix single GSD by curve-fitting techniques. Each grain-size component obeys unimodal distribution, and statistical parameters, mean, sorting, skewness, kurtosis and percentage, can be calculated. End-member modelling algorithm (EMMA) decomposes grain-size end-members from GSD dataset. These unimodal or multimodal grain-size end-members are linearly independent and fixed in one GSD dataset. Many improved EMMAs are realized in different open-source tools. In order to introduce applications of above-mentioned unconventional methods, 27 GSDs from central bar of the Kangshan River in Poyang Lake drainage are processed by clustering, multifractal, SSU and EMMA as an example. [Conclusions and Prospects] Sedimentation analysis confronting problems and big data characteristics of GDSs are concluded. Development tendencies of depositional significance analytical methods based on GSDs are prospected. With the advent of various modern grain-size analysis techniques and more sophisticated artificial intelligence procedures in earth sciences, new increasingly intelligent mining methods for GSDs would be emergence to understand the spatio-temporal grain-size patterns in sediments. Some excellent sedimentological related databases have been constructing. Accordingly, open-access database will be established for GSDs, including various kinds of data, intelligent methods and literatures. Under the background of big data, GSD big data technology would provide new engine to mine depositional properties deeply, and integrate into sedimentology big data. Four phases, initial, exploratory, early development and rapid development stage, can describe the research history of GDSs. The coming must be big data stage for mining sedimentological information from GSDs.
[Significance] Grain-sizes of sediment contain multiple factors in transport way, depositional process and environment. Defined as the occurrence frequencies of different diameter particles in sedimentology and geology, grain-size distribution (GSD) records the original sedimentological information. It is one of the based data to reveal modern and ancient depositional environment in river, lake, ocean, desert, loess, etc. Traditional GSDs analytical methods are just adopted to discuss overall features of depositional processes and environments qualitatively or semi-quantitatively, which hardly overcome the defects of quantification and multiple-solutions. [Progress] In this paper, different classification standards of grain-size scale are summarized. Moment and graphical methods of GSD parameters and morphological description standards of frequency curve are compared. Applicability and attention of sedimentary environment analysis traditional methods for GSDs are combed. Using mathematical means, some unconventional research methods are formed to tackle the entirety of GSD. Unsupervised clustering algorithms calculate the similarity of GSDs using frequency, cumulative frequency or statistical parameter of GSDs. Then depositional environments are sorted according to the classes of clustering. Multifractal extracts fractal parameters to represent the complexity of GSDs frequency data. These fractal structures of GSDs could reveal different depositional properties. Operated by multiple sedimentary processes in some sedimentary environments and dynamics, GSD is superposed by multi-subpopulations, and the corresponding frequency curve is bimodal or multimodal. This implies that an inverse model of unmixing would be ideally suited to obtain genetically meaningful interpretations of these subpopulations. There are two kinds of technologies to separate grain-size component from frequency data of GSD. Based on finite mixture model in statistics, single-sample unmixing (SSU) uses probability density function, such as normal, skew normal and Weibull distribution, to unmix single GSD by curve-fitting techniques. Each grain-size component obeys unimodal distribution, and statistical parameters, mean, sorting, skewness, kurtosis and percentage, can be calculated. End-member modelling algorithm (EMMA) decomposes grain-size end-members from GSD dataset. These unimodal or multimodal grain-size end-members are linearly independent and fixed in one GSD dataset. Many improved EMMAs are realized in different open-source tools. In order to introduce applications of above-mentioned unconventional methods, 27 GSDs from central bar of the Kangshan River in Poyang Lake drainage are processed by clustering, multifractal, SSU and EMMA as an example. [Conclusions and Prospects] Sedimentation analysis confronting problems and big data characteristics of GDSs are concluded. Development tendencies of depositional significance analytical methods based on GSDs are prospected. With the advent of various modern grain-size analysis techniques and more sophisticated artificial intelligence procedures in earth sciences, new increasingly intelligent mining methods for GSDs would be emergence to understand the spatio-temporal grain-size patterns in sediments. Some excellent sedimentological related databases have been constructing. Accordingly, open-access database will be established for GSDs, including various kinds of data, intelligent methods and literatures. Under the background of big data, GSD big data technology would provide new engine to mine depositional properties deeply, and integrate into sedimentology big data. Four phases, initial, exploratory, early development and rapid development stage, can describe the research history of GDSs. The coming must be big data stage for mining sedimentological information from GSDs.
Abstract:
Abstract: [Objective]Currently, research on the Early Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE; ~183 Ma) in the Ordos Basin mainly focuses on paleoclimate conditions, sedimentary environment evolution, and biodiversity changes, while the mechanisms of sulfur cycling during the T-OAE period in lakes remain unclear.[Methods]In order to further elucidate the sulfur cycling mechanism, Petrology and Geochemistry analyses were conducted on mudstone and black shale samples from the Anya section. The mechanisms of sulfur isotope fractionation during the T-OAE period were explored using major and trace elements and pyrite sulfur isotopes (δ34Spy).[Results and discussions]The pyrite in the Anya section samples mainly exists in the form of tetrahedral crystals, forming framboidal pyrite. The δ34Spy values of the samples exhibit anomalously positive values (ranging from 2.7 to 14.1‰, with an average of 8.3‰). Based on the variations in δ34Spy and total organic carbon (TOC) in conjunction with geochemical indicators (δ13C, TS, Corg/P, (La/Th)N), the evolution of the lake sedimentary environment during the T-OAE period was divided into four stages (high organic matter stages I and II, low organic matter stages I and II). [Conclusions] The δ34Spy values during the T-OAE period in the Anya section of the Ordos Basin coincide with atmospheric precipitation and surface runoff, indicating that the main source of sulfur in the lake is sulfate in the water mass. The sulfur isotopes of the samples are mainly controlled by the redox conditions of the lake bottom water and organic matter, and are independent of sedimentation rate and sulfate concentration. When the dissolved oxygen in the basin bottom water is low and the organic matter content is high, dissolved oxygen infiltrates into the sediment, activating anaerobic oxidants and promoting the reoxidation of H2S, resulting in positive δ34Spy values through Rayleigh fractionation. When the bottom water environment of the lake is oxygen-rich and the organic matter content is low, dissolved oxygen infiltrates into sediments, activating anaerobic oxidants and promoting H2S reoxidation, leading to a positive δ34Spy shift through the Rayleigh fractionation model. When the bottom water environment of the lake is oxygen-deficient and the organic matter content is high, the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria is enhanced, promoting the MSR reaction and preferentially incorporating 32S, resulting in a negative δ34Spy shift. The sulfur cycle during the T-OAE period in the Anya section is mainly controlled by local/regional sedimentary environments, but the sulfur cycle is also influenced by global warming and intensified hydrological circulation during the T-OAE period
Abstract: [Objective]Currently, research on the Early Jurassic Toarcian Oceanic Anoxic Event (T-OAE; ~183 Ma) in the Ordos Basin mainly focuses on paleoclimate conditions, sedimentary environment evolution, and biodiversity changes, while the mechanisms of sulfur cycling during the T-OAE period in lakes remain unclear.[Methods]In order to further elucidate the sulfur cycling mechanism, Petrology and Geochemistry analyses were conducted on mudstone and black shale samples from the Anya section. The mechanisms of sulfur isotope fractionation during the T-OAE period were explored using major and trace elements and pyrite sulfur isotopes (δ34Spy).[Results and discussions]The pyrite in the Anya section samples mainly exists in the form of tetrahedral crystals, forming framboidal pyrite. The δ34Spy values of the samples exhibit anomalously positive values (ranging from 2.7 to 14.1‰, with an average of 8.3‰). Based on the variations in δ34Spy and total organic carbon (TOC) in conjunction with geochemical indicators (δ13C, TS, Corg/P, (La/Th)N), the evolution of the lake sedimentary environment during the T-OAE period was divided into four stages (high organic matter stages I and II, low organic matter stages I and II). [Conclusions] The δ34Spy values during the T-OAE period in the Anya section of the Ordos Basin coincide with atmospheric precipitation and surface runoff, indicating that the main source of sulfur in the lake is sulfate in the water mass. The sulfur isotopes of the samples are mainly controlled by the redox conditions of the lake bottom water and organic matter, and are independent of sedimentation rate and sulfate concentration. When the dissolved oxygen in the basin bottom water is low and the organic matter content is high, dissolved oxygen infiltrates into the sediment, activating anaerobic oxidants and promoting the reoxidation of H2S, resulting in positive δ34Spy values through Rayleigh fractionation. When the bottom water environment of the lake is oxygen-rich and the organic matter content is low, dissolved oxygen infiltrates into sediments, activating anaerobic oxidants and promoting H2S reoxidation, leading to a positive δ34Spy shift through the Rayleigh fractionation model. When the bottom water environment of the lake is oxygen-deficient and the organic matter content is high, the activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria is enhanced, promoting the MSR reaction and preferentially incorporating 32S, resulting in a negative δ34Spy shift. The sulfur cycle during the T-OAE period in the Anya section is mainly controlled by local/regional sedimentary environments, but the sulfur cycle is also influenced by global warming and intensified hydrological circulation during the T-OAE period
Abstract:
Abstract: Through detailed field investigation in the Zoige Basin, complete stratigraphic profile of sedimentary sequence was found and systematically sampled on the high platform north of the hydrological station at the northern end of the old bridge of the Yellow River in Maqu County at the front of the glacial fans and alluvial fans. Through grain size analysis and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, the sedimentary environment and surface process changes since the last deglaciation in Zoige Basin were studied. The results showed that during the last glacial before 14.5ka, the ice meltwater and mountain flood process in the Warihe River in the eastern end of the Jishi Mountain were active and accumulation rapidly in the foothill, forming a thick glacial- alluvial fan sand and gravel layer. During the B?lling-Aller?d warm period of 14.7-11.7 ka, the glaciers melted, and the depression in the front of the glacial fans and alluvial fans layer formed a muddy swamp environment with the accumulation of gray-green sandy sediments. However, the climate changed abruptly and worsened during the Younger Dryas period, the upper part of the gray-green bog soil layer was folded and deformed due to surface freeze-thaw action.In the early Holocene (11.7-8.5ka), the prevaling aeolian activities made the shallow depression in this area accumulate to form the interlayer of aeolian sand and mud soil. During the warm and humid period of 8.5-3.1 ka, the palaeosol of swamp meadow black soil was formed in this area. In the late Holocene since 3.1 ka BP, the climate was relatively dry, and the sandstorm deposits were transformed into subalpine meadow paleosols. The results are of great significance to reveal the response of surface processes to environmental changes since the last deglaciation in the Zoige Basin, and to further understand the environmental changes and surface processes in the Tibetan Plateau for global changes.
Abstract: Through detailed field investigation in the Zoige Basin, complete stratigraphic profile of sedimentary sequence was found and systematically sampled on the high platform north of the hydrological station at the northern end of the old bridge of the Yellow River in Maqu County at the front of the glacial fans and alluvial fans. Through grain size analysis and Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, the sedimentary environment and surface process changes since the last deglaciation in Zoige Basin were studied. The results showed that during the last glacial before 14.5ka, the ice meltwater and mountain flood process in the Warihe River in the eastern end of the Jishi Mountain were active and accumulation rapidly in the foothill, forming a thick glacial- alluvial fan sand and gravel layer. During the B?lling-Aller?d warm period of 14.7-11.7 ka, the glaciers melted, and the depression in the front of the glacial fans and alluvial fans layer formed a muddy swamp environment with the accumulation of gray-green sandy sediments. However, the climate changed abruptly and worsened during the Younger Dryas period, the upper part of the gray-green bog soil layer was folded and deformed due to surface freeze-thaw action.In the early Holocene (11.7-8.5ka), the prevaling aeolian activities made the shallow depression in this area accumulate to form the interlayer of aeolian sand and mud soil. During the warm and humid period of 8.5-3.1 ka, the palaeosol of swamp meadow black soil was formed in this area. In the late Holocene since 3.1 ka BP, the climate was relatively dry, and the sandstorm deposits were transformed into subalpine meadow paleosols. The results are of great significance to reveal the response of surface processes to environmental changes since the last deglaciation in the Zoige Basin, and to further understand the environmental changes and surface processes in the Tibetan Plateau for global changes.
Abstract:
[Objective] The second member of the Permian Lucaogou Formation (P2l2) is the main source rock in the Malang Sag of the Santanghu Basin, with high abundance of β-carotane, but its content shows great differences in the section. In order to further clarify the longitudinal variation of β-carotane in P2l2, and then to explore the main controlling factors of its enrichment and its distribution on the plane. [Methods] In this study, organic geochemical analysis was carried out and the source rocks investigated were divided into groups I, II and III from bottom to top according to the β-carotane index. The β-carotane index was relatively low in group I, and gradually increased from bottom to top in group II, while the β-carotane index in group III fluctuated greatly. [Results and Discussions] The results show that the relative content of β-carotane is an effective index to reflect the quality of source rocks in the study area. The organic matter of P2l2 source rocks in Malang Sag is mainly composed of lower aquatic organisms. However, compared with the group I, the group II and group III have a richer supply of prokaryote organic matter. The ratios of Steranes/Hopanes, C28 steranes/C29 steranes and (Pr+Ph)/(nC17+ nC18) indicated that the precursors of β-carotane in groups II and III might be algae with phytol side chains of chlorophyll a, b and c and bacteri. According to the parameters of Pr/Ph, C35 hopanes/C34 hopanes and ETR, it can be concluded that the water salinity of source rocks in groups II and III is high, mainly in a reducing environment. Compared with the fluctuating environment of weak oxidation-weak reduction during the deposition of group I and the relatively low salinity of water, it is more conducive to the preservation of β-carotane. A certain intensity of hydrothermal activity occurred during the deposition of group III source rocks, resulting in a large fluctuation of β-carotane content. [Conclusions] Therefore, the enrichment of P2l2 β-carotane in Malang Sag is mainly controlled by the source of organic matter and sedimentary environment.
[Objective] The second member of the Permian Lucaogou Formation (P2l2) is the main source rock in the Malang Sag of the Santanghu Basin, with high abundance of β-carotane, but its content shows great differences in the section. In order to further clarify the longitudinal variation of β-carotane in P2l2, and then to explore the main controlling factors of its enrichment and its distribution on the plane. [Methods] In this study, organic geochemical analysis was carried out and the source rocks investigated were divided into groups I, II and III from bottom to top according to the β-carotane index. The β-carotane index was relatively low in group I, and gradually increased from bottom to top in group II, while the β-carotane index in group III fluctuated greatly. [Results and Discussions] The results show that the relative content of β-carotane is an effective index to reflect the quality of source rocks in the study area. The organic matter of P2l2 source rocks in Malang Sag is mainly composed of lower aquatic organisms. However, compared with the group I, the group II and group III have a richer supply of prokaryote organic matter. The ratios of Steranes/Hopanes, C28 steranes/C29 steranes and (Pr+Ph)/(nC17+ nC18) indicated that the precursors of β-carotane in groups II and III might be algae with phytol side chains of chlorophyll a, b and c and bacteri. According to the parameters of Pr/Ph, C35 hopanes/C34 hopanes and ETR, it can be concluded that the water salinity of source rocks in groups II and III is high, mainly in a reducing environment. Compared with the fluctuating environment of weak oxidation-weak reduction during the deposition of group I and the relatively low salinity of water, it is more conducive to the preservation of β-carotane. A certain intensity of hydrothermal activity occurred during the deposition of group III source rocks, resulting in a large fluctuation of β-carotane content. [Conclusions] Therefore, the enrichment of P2l2 β-carotane in Malang Sag is mainly controlled by the source of organic matter and sedimentary environment.
Abstract:
[Objective] The beach-bar sand body is an important reservoir developed in the coastal or lakeshore area. Currently, there are more studies on the architecture of lakeshore beach-bar sand body, while there are differences in the depositional environments between the coastal and lakeshore, and there are differences in the sedimentation patterns of beach-bar, so the research on the architecture of beach-bar sand body needs to be deepened. [Methods] In this paper, based on a large amount of literature research on marine beach-bar deposits, the results are summarised in terms of the sedimentary characteristics and the hydrodynamic mechanism of marine beach-bar sand, the factors influencing the architecture, and the architecture pattern and characterization of it. [Results and discussion] The results show that the beach-bar deposits is dominated by sandbar, the development of sandbar is controlled by a variety of hydrodynamics such as nearshore spiral current, longshore current, rip current, swash current, and backward current in the seafloor, a variety types of sandbar have been formed under multiple types of hydrodynamic action, such as linear sandbar, coastal sandbar, sandbar spits, plume sandbar, tongue-like sandbar, oblique sandbar, etc. There are differences in the architecture characteristics and genesis of different types of sandbar. The sedimentary architecture of the sandbar is controlled by multiple factors. Shoreline morphology and wave interaction processes determine the mode of wave action, the supply of sediment sources and changes in relative sea level affect the development and stacking pattern of the sandbar, and tectonics and sedimentary palaeomorphology control the distribution of the sandbar. The sedimentary architecture of the beach-bar was characterized according to three levels: composite beach-bar, single bar and intra-bar accretionary body, and a preliminary beach-bar architecture model and characterization method were established. [Conclusions] Architecture prototypes should be modelled using various methods such as field outcrops, modern sedimentation, subsurface well datas and sediment simulation, which can help enrich the sedimentological theory of marine beach-bar reservoirs and more effectively guide the development of marine beach-bar oil and gas reservoirs.
[Objective] The beach-bar sand body is an important reservoir developed in the coastal or lakeshore area. Currently, there are more studies on the architecture of lakeshore beach-bar sand body, while there are differences in the depositional environments between the coastal and lakeshore, and there are differences in the sedimentation patterns of beach-bar, so the research on the architecture of beach-bar sand body needs to be deepened. [Methods] In this paper, based on a large amount of literature research on marine beach-bar deposits, the results are summarised in terms of the sedimentary characteristics and the hydrodynamic mechanism of marine beach-bar sand, the factors influencing the architecture, and the architecture pattern and characterization of it. [Results and discussion] The results show that the beach-bar deposits is dominated by sandbar, the development of sandbar is controlled by a variety of hydrodynamics such as nearshore spiral current, longshore current, rip current, swash current, and backward current in the seafloor, a variety types of sandbar have been formed under multiple types of hydrodynamic action, such as linear sandbar, coastal sandbar, sandbar spits, plume sandbar, tongue-like sandbar, oblique sandbar, etc. There are differences in the architecture characteristics and genesis of different types of sandbar. The sedimentary architecture of the sandbar is controlled by multiple factors. Shoreline morphology and wave interaction processes determine the mode of wave action, the supply of sediment sources and changes in relative sea level affect the development and stacking pattern of the sandbar, and tectonics and sedimentary palaeomorphology control the distribution of the sandbar. The sedimentary architecture of the beach-bar was characterized according to three levels: composite beach-bar, single bar and intra-bar accretionary body, and a preliminary beach-bar architecture model and characterization method were established. [Conclusions] Architecture prototypes should be modelled using various methods such as field outcrops, modern sedimentation, subsurface well datas and sediment simulation, which can help enrich the sedimentological theory of marine beach-bar reservoirs and more effectively guide the development of marine beach-bar oil and gas reservoirs.
Abstract:
[Objective] Different reservoir diagenesis has a significant effect on reservoir heterogeneity, and limits the ability to predict the presence of oil and gas in tight sandstone reservoirs. [Methods] In the study area, the constraints of lithofacies combinations causing differences in diagenesis in Chang 8 tight sandstone in the Zhijing-Ansai area were clarified by observation and identification from thin sections, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), C and O isotope analysis, and laser ablation. [Results and discussion] The reservoir sandstone comprises three lithofacies combinations: type I is siltstone or fine sandstone interbedded with argillaceous rock; type II is fine-to-medium sandstone; and type III is fine sandstone/siltstone/argillaceous rock. The fine particles of the siltstone facies have high mica content, and the rock is strongly compacted. The reservoir contains a large amount of near-argillaceous calcite cement that was developed early. The mudstone is rich in pore water with high concentrations of calcium ions and bicarbonate ions. When the mudstone overlying and underlying the reservoir sandstone is deeply buried, overcompaction causes the muddy and clayey sediments to discharge mineralized water into the sandstone, affecting its diagenesis. The supersaturated calcium carbonate thus forms a dense carbonate cement at the sandstone-mudstone interface. The calcite cement developed in the type II sandstone facies combination was formed later: this is mainly due to the later evolution of organic matter influenced by the decarboxylation of organic matter in the source rocks. The conversion of clay minerals in source rocks occurs when the pore water containing calcium ions undergoes lateral advection along highly permeable pathways, entering the reservoir and providing a material source for the development of calcite in the thick sandstone. Quartz cement is usually developed within the type I lithofacies and is mainly provided by the dissolution of feldspars and the transformation of clay minerals which are the source of silica. The dissolution process usually develops in regions of the rock with relatively coarse particle size and low plastic particle content, thus providing good fluid migration channels. [Conclusions] The differences and origin of diagenesis in the study area are clarified, providing an important basis for further research on the origin of reservoir heterogeneity.
[Objective] Different reservoir diagenesis has a significant effect on reservoir heterogeneity, and limits the ability to predict the presence of oil and gas in tight sandstone reservoirs. [Methods] In the study area, the constraints of lithofacies combinations causing differences in diagenesis in Chang 8 tight sandstone in the Zhijing-Ansai area were clarified by observation and identification from thin sections, cathodoluminescence (CL), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), C and O isotope analysis, and laser ablation. [Results and discussion] The reservoir sandstone comprises three lithofacies combinations: type I is siltstone or fine sandstone interbedded with argillaceous rock; type II is fine-to-medium sandstone; and type III is fine sandstone/siltstone/argillaceous rock. The fine particles of the siltstone facies have high mica content, and the rock is strongly compacted. The reservoir contains a large amount of near-argillaceous calcite cement that was developed early. The mudstone is rich in pore water with high concentrations of calcium ions and bicarbonate ions. When the mudstone overlying and underlying the reservoir sandstone is deeply buried, overcompaction causes the muddy and clayey sediments to discharge mineralized water into the sandstone, affecting its diagenesis. The supersaturated calcium carbonate thus forms a dense carbonate cement at the sandstone-mudstone interface. The calcite cement developed in the type II sandstone facies combination was formed later: this is mainly due to the later evolution of organic matter influenced by the decarboxylation of organic matter in the source rocks. The conversion of clay minerals in source rocks occurs when the pore water containing calcium ions undergoes lateral advection along highly permeable pathways, entering the reservoir and providing a material source for the development of calcite in the thick sandstone. Quartz cement is usually developed within the type I lithofacies and is mainly provided by the dissolution of feldspars and the transformation of clay minerals which are the source of silica. The dissolution process usually develops in regions of the rock with relatively coarse particle size and low plastic particle content, thus providing good fluid migration channels. [Conclusions] The differences and origin of diagenesis in the study area are clarified, providing an important basis for further research on the origin of reservoir heterogeneity.
Abstract:
[Objective] The dissolution of quartz particles in tight sandstone has attracted more and more attention. There is a clear correlation between the dissolution boundary characteristics of quartz particles and the dissolution mechanism, but the coupling relationship has not been systematically summarized to determine the types and characteristics of quartz dissolution. In order to clarify the relationship between the dissolution characteristics of quartz particle boundary and the dissolution mechanism. [Method] Based on the methods of thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy, combined with the test and analysis data, the fine observation and statistical analysis of the quartz boundary dissolution characteristics of the second member of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan are carried out. By establishing different types of quartz boundary dissolution, the dissolution process of quartz is determined, and the dissolution mechanism is analyzed. It can provide new ideas and references for the dissolution analysis of sandstone skeleton particles and the genesis of pores in tight sandstone. [Result] The boundary dissolution characteristics of quartz particles are divided into two categories: 1 smooth boundary-dissolved pore-increasing type, which shows that the boundary of quartz particles is smooth and clear, and pores are formed after dissolution; the fuzzy boundary-dissolution metasomatism type is characterized by the fuzzy and rough boundary of quartz particles, which is the result of dissolution and metasomatism of carbonate minerals and clay minerals. According to the different metasomatism minerals, it is further divided into boundary fuzzy-dissolution-carbonate metasomatism type and boundary fuzzy-dissolution-clay mineral metasomatism type. The smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type is the result of organic acid dissolution under acidic conditions. The fuzzy boundary-dissolution-carbonate metasomatism type is the result of metasomatism between carbonate ions and quartz particles due to the difference in ion concentration under alkaline conditions. The boundary fuzzy-dissolution-clay mineral metasomatism type is that under alkaline conditions, clay minerals release alkali metal ions, produce a “salt effect”, accelerate the dissolution rate of quartz particles, and metasomatized quartz particles through clay film. The evolution of quartz particle dissolution boundary tends to change from smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type to fuzzy boundary-dissolution metasomatic type, which not only reveals the characteristics of smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type but also reflects that the evolution of quartz particle boundary is in the direction of favorable reservoir. Among the quartz particles corroded in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area, the corrosion loss part accounts for 4.33 % ~ 8.67 % of the quartz particle area, with an average of 6.37 %. The proportion of dissolved quartz particles to all quartz particles reached more than 55.33 %, with a maximum of about 72 % and an average of 63.02 %. The content of quartz in the thin section is about 45 % -96 %, with an average of 75.3 %. Therefore, the statistical results of quartz dissolution surface porosity are between 2.05 % and 4.09 %, with an average of 3.19 %. [Conclusion] The dissolution of quartz particles is carried out in a favorable direction for the reservoir and can provide a certain amount of secondary pores, increase the oil and gas reservoir space, and effectively improve the pore structure of tight sandstone.
[Objective] The dissolution of quartz particles in tight sandstone has attracted more and more attention. There is a clear correlation between the dissolution boundary characteristics of quartz particles and the dissolution mechanism, but the coupling relationship has not been systematically summarized to determine the types and characteristics of quartz dissolution. In order to clarify the relationship between the dissolution characteristics of quartz particle boundary and the dissolution mechanism. [Method] Based on the methods of thin section identification, cathodoluminescence, and scanning electron microscopy, combined with the test and analysis data, the fine observation and statistical analysis of the quartz boundary dissolution characteristics of the second member of Xujiahe Formation in western Sichuan are carried out. By establishing different types of quartz boundary dissolution, the dissolution process of quartz is determined, and the dissolution mechanism is analyzed. It can provide new ideas and references for the dissolution analysis of sandstone skeleton particles and the genesis of pores in tight sandstone. [Result] The boundary dissolution characteristics of quartz particles are divided into two categories: 1 smooth boundary-dissolved pore-increasing type, which shows that the boundary of quartz particles is smooth and clear, and pores are formed after dissolution; the fuzzy boundary-dissolution metasomatism type is characterized by the fuzzy and rough boundary of quartz particles, which is the result of dissolution and metasomatism of carbonate minerals and clay minerals. According to the different metasomatism minerals, it is further divided into boundary fuzzy-dissolution-carbonate metasomatism type and boundary fuzzy-dissolution-clay mineral metasomatism type. The smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type is the result of organic acid dissolution under acidic conditions. The fuzzy boundary-dissolution-carbonate metasomatism type is the result of metasomatism between carbonate ions and quartz particles due to the difference in ion concentration under alkaline conditions. The boundary fuzzy-dissolution-clay mineral metasomatism type is that under alkaline conditions, clay minerals release alkali metal ions, produce a “salt effect”, accelerate the dissolution rate of quartz particles, and metasomatized quartz particles through clay film. The evolution of quartz particle dissolution boundary tends to change from smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type to fuzzy boundary-dissolution metasomatic type, which not only reveals the characteristics of smooth boundary-dissolution pore-increasing type but also reflects that the evolution of quartz particle boundary is in the direction of favorable reservoir. Among the quartz particles corroded in the second member of the Xujiahe Formation in the study area, the corrosion loss part accounts for 4.33 % ~ 8.67 % of the quartz particle area, with an average of 6.37 %. The proportion of dissolved quartz particles to all quartz particles reached more than 55.33 %, with a maximum of about 72 % and an average of 63.02 %. The content of quartz in the thin section is about 45 % -96 %, with an average of 75.3 %. Therefore, the statistical results of quartz dissolution surface porosity are between 2.05 % and 4.09 %, with an average of 3.19 %. [Conclusion] The dissolution of quartz particles is carried out in a favorable direction for the reservoir and can provide a certain amount of secondary pores, increase the oil and gas reservoir space, and effectively improve the pore structure of tight sandstone.
Abstract:
[Objective] The Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the Ordos Basin is the first set of sea-land interaction coal-bearing strata after the Caledonian movement, and has great exploration potential, but the coupling relationship between the basin and mountains under the influence of the north-south source system and multi-source composite in the eastern part of the basin is still controversial due to the tectonic activity of the periphery orogenic belt. [Method] In order to further trace the source system and restore the paleogeographical pattern, the sedimentary source filling process of the Benxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin was discussed by analyzing the characteristics of the rock chip components, rare earth elements and the U-Pb age characteristics of clastic zircon, combined with the tectonic background and lithological characteristics of the host rock. [Results] The sediments in the northern part of the study area were mainly derived from the Inner Mongolia uplift (Seltenshan, Wula-Daqingshan, Jining area) and the Central Asian orogenic belt in the active continental margin tectonic background. The southern part is mainly supplied by clastic material from the North Qinling, and the tectonic background of the source area is relatively complex, which is mainly a mixture of passive continental margin and continental island arc. In the North Qinling, the tectonic environment of stretching and stretching to collision and extrusion under the background of trench-arc-basin is formed. The parent rocks in the northern and southern source areas are the mixture of granitic rock and alkaline basalt, and the northern and southern provenance systems converge in the Lian45-Chengjiagou area. [Conclusion] As a whole, the Central Asian orogenic belt of Benxi Age has a high degree of uplift and denudation on both sides of the study area, which reflects the characteristics of irregular oblique collision in the northern part of the North China Plate. The northern margin of the North China Plate has a high uplift, which provides the main provenance for the northern part of the study area, and is dominated by the development of a large tide-delta complex system. Under the influence of strong source supply, the sand body extends farther in the northeast of the study area. Compared with the northern provenance, the overall provenance supply in the south was weaker, with the North Qinling Mountain as the main source area, and the southern margin of the North China Plate was uplifted in low amplitude at this time, and the sedimentary system of the barrier coast was mainly developed. In the area where the north and south sources meet, more detrital materials from the Northern Qinling Mountains are accepted, and a large number of tidal sand dams are deposited due to the transformation of eastward and north-east currents.
[Objective] The Upper Carboniferous Benxi Formation in the Ordos Basin is the first set of sea-land interaction coal-bearing strata after the Caledonian movement, and has great exploration potential, but the coupling relationship between the basin and mountains under the influence of the north-south source system and multi-source composite in the eastern part of the basin is still controversial due to the tectonic activity of the periphery orogenic belt. [Method] In order to further trace the source system and restore the paleogeographical pattern, the sedimentary source filling process of the Benxi Formation in the eastern Ordos Basin was discussed by analyzing the characteristics of the rock chip components, rare earth elements and the U-Pb age characteristics of clastic zircon, combined with the tectonic background and lithological characteristics of the host rock. [Results] The sediments in the northern part of the study area were mainly derived from the Inner Mongolia uplift (Seltenshan, Wula-Daqingshan, Jining area) and the Central Asian orogenic belt in the active continental margin tectonic background. The southern part is mainly supplied by clastic material from the North Qinling, and the tectonic background of the source area is relatively complex, which is mainly a mixture of passive continental margin and continental island arc. In the North Qinling, the tectonic environment of stretching and stretching to collision and extrusion under the background of trench-arc-basin is formed. The parent rocks in the northern and southern source areas are the mixture of granitic rock and alkaline basalt, and the northern and southern provenance systems converge in the Lian45-Chengjiagou area. [Conclusion] As a whole, the Central Asian orogenic belt of Benxi Age has a high degree of uplift and denudation on both sides of the study area, which reflects the characteristics of irregular oblique collision in the northern part of the North China Plate. The northern margin of the North China Plate has a high uplift, which provides the main provenance for the northern part of the study area, and is dominated by the development of a large tide-delta complex system. Under the influence of strong source supply, the sand body extends farther in the northeast of the study area. Compared with the northern provenance, the overall provenance supply in the south was weaker, with the North Qinling Mountain as the main source area, and the southern margin of the North China Plate was uplifted in low amplitude at this time, and the sedimentary system of the barrier coast was mainly developed. In the area where the north and south sources meet, more detrital materials from the Northern Qinling Mountains are accepted, and a large number of tidal sand dams are deposited due to the transformation of eastward and north-east currents.
Abstract:
The Permian Upper Urho Formation in the eastern slope area of Fukang Sag is an important oil and gas exploration formation in the Junggar Basin. However, the deep conglomerate reservoir is tight, and the unclear reservoir characteristics and genesis restrict the process of oil and gas exploration and development. Through core observation, casting thin section, physical property analysis, scanning electron microscope, high-pressure mercury injection curve and other data, the petrology characteristics, physical property characteristics, pore characteristics and reservoir genetic mechanism of the tight conglomerate reservoir of the Upper Urho Formation in the slope area of Fukang Sag were studied. The results indicate that: ① the reservoir is an ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability lithic sandstone reservoir; ② The pore types are mainly micropores and fractures, and the pore structure is mainly small pores and micro throats, with poor connectivity; ③ Sedimentary microfacies are the basis for the differential development of reservoir physical properties. Conglomerates deposited in clastic flow channels, and fine sandstones deposited in far sand bars have high shale content and poor physical properties, while underwater distributary channels have relatively good physical properties of conglomeratic sandstones; Diagenetic compaction and clay illitization are the main factors causing the tightness and low permeability of the reservoir; Fractures and high pressure are the main reasons for higher initial oil and gas production; ④ The conglomeratic sandstone in the underwater distributary channel at the top of P3w1 and bottom of P3w2 is an important layer for stable oil production, and the Fubei area, far from the influence of provenance of the Xiquan uplift, is a favorable area for further oil and gas exploration.
The Permian Upper Urho Formation in the eastern slope area of Fukang Sag is an important oil and gas exploration formation in the Junggar Basin. However, the deep conglomerate reservoir is tight, and the unclear reservoir characteristics and genesis restrict the process of oil and gas exploration and development. Through core observation, casting thin section, physical property analysis, scanning electron microscope, high-pressure mercury injection curve and other data, the petrology characteristics, physical property characteristics, pore characteristics and reservoir genetic mechanism of the tight conglomerate reservoir of the Upper Urho Formation in the slope area of Fukang Sag were studied. The results indicate that: ① the reservoir is an ultra-low porosity and ultra-low permeability lithic sandstone reservoir; ② The pore types are mainly micropores and fractures, and the pore structure is mainly small pores and micro throats, with poor connectivity; ③ Sedimentary microfacies are the basis for the differential development of reservoir physical properties. Conglomerates deposited in clastic flow channels, and fine sandstones deposited in far sand bars have high shale content and poor physical properties, while underwater distributary channels have relatively good physical properties of conglomeratic sandstones; Diagenetic compaction and clay illitization are the main factors causing the tightness and low permeability of the reservoir; Fractures and high pressure are the main reasons for higher initial oil and gas production; ④ The conglomeratic sandstone in the underwater distributary channel at the top of P3w1 and bottom of P3w2 is an important layer for stable oil production, and the Fubei area, far from the influence of provenance of the Xiquan uplift, is a favorable area for further oil and gas exploration.
Abstract:
There are several provenance systems in the southern Ordos Region, such as Qinling and Qilian orogenic belt, and the quantitative characterization of the elements of each source-to-sink system is relatively weak, which restricts the study of the differences of different source-to-sink systems and the structure-sedimentary filling process constrained by them. Taking the Shanxi Formation of Lower Permian as the object of study, the differences of unit elements such as tectonic setting, paleo-slope and depositional system of each source-to-sink system are elucidated by means of sedimentology, geochemistry and detrital zircon dating, etc., and the structure-sedimentary model of the Shanxi Formation under the combined influence of multiple source-to-sink systems in the southern basin is reconstructed. The results show that: (1) There are three major source-to-sink systems in the southern Ordos area: North Qilian, West North Qinling and East North Qinling during the sedimentary period of Shanxi Formation. The North Qilian source-to-sink system is relatively rich in light REE, the mean δEu is 0.60, and the mean paleo-slope along the source direction is 0.045°. Light REE are obviously enriched in the source-to-sink system in the western part of the North Qinling, with an average δEu of 0.75 and an average paleo-slope of 0.04°. The source-to-sink system in the eastern part of the North Qinling is rich in light REE, with an average δEu value of 1.05 and an average paleo-slope of 0.048°; (2) The source-to-sink systems are derived from the Central Asian orogenic belt, the North China Craton basement, the east and west of the North Qinling and the North Qilian orogenic belt, but the North China Craton basement is the main source; (3) Active continental margin dominates the tectonic background of provenance regions in all source-to-sink systems, which followed by passive continental margin. Due to Mianlue Ocean subduction, the southern part of Ordos is an active continental margin tectonic setting with continuous plate convergence. The source area of the source-to-sink system in the eastern part of the North Qinling has the highest uplift degree, and the late Shanxi is relatively sand-rich, dominated by transitional deposits from the delta plain to the front, with the smallest extension scale. The source region of the source-to-sink system in the west part of the North Qinling has the lowest uplift degree, rich sand in the early stage and poor sandy sediments in the late stage. The source region of the North Qilian source-to-sink system has a moderate uplift degree, and is dominated by the delta plain transiting deposits to the front margin.
There are several provenance systems in the southern Ordos Region, such as Qinling and Qilian orogenic belt, and the quantitative characterization of the elements of each source-to-sink system is relatively weak, which restricts the study of the differences of different source-to-sink systems and the structure-sedimentary filling process constrained by them. Taking the Shanxi Formation of Lower Permian as the object of study, the differences of unit elements such as tectonic setting, paleo-slope and depositional system of each source-to-sink system are elucidated by means of sedimentology, geochemistry and detrital zircon dating, etc., and the structure-sedimentary model of the Shanxi Formation under the combined influence of multiple source-to-sink systems in the southern basin is reconstructed. The results show that: (1) There are three major source-to-sink systems in the southern Ordos area: North Qilian, West North Qinling and East North Qinling during the sedimentary period of Shanxi Formation. The North Qilian source-to-sink system is relatively rich in light REE, the mean δEu is 0.60, and the mean paleo-slope along the source direction is 0.045°. Light REE are obviously enriched in the source-to-sink system in the western part of the North Qinling, with an average δEu of 0.75 and an average paleo-slope of 0.04°. The source-to-sink system in the eastern part of the North Qinling is rich in light REE, with an average δEu value of 1.05 and an average paleo-slope of 0.048°; (2) The source-to-sink systems are derived from the Central Asian orogenic belt, the North China Craton basement, the east and west of the North Qinling and the North Qilian orogenic belt, but the North China Craton basement is the main source; (3) Active continental margin dominates the tectonic background of provenance regions in all source-to-sink systems, which followed by passive continental margin. Due to Mianlue Ocean subduction, the southern part of Ordos is an active continental margin tectonic setting with continuous plate convergence. The source area of the source-to-sink system in the eastern part of the North Qinling has the highest uplift degree, and the late Shanxi is relatively sand-rich, dominated by transitional deposits from the delta plain to the front, with the smallest extension scale. The source region of the source-to-sink system in the west part of the North Qinling has the lowest uplift degree, rich sand in the early stage and poor sandy sediments in the late stage. The source region of the North Qilian source-to-sink system has a moderate uplift degree, and is dominated by the delta plain transiting deposits to the front margin.
Abstract:
[Objective] The direct relationship between sedimentary environment and seismic elastic response of organic shale is very important for reservoir quality evaluation and geological modeling of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. [Methods] The sedimentary characteristics and lithofacies of the Longmaxi Shale in the Zigong area are characterized, and four depositional units (I-A, I-B, I-C and II) are identified, the influence of sedimentary environment on the elastic characteristics of shale of Longmaxi Formation in Zigong area, Sichuan Basin is analyzed. [Results] The results show that the sedimentary environment mainly controls the elastic characteristics of the shale of the Longmaxi Formation in two aspects: first, the difference of rock structure caused by hydrodynamic action; The elastic characteristics of shale in the deep water shelf environment are obviously different from those of argillaceous siltstone in the overlying turbidite environment, the variation of elastic characteristics is mainly controlled by the precession system and water depth.In addition, it is found that quartz and TOC content have a competitive relationship in influencing the elastic characteristics of the reservoir. Finally, the prediction ability of pre-stack AVO inversion to seismic elastic attributes is used to trace the sedimentary evolution process, which provides an insight for directly characterizing sedimentary facies of unconventional shale reservoirs by geophysical attributes. [Conclusions] The sedimentary environment affects the elastic characteristics of shale reservoirs by controlling the structure and composition of rocks. For the influence of quartz and TOC content on reservoir elasticity, the softening effect caused by organic matter is dominant at low quartz content, and the hardening effect of quartz grains is dominant at high quartz content.
[Objective] The direct relationship between sedimentary environment and seismic elastic response of organic shale is very important for reservoir quality evaluation and geological modeling of unconventional oil and gas reservoirs. [Methods] The sedimentary characteristics and lithofacies of the Longmaxi Shale in the Zigong area are characterized, and four depositional units (I-A, I-B, I-C and II) are identified, the influence of sedimentary environment on the elastic characteristics of shale of Longmaxi Formation in Zigong area, Sichuan Basin is analyzed. [Results] The results show that the sedimentary environment mainly controls the elastic characteristics of the shale of the Longmaxi Formation in two aspects: first, the difference of rock structure caused by hydrodynamic action; The elastic characteristics of shale in the deep water shelf environment are obviously different from those of argillaceous siltstone in the overlying turbidite environment, the variation of elastic characteristics is mainly controlled by the precession system and water depth.In addition, it is found that quartz and TOC content have a competitive relationship in influencing the elastic characteristics of the reservoir. Finally, the prediction ability of pre-stack AVO inversion to seismic elastic attributes is used to trace the sedimentary evolution process, which provides an insight for directly characterizing sedimentary facies of unconventional shale reservoirs by geophysical attributes. [Conclusions] The sedimentary environment affects the elastic characteristics of shale reservoirs by controlling the structure and composition of rocks. For the influence of quartz and TOC content on reservoir elasticity, the softening effect caused by organic matter is dominant at low quartz content, and the hardening effect of quartz grains is dominant at high quartz content.
Abstract:
[Objective] Among the past ice chamber climate records, the Late Paleozoic ice age, which developed mainly in the Gondwana continent, is the most similar to the current climate evolution It has become a hot target for comparative studies of Quaternary ice ages and ice chamber climate studies. The Late Paleozoic ice age, as the glacial event with the widest influence range and the richest geological record since the Phanerozoic, recorded the complete greenhouse-icehouse-greenhouse climate change process, which is of great significance for us to understand the evolution of earth climate. The Lhasa Block originated from the Gondwana continent and was located at the northeastern margin of the Gondwana continent during the Late Paleozoic period. Although a lot of studies have been conducted on the spatial and temporal evolution and controlling factors of the Late Paleozoic ice age, the sedimentary evolution history of the Lhasa Block during the Late Paleozoic ice age is still unclear and needs to be strengthened. [Methods] In view of this, this study selected the Late Paleozoic strata in the Xainza area of the Lhasa Block to carry out a 1:200 scale profile survey, which includes rock color, lithological characteristics, rock thickness, sedimentary structures, fossils and contact relationships. Lithofacies and lithofacies combinations were classified for glacial development, and sedimentary architecture analysis was applied to find the lateral and vertical changes of sedimentary facies to identify the sedimentary environment and recover the glacial sedimentary system. [Results and Discussions] The study shows that the Late Paleozoic ice age records of Lhasa block are mainly present at the Lagar Formation, with the age constraint of Late Carboniferous-Early Permian. According to the glacial deposits of Lagar Formation, twenty lithofacies and sixteen typical lithofacies associations are recognized, which are arranged into six sedimentary environments, including shallow sea shelf, baseline fan, subglacial, ice river, ice lake and outwash fan. [Conclusions] The Late Paleozoic glaciers in the central part of the Lhasa Block are located in the nearshore glaciomarine environment, and the glacial depositional system is mainly divided into marine and terrestrial phases. In addition, a number of small glacial-interglacial cyclones can be delineated in the early evolutionary stage and late evolutionary stage of the Lagar Formation based on the variation of glacial and non-glacial environments in the vertical direction. The sedimentary system analysis for the Lagar Formation sedimentary sequences indicates that the Late Paleozoic ice age in the Xainza area of the Lhasa Block experienced a transition from early marine to late terrestrial glaciations, indicating a global trend of gradual climate warming from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, consistent with the global Late Paleozoic ice age evolutionary features. The Late Paleozoic ice age was the closest global ice age to the Quaternary ice age and is an important window for understanding future climate shifts such as glacial melting and global warming on Earth. Conducting research on the Late Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Lhasa Block is of great significance for exploring the spatial and temporal evolution, climate change and driving mechanisms of the global Late Paleozoic ice age.
[Objective] Among the past ice chamber climate records, the Late Paleozoic ice age, which developed mainly in the Gondwana continent, is the most similar to the current climate evolution It has become a hot target for comparative studies of Quaternary ice ages and ice chamber climate studies. The Late Paleozoic ice age, as the glacial event with the widest influence range and the richest geological record since the Phanerozoic, recorded the complete greenhouse-icehouse-greenhouse climate change process, which is of great significance for us to understand the evolution of earth climate. The Lhasa Block originated from the Gondwana continent and was located at the northeastern margin of the Gondwana continent during the Late Paleozoic period. Although a lot of studies have been conducted on the spatial and temporal evolution and controlling factors of the Late Paleozoic ice age, the sedimentary evolution history of the Lhasa Block during the Late Paleozoic ice age is still unclear and needs to be strengthened. [Methods] In view of this, this study selected the Late Paleozoic strata in the Xainza area of the Lhasa Block to carry out a 1:200 scale profile survey, which includes rock color, lithological characteristics, rock thickness, sedimentary structures, fossils and contact relationships. Lithofacies and lithofacies combinations were classified for glacial development, and sedimentary architecture analysis was applied to find the lateral and vertical changes of sedimentary facies to identify the sedimentary environment and recover the glacial sedimentary system. [Results and Discussions] The study shows that the Late Paleozoic ice age records of Lhasa block are mainly present at the Lagar Formation, with the age constraint of Late Carboniferous-Early Permian. According to the glacial deposits of Lagar Formation, twenty lithofacies and sixteen typical lithofacies associations are recognized, which are arranged into six sedimentary environments, including shallow sea shelf, baseline fan, subglacial, ice river, ice lake and outwash fan. [Conclusions] The Late Paleozoic glaciers in the central part of the Lhasa Block are located in the nearshore glaciomarine environment, and the glacial depositional system is mainly divided into marine and terrestrial phases. In addition, a number of small glacial-interglacial cyclones can be delineated in the early evolutionary stage and late evolutionary stage of the Lagar Formation based on the variation of glacial and non-glacial environments in the vertical direction. The sedimentary system analysis for the Lagar Formation sedimentary sequences indicates that the Late Paleozoic ice age in the Xainza area of the Lhasa Block experienced a transition from early marine to late terrestrial glaciations, indicating a global trend of gradual climate warming from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian, consistent with the global Late Paleozoic ice age evolutionary features. The Late Paleozoic ice age was the closest global ice age to the Quaternary ice age and is an important window for understanding future climate shifts such as glacial melting and global warming on Earth. Conducting research on the Late Paleozoic sedimentary record of the Lhasa Block is of great significance for exploring the spatial and temporal evolution, climate change and driving mechanisms of the global Late Paleozoic ice age.
Abstract:
In order to study the sedimentary characteristics and geological significance of the typical tempestites in the Lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation in the chengkou area of the Upper Yangtze Basin. Via detailed field survey and microscopic section analysis, the sedimentary sequence of the tempestites and mode of the Fenxiang Formation are established, which reveal the geological significance. The results show that the tempestites sedimentary structures of Fenxiang Formation in Chengkou area mainly include bottom scour structure, storm gravel layer, grain sequence bedding and mound cross-bedding. At the same time, five kinds of tempestites sedimentary sequences were identified: Sequence I was mainly composed of bottom erosion, gravel layer (A), grain sequence (B) and parallel bedding segment (C), and mainly developed in the platform margin facies; Sequence II consists of grain sequence (B) and parallel bedding segment (C), which developed in the platform margin facies near the slope. Sequence III is composed of bottom erosion and gravel layer (A), grain sequence layer (B), parallel bedding (C) and argillaceous limestone segment (E), which are mainly deposited in the fore-platform slope facies zone. Sequence Ⅳ mainly consists of grain sequence segment (B) and argillaceous micrite segment (E), which are mainly deposited in the lower the fore-platform slope. Sequence V is composed of grain sequence (B), mound bedding segment (D) and argillaceous micrite segment (E), which mainly developed in the deepwater shelf. The development of tempestites indicates that the upper Yangtze platform was located in the low latitude area in the Early Ordovician, and the Chengkou area was dominated by platform margin and slope deposits. The bottom-up sedimentary environment evolved into platform margin → platform front slope → deep water shelf. The development of tempestites indicates that the Upper Yangtze platform was near the equator at low latitude during the Ordovician period. The sedimentary environment of Fenxiang Formation in the Chengkou area of the Upper Yangtze Platform is the platform margin zone. Combined with the regional geological background, it is considered that there are geological conditions for developing large-scale platform margin shoals in the chengkou area of the Yangtze Platform..
In order to study the sedimentary characteristics and geological significance of the typical tempestites in the Lower Ordovician Fenxiang Formation in the chengkou area of the Upper Yangtze Basin. Via detailed field survey and microscopic section analysis, the sedimentary sequence of the tempestites and mode of the Fenxiang Formation are established, which reveal the geological significance. The results show that the tempestites sedimentary structures of Fenxiang Formation in Chengkou area mainly include bottom scour structure, storm gravel layer, grain sequence bedding and mound cross-bedding. At the same time, five kinds of tempestites sedimentary sequences were identified: Sequence I was mainly composed of bottom erosion, gravel layer (A), grain sequence (B) and parallel bedding segment (C), and mainly developed in the platform margin facies; Sequence II consists of grain sequence (B) and parallel bedding segment (C), which developed in the platform margin facies near the slope. Sequence III is composed of bottom erosion and gravel layer (A), grain sequence layer (B), parallel bedding (C) and argillaceous limestone segment (E), which are mainly deposited in the fore-platform slope facies zone. Sequence Ⅳ mainly consists of grain sequence segment (B) and argillaceous micrite segment (E), which are mainly deposited in the lower the fore-platform slope. Sequence V is composed of grain sequence (B), mound bedding segment (D) and argillaceous micrite segment (E), which mainly developed in the deepwater shelf. The development of tempestites indicates that the upper Yangtze platform was located in the low latitude area in the Early Ordovician, and the Chengkou area was dominated by platform margin and slope deposits. The bottom-up sedimentary environment evolved into platform margin → platform front slope → deep water shelf. The development of tempestites indicates that the Upper Yangtze platform was near the equator at low latitude during the Ordovician period. The sedimentary environment of Fenxiang Formation in the Chengkou area of the Upper Yangtze Platform is the platform margin zone. Combined with the regional geological background, it is considered that there are geological conditions for developing large-scale platform margin shoals in the chengkou area of the Yangtze Platform..
Abstract:
The Early Triassic is a special geological historical period after the mass extinction of organisms. The genetic mechanism of oolites and giant oolites and the paleomarine environment they represent have been a controversial issue in the field of geology. Based on field and core observations, using petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses, this paper explores the sedimentary characteristics, genesis, and paleoenvironmental significance of oolites and giant oolites from the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba area. The research shows that the oolites and giant oolites of the Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba area are mainly developed in the platform margin zone of the Fei'er Member, and the types of oolites are mainly concentric oolites and single crystal oolites, indicating that they were formed in a shallow water environment with strong hydrodynamic forces and easy exposure; The type of giant oolites is dominated by concentric oolites, which are often thinly interbedded with oolitic limestone and micrite limestone, accompanied by the appearance of scouring surfaces, indicating that they are developed in areas affected by indirect storm action. Combined with geochemical analysis, it is found that the Sr content of the oolitic concentric ring layer is high, and the common needle or rod shaped crystal structure indicates that its original minerals are mainly aragonite deposits; However, the Sr content of the giant oolitic concentric layer is relatively low, and the irregular granular crystal structure is mainly developed, indicating that its original minerals are mainly calcite deposits. In addition, the oolitic concentric sphere has characteristics such as high Fe content, no significant Ce anomalies, positive Eu anomalies, LREE relative HREE enrichment, and V/(V+Ni)>0.6, indicating that it was formed in a ferritized weak oxygen reduction environment; Giant oolites have characteristics such as low Fe content, negative Ce anomalies, LREE relative HREE depletion, and V/(V+Ni)<0.6, indicating that they were formed in an oxidation-weak oxidation environment. According to comprehensive analysis, during the sedimentary period of the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation, the seawater was mainly composed of anoxic aragonite sea, which was influenced by the strengthening of continental weathering, especially intermittent storms, which increased the input of terrestrial materials (especially Ca2+and oxidants), resulting in the decrease and oxidation of Mg/Ca in the shallow seawater, and the development of a transient calcite sea. This may be one of the important reasons for the improvement of the marine environment and the gradual recovery of organisms in the Early Triassic.
The Early Triassic is a special geological historical period after the mass extinction of organisms. The genetic mechanism of oolites and giant oolites and the paleomarine environment they represent have been a controversial issue in the field of geology. Based on field and core observations, using petrological, mineralogical, and geochemical analyses, this paper explores the sedimentary characteristics, genesis, and paleoenvironmental significance of oolites and giant oolites from the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba area. The research shows that the oolites and giant oolites of the Feixianguan Formation in the Yuanba area are mainly developed in the platform margin zone of the Fei'er Member, and the types of oolites are mainly concentric oolites and single crystal oolites, indicating that they were formed in a shallow water environment with strong hydrodynamic forces and easy exposure; The type of giant oolites is dominated by concentric oolites, which are often thinly interbedded with oolitic limestone and micrite limestone, accompanied by the appearance of scouring surfaces, indicating that they are developed in areas affected by indirect storm action. Combined with geochemical analysis, it is found that the Sr content of the oolitic concentric ring layer is high, and the common needle or rod shaped crystal structure indicates that its original minerals are mainly aragonite deposits; However, the Sr content of the giant oolitic concentric layer is relatively low, and the irregular granular crystal structure is mainly developed, indicating that its original minerals are mainly calcite deposits. In addition, the oolitic concentric sphere has characteristics such as high Fe content, no significant Ce anomalies, positive Eu anomalies, LREE relative HREE enrichment, and V/(V+Ni)>0.6, indicating that it was formed in a ferritized weak oxygen reduction environment; Giant oolites have characteristics such as low Fe content, negative Ce anomalies, LREE relative HREE depletion, and V/(V+Ni)<0.6, indicating that they were formed in an oxidation-weak oxidation environment. According to comprehensive analysis, during the sedimentary period of the Early Triassic Feixianguan Formation, the seawater was mainly composed of anoxic aragonite sea, which was influenced by the strengthening of continental weathering, especially intermittent storms, which increased the input of terrestrial materials (especially Ca2+and oxidants), resulting in the decrease and oxidation of Mg/Ca in the shallow seawater, and the development of a transient calcite sea. This may be one of the important reasons for the improvement of the marine environment and the gradual recovery of organisms in the Early Triassic.
Abstract:
The Liantuo Formation is a key mid-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic unit in the Dahongshan area of Yangtze Block, South China. Its deposition time is coupled with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, and it is the last sedimentary layer before the Sturtian ice Age of the first snowball Earth. However, its deposition time and provenance need to be further studied and to provide fundamental support for dissecting these major geological historical events. Here, we analyzed detrital zircons U-Pb chronology from Liantuo Formation sandstone in this area, which shows sedimentary time is ca. 800-714 Ma and major peaks of detrital zircons are ca. 2500 Ma, ca. 2000 Ma, ca. 880 Ma, and ca. 820 Ma, and the secondary peaks are ca.780 Ma. Combined with the characteristics of paleo-flow direction, gravel composition, and sedimentary facies distribution analysis, the provenance of the Liantuo Formation in the study area is from the depositional recycle of the Dagushi Group and Huashan Group in the lower strata and the Archean to Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the northern Yangtze Block, and it is mainly from the northeast direction of the study area. Meanwhile, the western Hubei, southeastern Hubei to northwestern Jiangxi, southwest Hubei to northern Hunan, and Dahongshan of the northern Hubei areas have similar detrital zircon age peaks of Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic. And according to the distribution characteristics of magmatic rocks in the north and southeast margin of the Yangtze Block, which suggests that the provenance of the Liantuo Formation in the northern Yangtze Block has a north-northeast supply.
The Liantuo Formation is a key mid-Neoproterozoic stratigraphic unit in the Dahongshan area of Yangtze Block, South China. Its deposition time is coupled with the breakup of the Rodinia supercontinent, and it is the last sedimentary layer before the Sturtian ice Age of the first snowball Earth. However, its deposition time and provenance need to be further studied and to provide fundamental support for dissecting these major geological historical events. Here, we analyzed detrital zircons U-Pb chronology from Liantuo Formation sandstone in this area, which shows sedimentary time is ca. 800-714 Ma and major peaks of detrital zircons are ca. 2500 Ma, ca. 2000 Ma, ca. 880 Ma, and ca. 820 Ma, and the secondary peaks are ca.780 Ma. Combined with the characteristics of paleo-flow direction, gravel composition, and sedimentary facies distribution analysis, the provenance of the Liantuo Formation in the study area is from the depositional recycle of the Dagushi Group and Huashan Group in the lower strata and the Archean to Neoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the northern Yangtze Block, and it is mainly from the northeast direction of the study area. Meanwhile, the western Hubei, southeastern Hubei to northwestern Jiangxi, southwest Hubei to northern Hunan, and Dahongshan of the northern Hubei areas have similar detrital zircon age peaks of Archean, Paleoproterozoic, and Neoproterozoic. And according to the distribution characteristics of magmatic rocks in the north and southeast margin of the Yangtze Block, which suggests that the provenance of the Liantuo Formation in the northern Yangtze Block has a north-northeast supply.
Abstract:
[Objective] To understand the sedimentary characteristics of shell limestone-shale mixed strata in the Da’anzhai Member of Sichuan Basin and its influence on favorable shale oil horizon, field profiles in Dazhou Tieshan Jinwo and Liangping Fuluzhen of the northeast Sichuan Basin were studied. [Methods] The lithology and sequence, source and reservoir quality, and favorable strata of the Da’anzhai Member were evaluated in detail by using rock thin sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD) whole rock and organic geochemical analyses. [Results] The results show that: 1) The Da’anzhai Member is a set of limestone-shale mixed strata, and different lithologies are superimposed in an orderly way to form a variety of upward shallower sequences. From shallow lake to semi-deep lake-deep lake, six kinds of upward shallower decimeter to meter lithofacies sequences are identified: ①shale-shell shale, ②shale-thin shell limestone, ③shale-medium shell limestone, ④shale-nodular micrite, ⑤thin shale-shell limestone-crystalline limestone, and ⑥shell limestone-siltstone/fine sandstone. 2) The quality of source and reservoir varies greatly among different lithologic sequences. Black shales in sequence 1–3 are developed with the best source quality. The organic carbon content of black shales in a single sequence shows a trend of higher and lower organic carbon content, and total organic carbon (TOC) gradually decreases with the increase of shell limestone. Different lithologic properties vary greatly. The porosity of shale is higher than that of limestone and siltstone, but the clay content is high, the pore size is small, and the seepage capacity is poor. Limestone easily develops joint fractures, and the density of joints decreases exponentially with the increase of limestone thickness. Therefore, Sequence 2–4 developed middle and thin layer limestone has better reservoir performance. 3) The field oil seedling shows that the shale oil reservoir of the Da’anzhai Member is characterized by the separation of source and reservoir and thin high-quality reservoir. The shale oil seepages in the field are mainly distributed near the joints of the medium–thin layer shell limestone. The favorable reservoir is primarily controlled by the sedimentary conditions, micro-fractures, and configuration of source and reservoir. [Conclusions] Sequences 2 and 3 have the best source and reservoir configuration conditions, which are favorable intervals for shale oil.
[Objective] To understand the sedimentary characteristics of shell limestone-shale mixed strata in the Da’anzhai Member of Sichuan Basin and its influence on favorable shale oil horizon, field profiles in Dazhou Tieshan Jinwo and Liangping Fuluzhen of the northeast Sichuan Basin were studied. [Methods] The lithology and sequence, source and reservoir quality, and favorable strata of the Da’anzhai Member were evaluated in detail by using rock thin sections, X-ray diffraction (XRD) whole rock and organic geochemical analyses. [Results] The results show that: 1) The Da’anzhai Member is a set of limestone-shale mixed strata, and different lithologies are superimposed in an orderly way to form a variety of upward shallower sequences. From shallow lake to semi-deep lake-deep lake, six kinds of upward shallower decimeter to meter lithofacies sequences are identified: ①shale-shell shale, ②shale-thin shell limestone, ③shale-medium shell limestone, ④shale-nodular micrite, ⑤thin shale-shell limestone-crystalline limestone, and ⑥shell limestone-siltstone/fine sandstone. 2) The quality of source and reservoir varies greatly among different lithologic sequences. Black shales in sequence 1–3 are developed with the best source quality. The organic carbon content of black shales in a single sequence shows a trend of higher and lower organic carbon content, and total organic carbon (TOC) gradually decreases with the increase of shell limestone. Different lithologic properties vary greatly. The porosity of shale is higher than that of limestone and siltstone, but the clay content is high, the pore size is small, and the seepage capacity is poor. Limestone easily develops joint fractures, and the density of joints decreases exponentially with the increase of limestone thickness. Therefore, Sequence 2–4 developed middle and thin layer limestone has better reservoir performance. 3) The field oil seedling shows that the shale oil reservoir of the Da’anzhai Member is characterized by the separation of source and reservoir and thin high-quality reservoir. The shale oil seepages in the field are mainly distributed near the joints of the medium–thin layer shell limestone. The favorable reservoir is primarily controlled by the sedimentary conditions, micro-fractures, and configuration of source and reservoir. [Conclusions] Sequences 2 and 3 have the best source and reservoir configuration conditions, which are favorable intervals for shale oil.
Abstract:
As an important component of unconventional oil and gas resources, the basic research of shale oil and gas resources has gradually attracted attention. Microstructures of clay sediments have an impact on shale foliation and lamination structure, thus influencing the shale reservoir capacity and development effect. In addition to being affected by physical action, clay particles also undergo chemical adsorption and flocculation to form floccules with varying degrees. The basic unit of floccule is tabular particles or domains, further forming flocs or chains, and finally forming a card house structure under the action of electric charge. In the sedimentary stage, the physical and chemical factors affecting the flocculation include particle size, particle content, external hydrodynamic strength and flow properties, climate, electrolyte concentration, ion type, pH value, organic matter, etc. By studying the physical and chemical factors affecting the microstructures of clay sediments and analyzing the other components of mudstone composite particles such as volcanic rock fragments, shale lithics, muddy intraclasts and fecal pellets, the sedimentary environments of mudstone and shale can be identified and described. This study is still in its infancy and a perfect geological model has not been established; The quantitative research of floccules and other components of mudstone composite particles is insufficient, and big data technology has not been used well; The study on the sedimentary micro-environment and internal association characteristics of marine black shale in western China needs to be deepened; The research technology and method are slightly single. Based on the qualitative and quantitative description of microstructures of clay sediments and demonstration of sedimentary environments of mudstone composite particles, it can achieve fine description of complex and changeable sedimentary micro-environment, deepen understanding of the differentiation characteristics of sedimentary environments of shale such as lakes and seas, and further reveal the differences in shale reservoir quality within the high-precision range, laying a foundation for the selection and development of geology and engineering "desserts" in shale.
As an important component of unconventional oil and gas resources, the basic research of shale oil and gas resources has gradually attracted attention. Microstructures of clay sediments have an impact on shale foliation and lamination structure, thus influencing the shale reservoir capacity and development effect. In addition to being affected by physical action, clay particles also undergo chemical adsorption and flocculation to form floccules with varying degrees. The basic unit of floccule is tabular particles or domains, further forming flocs or chains, and finally forming a card house structure under the action of electric charge. In the sedimentary stage, the physical and chemical factors affecting the flocculation include particle size, particle content, external hydrodynamic strength and flow properties, climate, electrolyte concentration, ion type, pH value, organic matter, etc. By studying the physical and chemical factors affecting the microstructures of clay sediments and analyzing the other components of mudstone composite particles such as volcanic rock fragments, shale lithics, muddy intraclasts and fecal pellets, the sedimentary environments of mudstone and shale can be identified and described. This study is still in its infancy and a perfect geological model has not been established; The quantitative research of floccules and other components of mudstone composite particles is insufficient, and big data technology has not been used well; The study on the sedimentary micro-environment and internal association characteristics of marine black shale in western China needs to be deepened; The research technology and method are slightly single. Based on the qualitative and quantitative description of microstructures of clay sediments and demonstration of sedimentary environments of mudstone composite particles, it can achieve fine description of complex and changeable sedimentary micro-environment, deepen understanding of the differentiation characteristics of sedimentary environments of shale such as lakes and seas, and further reveal the differences in shale reservoir quality within the high-precision range, laying a foundation for the selection and development of geology and engineering "desserts" in shale.
Abstract:
In order to deeply analyze the sedimentary environment of organic matter enrichment in the shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, this paper studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of shale and its organic matter by comparing the metallogenic model of coal, combining the spatial distribution of primary productivity and carbon fixation rate of different water bodies, as well as the characteristics of sedimentary facies, paleogeomorphology, fossil development, etc. The study found that the shallower and more closed the water body, the higher the primary productivity and carbon fixation rate; Oil-bearing shale is developed in the restricted desalinated shallow water environment, which has low energy, stagnant water and strong reduction environment, and can develop type I organic matter; Shale oil and gas have a similar pattern with coal seams. The Mawei pattern, the closer to the land, the richer the organic matter is, and is associated with coal, evaporite, etc; The carbon and nitrogen sources in the water body are mainly exogenous. The development of sapropelic shale and stone coal from Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic is suitable for the lack of terrestrial higher plants that produce humus at this time; The open shelf or bay environment has low primary productivity, and the seabed is a high hydrodynamic environment affected by ocean currents, which is not conducive to the development of shale and preservation of organic matter; Marine transgression or high water deposition periods are not conducive to organic matter enrichment. It is concluded that the shale of the Wufeng Formation - Longmaxi Formation is developed in a regressive environment, which is a shallow sea-land transitional environment such as lagoon and relatively closed bay restricted by ancient land and underwater low uplift, and has the characteristics of near land and far water; Finally, a two-dimensional table of water depth and closure is established to describe the enrichment law of organic matter in detail. It is proposed that the sufficient condition for the enrichment of organic matter in marine shale is a closed water body, and the necessary condition is a shallow water body (<40 m).
In order to deeply analyze the sedimentary environment of organic matter enrichment in the shale of Wufeng-Longmaxi Formation in Sichuan Basin, this paper studies the spatial and temporal distribution characteristics of shale and its organic matter by comparing the metallogenic model of coal, combining the spatial distribution of primary productivity and carbon fixation rate of different water bodies, as well as the characteristics of sedimentary facies, paleogeomorphology, fossil development, etc. The study found that the shallower and more closed the water body, the higher the primary productivity and carbon fixation rate; Oil-bearing shale is developed in the restricted desalinated shallow water environment, which has low energy, stagnant water and strong reduction environment, and can develop type I organic matter; Shale oil and gas have a similar pattern with coal seams. The Mawei pattern, the closer to the land, the richer the organic matter is, and is associated with coal, evaporite, etc; The carbon and nitrogen sources in the water body are mainly exogenous. The development of sapropelic shale and stone coal from Proterozoic to Early Paleozoic is suitable for the lack of terrestrial higher plants that produce humus at this time; The open shelf or bay environment has low primary productivity, and the seabed is a high hydrodynamic environment affected by ocean currents, which is not conducive to the development of shale and preservation of organic matter; Marine transgression or high water deposition periods are not conducive to organic matter enrichment. It is concluded that the shale of the Wufeng Formation - Longmaxi Formation is developed in a regressive environment, which is a shallow sea-land transitional environment such as lagoon and relatively closed bay restricted by ancient land and underwater low uplift, and has the characteristics of near land and far water; Finally, a two-dimensional table of water depth and closure is established to describe the enrichment law of organic matter in detail. It is proposed that the sufficient condition for the enrichment of organic matter in marine shale is a closed water body, and the necessary condition is a shallow water body (<40 m).
Abstract:
Formation of lacustrine laminae result from water stratification and slow rates of deposition of fine-grained sediments. Carbonate laminae are sensitive to changes in water salinity, alkalinity, and biological activity and can provide important implications for paleoclimate and paleohydrology, which have, however, not received enough attention yet. Here, we take the Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation of the Xichagou Section, SW Qaidam Basin as an example to study the formation mechanisms of lacustrine laminae, the origins of different carbonate mineral phases in saline lake basins, and their climatic and hydrological significances by observation of conventional thin section, fluorescence thin section and scanning electron microscope, and analysis of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Results show that the Shangganchaigou Formation of the Xichagou Section in the SW Qaidam Basin consist of three kinds of carbonate minerals: aragonite, dolomite, and calcite, all of which show a close association with algal residues. Carbon isotopic values of samples with high contents of aragonite are positive and samples containing rich dolomite show relatively higher δ18O values than those of other samples, indicating that the preservation of aragonite in Oligocene strata was related to algal bloom and dolomite formation resulted from high water salinity. The differed distributions of different carbonate mineral phases reflect a dynamic lake evolving from an early clastic-rich brackish lake to a later saline lake, controlled by early Oligocene humid climate and late Oligocene semi-arid climate.
Formation of lacustrine laminae result from water stratification and slow rates of deposition of fine-grained sediments. Carbonate laminae are sensitive to changes in water salinity, alkalinity, and biological activity and can provide important implications for paleoclimate and paleohydrology, which have, however, not received enough attention yet. Here, we take the Oligocene Shangganchaigou Formation of the Xichagou Section, SW Qaidam Basin as an example to study the formation mechanisms of lacustrine laminae, the origins of different carbonate mineral phases in saline lake basins, and their climatic and hydrological significances by observation of conventional thin section, fluorescence thin section and scanning electron microscope, and analysis of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and stable carbon and oxygen isotopes. Results show that the Shangganchaigou Formation of the Xichagou Section in the SW Qaidam Basin consist of three kinds of carbonate minerals: aragonite, dolomite, and calcite, all of which show a close association with algal residues. Carbon isotopic values of samples with high contents of aragonite are positive and samples containing rich dolomite show relatively higher δ18O values than those of other samples, indicating that the preservation of aragonite in Oligocene strata was related to algal bloom and dolomite formation resulted from high water salinity. The differed distributions of different carbonate mineral phases reflect a dynamic lake evolving from an early clastic-rich brackish lake to a later saline lake, controlled by early Oligocene humid climate and late Oligocene semi-arid climate.
Abstract:
The Shizigou anticline structure is located in the west of the Qaidam Basin.There are abundant brine resources in the upper part of the Paleogene Lower Ganchaigou Formation, and the content of K, B and Li in brine is high, which has development prospects. In this paper, through the detection of major, trace elements and strontium isotope of the brine, it is found that: The content of K+ in the brine in the study area is 1.058~15.87g/L, of which 70% exceeds 3g/L ; the chemical type of brine is mainly chloride type; By calculating the characteristic coefficient of brine and analyzing the phase diagram of water-salt system, it is considered that the leaching salt layer is the main cause of the high salinity brine. At the same time, the relationship between strontium isotope characteristics of brine and salt layer and the correlation between K+ and Li+ reflect that the source of deep thermal fluid K also has a certain contribution. Through analysis, the metallogenic model of brine potassium in the study area is preliminarily established: During the Paleogene Xiaganchaigou period, the Shizigou area was in a weak extensional environment, and the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The halite and potassium-magnesium salt deposits of the upper member of the Xiaganchaigou Formation in the late Eocene were deposited. In the later period, the tectonic activity intensified, and the potassium-rich thermal fluid rose into the lake along the tensile fault, providing some deep material source K, and causing the dissolution of the existing potassium-magnesium salt and some halite deposits, which in turn provided another important source of dissolved potassium for the brine in this area.
The Shizigou anticline structure is located in the west of the Qaidam Basin.There are abundant brine resources in the upper part of the Paleogene Lower Ganchaigou Formation, and the content of K, B and Li in brine is high, which has development prospects. In this paper, through the detection of major, trace elements and strontium isotope of the brine, it is found that: The content of K+ in the brine in the study area is 1.058~15.87g/L, of which 70% exceeds 3g/L ; the chemical type of brine is mainly chloride type; By calculating the characteristic coefficient of brine and analyzing the phase diagram of water-salt system, it is considered that the leaching salt layer is the main cause of the high salinity brine. At the same time, the relationship between strontium isotope characteristics of brine and salt layer and the correlation between K+ and Li+ reflect that the source of deep thermal fluid K also has a certain contribution. Through analysis, the metallogenic model of brine potassium in the study area is preliminarily established: During the Paleogene Xiaganchaigou period, the Shizigou area was in a weak extensional environment, and the sedimentary environment was relatively stable. The halite and potassium-magnesium salt deposits of the upper member of the Xiaganchaigou Formation in the late Eocene were deposited. In the later period, the tectonic activity intensified, and the potassium-rich thermal fluid rose into the lake along the tensile fault, providing some deep material source K, and causing the dissolution of the existing potassium-magnesium salt and some halite deposits, which in turn provided another important source of dissolved potassium for the brine in this area.
Abstract:
[Objective] Statistics of published literature and analysis of previous research results show that the reservoir physical properties and oil and gas enrichment of laminar fine-grained sedimentary rocks are obviously superior to those of undeveloped/weakly developed laminar fine-grained sedimentary rocks and have a very good positive correlation with them. Compared with the laminar structure of Marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the laminar lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks are limited by the sedimentary environment being closer to the provenance area, the frequent change of sedimentary environment hydrodynamics, and the more obvious control by climate and tectonic activities. As a result, the reservoir physical properties and oil and gas enrichment characteristics of different types of laminar rocks are not the same. The summary of relevant differences is still unclear and needs to be revealed.[Method] By focusing on the relevant literature at home and abroad in the past ten years, the types and causes of pores and fractures of lamellar fine-grained sedimentary rocks are reviewed, and the controlling effects of lamellar composition, continuity and sequence combination on reservoir physical properties and hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics are described respectively. [Results] It is believed that the laminar structure has the advantages of frequent turnover of vertical material composition, abnormal development of internal micro-fractures and different evolution of organic matter under the laminar structure, which further improves the ability of oil and gas enrichment on the basis of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. . [Prospects] It is pointed out that there is still a lack of difference and comparison of reservoir physical properties of fine grained sedimentary rocks which are all laminated due to different factors such as pores and fractures in each other's layers, and it will be the development direction in the future to use computer to invert macro reservoir sedimentary model based on micro laminar data to guide unconventional reservoir development
[Objective] Statistics of published literature and analysis of previous research results show that the reservoir physical properties and oil and gas enrichment of laminar fine-grained sedimentary rocks are obviously superior to those of undeveloped/weakly developed laminar fine-grained sedimentary rocks and have a very good positive correlation with them. Compared with the laminar structure of Marine fine-grained sedimentary rocks, the laminar lacustrine fine-grained sedimentary rocks are limited by the sedimentary environment being closer to the provenance area, the frequent change of sedimentary environment hydrodynamics, and the more obvious control by climate and tectonic activities. As a result, the reservoir physical properties and oil and gas enrichment characteristics of different types of laminar rocks are not the same. The summary of relevant differences is still unclear and needs to be revealed.[Method] By focusing on the relevant literature at home and abroad in the past ten years, the types and causes of pores and fractures of lamellar fine-grained sedimentary rocks are reviewed, and the controlling effects of lamellar composition, continuity and sequence combination on reservoir physical properties and hydrocarbon enrichment characteristics are described respectively. [Results] It is believed that the laminar structure has the advantages of frequent turnover of vertical material composition, abnormal development of internal micro-fractures and different evolution of organic matter under the laminar structure, which further improves the ability of oil and gas enrichment on the basis of fine-grained sedimentary rocks. . [Prospects] It is pointed out that there is still a lack of difference and comparison of reservoir physical properties of fine grained sedimentary rocks which are all laminated due to different factors such as pores and fractures in each other's layers, and it will be the development direction in the future to use computer to invert macro reservoir sedimentary model based on micro laminar data to guide unconventional reservoir development
Abstract:
[Objective] After more than 50 years of exploration, Langgu Sag has entered the stage of oil and gas exploration and development with lithologic and structural-lithologic reservoirs as the main targets. Previous studies have been carried out on the large-scale sedimentary characteristics, hydrocarbon accumulation factors and models of Langgu Sag. However, relatively little is known of the spatial distribution characteristics and the distribution rules of the fine sand bodies. The main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation and their distribution are not uniform, which restricts the evaluation and production of subtle reservoirs. [Methods] This study comprehensively used core data, well logging, seismic data, analytical tests and production data to systematically study the Shahejie Formation in the Jiuzhou-Wanzhuang area. The study aims to identify and classify sedimentary facies and microfacies types, accurately characterize the spatial distribution of sand bodies, and analyze reservoirs formation control factors such as source rocks, traps and fault dredging systems. The hydrocarbon accumulation model is established, leading to the prediction of favorable concealed lithologic or structural-lithologic reservoirs distribution zones. [Results and Discussions] The lithology is mainly fine-grained clastic rock; the sedimentary sequence is not typical, a deformation structure is clearly developed, and floating mud gravel of sandy clastic flow origin can be seen. This reflects the characteristics of the dynamic conditions of traction flow in the distal fan delta. In the study area, there are two provenance supply systems in the south and north, and a braided channel extends from the SE of the Daxing Fault to the interior of the lake in a finger-like way, forming two depositional centers in Jiuzhou and Wanzhuang. In the study area, an underwater distributary channel at the front of the fan delta extends for some distance and migrates frequently. The estuary is unstable, with an underdeveloped or small-scale estuarine bar. Mature source rocks, effective traps and drainage systems are the main controls of hydrocarbon accumulation in the middle section of Sha-3 in the study area. The abundance of organic matter shows that the oil source of the lower submember of Sha-3 in the study area comes from underlying source rocks of the lower submember of Sha-3. Using forward modeling and RGB attribute fusion, sensitive attribute optimization was performed to predict the distribution range of high-quality sandstone reservoirs combined with a series of anticlinal tectonic settings to form good structural traps along with lithologic up-dip pinch-out traps. As oil source faults, the Daxing and Jiuzhou Faults and their secondary branches are the main channels connecting the oil and gas resources of the lower submember of Sha-3 and the reservoirs of the middle submember of Sha-3, and they also control the formation of traps as a whole. [Conclusions] The results show that the study area is primarily characterized by fan-delta systems and lake systems. Within the fan-delta system, various microfacies types were identified (e.g., braided channels, submarine distributary channels, delta front sandbars, and sheet-like sands). The spatial distribution of sand bodies is characterized by thick layers of distributary channel-sandbar complexes with finger-like distribution and continuous thin sheet-like sands. The organic configurations of oil source faults, structures and even lithologic traps are the main causes of hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area, and the reservoir lithology within the traps determines the oil, gas and water distribution. Finally, favorable lithologic or structural-lithologic reservoirs development target areas are predicted in the SE wing of the Jiuzhou plunging nose area, NW wing of the Jiuzhou plunging nose structure and NE wing of the Tongxi ancient structural ridge.
[Objective] After more than 50 years of exploration, Langgu Sag has entered the stage of oil and gas exploration and development with lithologic and structural-lithologic reservoirs as the main targets. Previous studies have been carried out on the large-scale sedimentary characteristics, hydrocarbon accumulation factors and models of Langgu Sag. However, relatively little is known of the spatial distribution characteristics and the distribution rules of the fine sand bodies. The main controlling factors of hydrocarbon accumulation and their distribution are not uniform, which restricts the evaluation and production of subtle reservoirs. [Methods] This study comprehensively used core data, well logging, seismic data, analytical tests and production data to systematically study the Shahejie Formation in the Jiuzhou-Wanzhuang area. The study aims to identify and classify sedimentary facies and microfacies types, accurately characterize the spatial distribution of sand bodies, and analyze reservoirs formation control factors such as source rocks, traps and fault dredging systems. The hydrocarbon accumulation model is established, leading to the prediction of favorable concealed lithologic or structural-lithologic reservoirs distribution zones. [Results and Discussions] The lithology is mainly fine-grained clastic rock; the sedimentary sequence is not typical, a deformation structure is clearly developed, and floating mud gravel of sandy clastic flow origin can be seen. This reflects the characteristics of the dynamic conditions of traction flow in the distal fan delta. In the study area, there are two provenance supply systems in the south and north, and a braided channel extends from the SE of the Daxing Fault to the interior of the lake in a finger-like way, forming two depositional centers in Jiuzhou and Wanzhuang. In the study area, an underwater distributary channel at the front of the fan delta extends for some distance and migrates frequently. The estuary is unstable, with an underdeveloped or small-scale estuarine bar. Mature source rocks, effective traps and drainage systems are the main controls of hydrocarbon accumulation in the middle section of Sha-3 in the study area. The abundance of organic matter shows that the oil source of the lower submember of Sha-3 in the study area comes from underlying source rocks of the lower submember of Sha-3. Using forward modeling and RGB attribute fusion, sensitive attribute optimization was performed to predict the distribution range of high-quality sandstone reservoirs combined with a series of anticlinal tectonic settings to form good structural traps along with lithologic up-dip pinch-out traps. As oil source faults, the Daxing and Jiuzhou Faults and their secondary branches are the main channels connecting the oil and gas resources of the lower submember of Sha-3 and the reservoirs of the middle submember of Sha-3, and they also control the formation of traps as a whole. [Conclusions] The results show that the study area is primarily characterized by fan-delta systems and lake systems. Within the fan-delta system, various microfacies types were identified (e.g., braided channels, submarine distributary channels, delta front sandbars, and sheet-like sands). The spatial distribution of sand bodies is characterized by thick layers of distributary channel-sandbar complexes with finger-like distribution and continuous thin sheet-like sands. The organic configurations of oil source faults, structures and even lithologic traps are the main causes of hydrocarbon accumulation in the study area, and the reservoir lithology within the traps determines the oil, gas and water distribution. Finally, favorable lithologic or structural-lithologic reservoirs development target areas are predicted in the SE wing of the Jiuzhou plunging nose area, NW wing of the Jiuzhou plunging nose structure and NE wing of the Tongxi ancient structural ridge.
Abstract:
Abstract: The pressure differences between source and reservoir rocks is not only the driving force for unconventional oil and gas accumulation, but also an indispensable key content in the study of the genesis of shale oil sweet spots. In addition, laminar structures are widely developed in continental shale, and the degree of development results in differences in the accumulation dynamics of reservoir rocks, which affect the accumulation of shale oil and gas. However, there are relatively few studies on the accumulation dynamics of shale oil. The sweet spot section of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag was taken as the research object, and the intrinsic relationship between the development degree of laminar structure and shale oil and gas accumulation was revealed from the perspective of accumulation dynamics. Through evaluation of source rocks, classification of petrographic types and characterization of pores, etc. The characteristics of source rocks, different types of reservoir rocks, and source-reservoir assemblages in the study area were obtained. Using the equivalent depth method and fluid inclusion simulation, the pressure difference between source rocks and reservoir rocks during the accumulation period was recovered, and the accumulation dynamics of different types of reservoir rocks were obtained. The results show that the study area is dominated by source-reservoir interbedded combinations, and the hydrocarbon generation of high-quality source rocks creates a strong source-reservoir pressure difference between source and reservoir, which promotes the continuous migration of oil and gas to adjacent reservoir spaces; Interbedded silty and argillaceous laminae are widely developed in the reservoir rocks, which constitute a large area of frequent contact between source and reservoir. The degree of development results in differences in the accumulation dynamics of different types of reservoir rocks, and the laminar reservoir has developed laminar structure and the migration distance of oil and gas is shortened, so that it has stronger accumulation power and oil-bearing property. The development of laminar reservoir rocks in the lower sweet spot is a favorable area for studying oil and gas migration and accumulation in the shale sweet spot.
Abstract: The pressure differences between source and reservoir rocks is not only the driving force for unconventional oil and gas accumulation, but also an indispensable key content in the study of the genesis of shale oil sweet spots. In addition, laminar structures are widely developed in continental shale, and the degree of development results in differences in the accumulation dynamics of reservoir rocks, which affect the accumulation of shale oil and gas. However, there are relatively few studies on the accumulation dynamics of shale oil. The sweet spot section of the Permian Lucaogou Formation in the Jimusar Sag was taken as the research object, and the intrinsic relationship between the development degree of laminar structure and shale oil and gas accumulation was revealed from the perspective of accumulation dynamics. Through evaluation of source rocks, classification of petrographic types and characterization of pores, etc. The characteristics of source rocks, different types of reservoir rocks, and source-reservoir assemblages in the study area were obtained. Using the equivalent depth method and fluid inclusion simulation, the pressure difference between source rocks and reservoir rocks during the accumulation period was recovered, and the accumulation dynamics of different types of reservoir rocks were obtained. The results show that the study area is dominated by source-reservoir interbedded combinations, and the hydrocarbon generation of high-quality source rocks creates a strong source-reservoir pressure difference between source and reservoir, which promotes the continuous migration of oil and gas to adjacent reservoir spaces; Interbedded silty and argillaceous laminae are widely developed in the reservoir rocks, which constitute a large area of frequent contact between source and reservoir. The degree of development results in differences in the accumulation dynamics of different types of reservoir rocks, and the laminar reservoir has developed laminar structure and the migration distance of oil and gas is shortened, so that it has stronger accumulation power and oil-bearing property. The development of laminar reservoir rocks in the lower sweet spot is a favorable area for studying oil and gas migration and accumulation in the shale sweet spot.
Articles in press have been peer-reviewed and accepted, which are not yet assigned to volumes /issues, but are citable by Digital Object Identifier (DOI).
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2024, 42(5): 1479-1493.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.048
Abstract:
Objective Solid bitumen is commonly distributed in petroliferous basins worldwide, and it has been of great interest to the oil and gas exploration. Solid bitumen is particularly important for the oil and gas exploration in deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. However, a number of problems exist in the concrete application of solid bitumen in oil and gas exploration such as its reflectance is hard to determine under the microscope and the applicability of oil/gas-source correlation parameters of solid bitumen is constrained by its genesis type. If these problems are not addressed, achieved results may be incorrect. As a result, it is important to effectively analyze and summarize the multiple application of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration. Methods Based on extensive research, the morphological characteristics and genetic types of solid bitumen that are closely related to its application in the oil and gas exploration are systematic analyzed, and the multiple applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are identified. Results The results are as follows. Solid bitumen is characterized by complex and diverse optical structures, such as isotropic, fine-grained mosaic, medium-grained mosaic, coarse-grained mosaic, coarse flow mosaic, domain, and fibrous optical structures, which are controlled by factors such as formation environment and parent material composition. Solid bitumen also has complex and diverse ultramicroscopic morphology, such as massive, finger-like, vesicular, warty, sheet-like, thin-skinned globular, botryoidalis, and vermicular ultramicroscopic morphology, which may be affected by factors such as migration and the generation and escalation of natural gas. Solid bitumen has multiple genetic types, such as thermal chemical alteration, anaerobic or aerobic biodegradation, deasphalting, and thermochemical sulfate reduction, which have significant differences in organic element composition, carbon and sulfur isotope values, and biomarker composition. Furthermore, solid bitumen can be used to indicate the generation, migration, and accumulation of oil and gas, and its reflectivity and laser Raman parameters can be used to indicate the thermal evolution maturity. In addition, the carbon isotopes, biomarkers, trace and rare earth elements, and rhenium and osmium isotopes of solid bitumen can be applied to trace the origins of oil and gas. However, owing to the various formation mechanisms, the geochemical characteristics of solid bitumen with different genetic types derived from same parent rock are different, resulting in significant differences in the applicability of the oil/gas-source correlation parameters for solid bitumen with different genetic types. As a result, it is necessary to determine the genetic types of solid bitumen prior to the application of its oil/gas-source correlation parameters. Conclusions This study can provide strong support for the effective application of solid bitumen in oil and gas exploration, playing an important guiding role in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.
Objective Solid bitumen is commonly distributed in petroliferous basins worldwide, and it has been of great interest to the oil and gas exploration. Solid bitumen is particularly important for the oil and gas exploration in deep and ultra-deep carbonate reservoirs. However, a number of problems exist in the concrete application of solid bitumen in oil and gas exploration such as its reflectance is hard to determine under the microscope and the applicability of oil/gas-source correlation parameters of solid bitumen is constrained by its genesis type. If these problems are not addressed, achieved results may be incorrect. As a result, it is important to effectively analyze and summarize the multiple application of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration. Methods Based on extensive research, the morphological characteristics and genetic types of solid bitumen that are closely related to its application in the oil and gas exploration are systematic analyzed, and the multiple applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are summarized. Finally, the advantages and disadvantages of the applications of solid bitumen in the oil and gas exploration are identified. Results The results are as follows. Solid bitumen is characterized by complex and diverse optical structures, such as isotropic, fine-grained mosaic, medium-grained mosaic, coarse-grained mosaic, coarse flow mosaic, domain, and fibrous optical structures, which are controlled by factors such as formation environment and parent material composition. Solid bitumen also has complex and diverse ultramicroscopic morphology, such as massive, finger-like, vesicular, warty, sheet-like, thin-skinned globular, botryoidalis, and vermicular ultramicroscopic morphology, which may be affected by factors such as migration and the generation and escalation of natural gas. Solid bitumen has multiple genetic types, such as thermal chemical alteration, anaerobic or aerobic biodegradation, deasphalting, and thermochemical sulfate reduction, which have significant differences in organic element composition, carbon and sulfur isotope values, and biomarker composition. Furthermore, solid bitumen can be used to indicate the generation, migration, and accumulation of oil and gas, and its reflectivity and laser Raman parameters can be used to indicate the thermal evolution maturity. In addition, the carbon isotopes, biomarkers, trace and rare earth elements, and rhenium and osmium isotopes of solid bitumen can be applied to trace the origins of oil and gas. However, owing to the various formation mechanisms, the geochemical characteristics of solid bitumen with different genetic types derived from same parent rock are different, resulting in significant differences in the applicability of the oil/gas-source correlation parameters for solid bitumen with different genetic types. As a result, it is necessary to determine the genetic types of solid bitumen prior to the application of its oil/gas-source correlation parameters. Conclusions This study can provide strong support for the effective application of solid bitumen in oil and gas exploration, playing an important guiding role in deep and ultra-deep oil and gas exploration.
2024, 42(5): 1494-1511.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.045
Abstract:
Significance Kerogen is the most abundant source of natural organic matter in the world. It is important to study the pyrolysis of kerogen for the exploitation and utilization of oil shales. The traditional pyrolysis experiment cannot easily reveal the mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis, but the molecular simulation method can expose the microscopic mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis at the atomic and molecular level, which is an important research method. [Progress] In this study, the research progress of molecular simulation of kerogen pyrolysis was systematically reviewed. Combined with the experimental results, the effects of temperature, heating rate, water, pressure, and shale mineral composition on kerogen pyrolysis were described. The results showed： （1） The most commonly used method for constructing a kerogen molecular structure model is based on the elements, functional groups, and structural parameters obtained from experimental analysis methods. （2） Temperature, heating rate, water, pressure, and shale mineral components all have varying degrees of influence on the molecular number and components of kerogen pyrolysis products. In general, the number of molecules undergoing kerogen pyrolysis increases with the increase in tempera-ture. High temperature is not conducive to the direct pyrolysis process but helps to fully conduct the reaction in the hydropyrolysis process. An increase in heating rate increases the temperature at which kerogen begins to pyrolyze. The number of molecules produced by the pyrolysis of kerogen increases with the increase in heating rate, but a high heating rate reduces the number of molecules produced by pyrolysis. Choosing the appropriate temperature and heating rate can maximize the yield of shale oil. （3） Water molecules can provide more hydrogen radicals to participate in the reaction, thereby promoting the cracking of kerogen and heavy shale oil, hindering the formation of C-C crosslinking structure, and improving the formation of light shale oil and gas yields. （4） Compared with the experimental results, molecular simulation has significant advantages in the quantitative description, whereas it is slightly insufficient in the qualitative description. （5） Molecular simulation increases the simulation temperature to shorten the reaction time to compensate for the geological thermal evolution time, which is one of the shortcomings of molecular simulation at present. （6） The high-temperature simulation of kerogen produces a large amount of C2H4, which is not consistent with the experimental facts and geological situation, which is also a deficiency of the current molecular simulation. [Prospects] Future studies on molecular simulation of kerogen pyrolysis concentrating on the following aspects will be beneficial. （1） The machine learning method is used to quickly construct a kerogen molecular structure model with a relative molecular weight of millions, reflecting both the chemical structure and pore structure of kerogen. （2） A multi-scale and complex kerogen model rich in shale mineral components, formation water, organic acids, and inorganic salts is established. （3） The effects of heating rate, water phase, formation water, pressure, mineral composition and different thermal evolution degree on kerogen pyrolysis are studied. （4） Combined with the actual geological situation, the mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis to generate hydrocarbon at low temperatures is explored to bridge the gap between experiment, geology, and theory, providing important reference information and theoretical guidance for the exploration and development of shale oil and gas.
Significance Kerogen is the most abundant source of natural organic matter in the world. It is important to study the pyrolysis of kerogen for the exploitation and utilization of oil shales. The traditional pyrolysis experiment cannot easily reveal the mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis, but the molecular simulation method can expose the microscopic mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis at the atomic and molecular level, which is an important research method. [Progress] In this study, the research progress of molecular simulation of kerogen pyrolysis was systematically reviewed. Combined with the experimental results, the effects of temperature, heating rate, water, pressure, and shale mineral composition on kerogen pyrolysis were described. The results showed： （1） The most commonly used method for constructing a kerogen molecular structure model is based on the elements, functional groups, and structural parameters obtained from experimental analysis methods. （2） Temperature, heating rate, water, pressure, and shale mineral components all have varying degrees of influence on the molecular number and components of kerogen pyrolysis products. In general, the number of molecules undergoing kerogen pyrolysis increases with the increase in tempera-ture. High temperature is not conducive to the direct pyrolysis process but helps to fully conduct the reaction in the hydropyrolysis process. An increase in heating rate increases the temperature at which kerogen begins to pyrolyze. The number of molecules produced by the pyrolysis of kerogen increases with the increase in heating rate, but a high heating rate reduces the number of molecules produced by pyrolysis. Choosing the appropriate temperature and heating rate can maximize the yield of shale oil. （3） Water molecules can provide more hydrogen radicals to participate in the reaction, thereby promoting the cracking of kerogen and heavy shale oil, hindering the formation of C-C crosslinking structure, and improving the formation of light shale oil and gas yields. （4） Compared with the experimental results, molecular simulation has significant advantages in the quantitative description, whereas it is slightly insufficient in the qualitative description. （5） Molecular simulation increases the simulation temperature to shorten the reaction time to compensate for the geological thermal evolution time, which is one of the shortcomings of molecular simulation at present. （6） The high-temperature simulation of kerogen produces a large amount of C2H4, which is not consistent with the experimental facts and geological situation, which is also a deficiency of the current molecular simulation. [Prospects] Future studies on molecular simulation of kerogen pyrolysis concentrating on the following aspects will be beneficial. （1） The machine learning method is used to quickly construct a kerogen molecular structure model with a relative molecular weight of millions, reflecting both the chemical structure and pore structure of kerogen. （2） A multi-scale and complex kerogen model rich in shale mineral components, formation water, organic acids, and inorganic salts is established. （3） The effects of heating rate, water phase, formation water, pressure, mineral composition and different thermal evolution degree on kerogen pyrolysis are studied. （4） Combined with the actual geological situation, the mechanism of kerogen pyrolysis to generate hydrocarbon at low temperatures is explored to bridge the gap between experiment, geology, and theory, providing important reference information and theoretical guidance for the exploration and development of shale oil and gas.
2024, 42(5): 1512-1529.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.149
Abstract:
Objective The Pearl River Delta front is a complicated sedimentary system controlled by rivers, waves, and tides. Most previous studies focused on the physical and chemical sedimentary characteristics. However, biogenic sedimentary structures are extremely sensitive to the environment； therefore, comprehensive and high resolution research should be conducted. Methods Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon （TOC）, grain size analysis, X-ray scans, and three-dimensional （3D） reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta front. Results The main results are as follows： （1） The main trace makers are Bivalve clams, Arthropoda hermit crabs, Crustacean crabs, Annelid bitoothed berbera, and chordate mudskippers. （2） The main biogenic traces include climbing tracks, foot tracks, bird tracks and excretion tracks, and burrows, and the main morphology of burrows include Y, L, U, and I-shape. （3） The diversity, abundance, and bioturbation in the tidal channel and island are higher than the interdistributary bay. Conclusions This study perfected the ichnology of the delta front and modern delta sedimentary environment. Moreover, it resolved the high resolution identification of a paleo-delta front sedimentary system.
Objective The Pearl River Delta front is a complicated sedimentary system controlled by rivers, waves, and tides. Most previous studies focused on the physical and chemical sedimentary characteristics. However, biogenic sedimentary structures are extremely sensitive to the environment； therefore, comprehensive and high resolution research should be conducted. Methods Based on sedimentary and ichnological methods, salinity, turbidity, total organic carbon （TOC）, grain size analysis, X-ray scans, and three-dimensional （3D） reconstruction were applied to the modern biogenic sedimentary structures in different microenvironments of the Pearl River Delta front. Results The main results are as follows： （1） The main trace makers are Bivalve clams, Arthropoda hermit crabs, Crustacean crabs, Annelid bitoothed berbera, and chordate mudskippers. （2） The main biogenic traces include climbing tracks, foot tracks, bird tracks and excretion tracks, and burrows, and the main morphology of burrows include Y, L, U, and I-shape. （3） The diversity, abundance, and bioturbation in the tidal channel and island are higher than the interdistributary bay. Conclusions This study perfected the ichnology of the delta front and modern delta sedimentary environment. Moreover, it resolved the high resolution identification of a paleo-delta front sedimentary system.
2024, 42(5): 1530-1540.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.145
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Objective To study particle size characteristics of the burst flood sediment in barrier. Methods Composition of flood sediment particle samples from the “11· 03” Baige dammed lake outburst flood on the Jinsha River were analyzed, and size parameters of sediment were calculated. Changes in sediment characteristics from upstream to downstream and its causes were analyzed. Then, the granularity characteristics of this flood sediment were compared with those of other primary river basins in China, while sand particle size characteristics of ancient flood sediment were discussed. Results and Discussions The sediment types of the Baige barrier lake outburst flood were silt, sandy silt, and silty sand, with 23.65%, 64.19% and 12.16%, respectively. All particle sizes of sediment in barrier lake were less than 2.0 mm. The proportion of silt was 55.18%, sand of 32.86%, and clay of 11.97%. The silt content gradually increased, while the sand content gradually decreased from the upstream Maoding village to the downstream Shigu town. Moreover, the clay content always fluctuated around 12%. As the flow rate of the flood was reduced gradually, the ability of hydrodynamic to carry particulate matter was weakened by degrees. The clay was less affected by the hydrodynamic conditions as a result of the small particles and the electric charge, that’s why the clay had a relatively stable proportion during the flood peak process. The median particle size was 41.34 μm, and the average particle size was 31.73 μm. Both of the value decreased gradually in pace with the increasing distance from the White River barrier lake. The skewness value was 0.27, which is a positive deviation. The peak value was 0.94 and was moderately sharp. The sorting coefficient was 0.57, indicating good sorting performance. Bimodal distribution accounted for 52% of the grain size distribution curve of sediment. The main peak was high and narrow, located at 100 μm. And the secondary peak is low and wide, the peak value located at 10 μm. The single peak accounted for 48%, with a narrow peak at 50 μm. All sediment sizes in the profile were less than 2.0 mm. There were very small differences in composition. The predominant component was the sand. The silty content was slightly less than the fine sand, and the proportion of clay content was approximately 11.0%. The median value of particle size was larger than the average, both have a tendency to increase from the surface layer to the bottom. The sorting coefficient was less than 0.6, with the extremely positive deviation and the moderate peak state. Compared with other floods, the "11·03" outburst flood had a finer sediment particle size of mainly silt, followed by a smaller median and average value of particle size, with wider peak state and positive skewness, indicating better sorting performance by this flood. Conclusions The research results have important reference value for understanding the sediment characteristics in barrier lake outburst floods, burst flood hydrodynamic transport process and mechanism in the future. It will promote the development of water conservancy and hydropower projects and ecological civilization construction in river basins.
Objective To study particle size characteristics of the burst flood sediment in barrier. Methods Composition of flood sediment particle samples from the “11· 03” Baige dammed lake outburst flood on the Jinsha River were analyzed, and size parameters of sediment were calculated. Changes in sediment characteristics from upstream to downstream and its causes were analyzed. Then, the granularity characteristics of this flood sediment were compared with those of other primary river basins in China, while sand particle size characteristics of ancient flood sediment were discussed. Results and Discussions The sediment types of the Baige barrier lake outburst flood were silt, sandy silt, and silty sand, with 23.65%, 64.19% and 12.16%, respectively. All particle sizes of sediment in barrier lake were less than 2.0 mm. The proportion of silt was 55.18%, sand of 32.86%, and clay of 11.97%. The silt content gradually increased, while the sand content gradually decreased from the upstream Maoding village to the downstream Shigu town. Moreover, the clay content always fluctuated around 12%. As the flow rate of the flood was reduced gradually, the ability of hydrodynamic to carry particulate matter was weakened by degrees. The clay was less affected by the hydrodynamic conditions as a result of the small particles and the electric charge, that’s why the clay had a relatively stable proportion during the flood peak process. The median particle size was 41.34 μm, and the average particle size was 31.73 μm. Both of the value decreased gradually in pace with the increasing distance from the White River barrier lake. The skewness value was 0.27, which is a positive deviation. The peak value was 0.94 and was moderately sharp. The sorting coefficient was 0.57, indicating good sorting performance. Bimodal distribution accounted for 52% of the grain size distribution curve of sediment. The main peak was high and narrow, located at 100 μm. And the secondary peak is low and wide, the peak value located at 10 μm. The single peak accounted for 48%, with a narrow peak at 50 μm. All sediment sizes in the profile were less than 2.0 mm. There were very small differences in composition. The predominant component was the sand. The silty content was slightly less than the fine sand, and the proportion of clay content was approximately 11.0%. The median value of particle size was larger than the average, both have a tendency to increase from the surface layer to the bottom. The sorting coefficient was less than 0.6, with the extremely positive deviation and the moderate peak state. Compared with other floods, the "11·03" outburst flood had a finer sediment particle size of mainly silt, followed by a smaller median and average value of particle size, with wider peak state and positive skewness, indicating better sorting performance by this flood. Conclusions The research results have important reference value for understanding the sediment characteristics in barrier lake outburst floods, burst flood hydrodynamic transport process and mechanism in the future. It will promote the development of water conservancy and hydropower projects and ecological civilization construction in river basins.
2024, 42(5): 1541-1552.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.111
Abstract:
Results The grain shape in exposed, intermediate and sheltered parts of the Baoding Bay beach show little difference longshore, but there is a trend of gradually decreasing size from land to sea cross-shore. When the size of the grains in different parts of the beach is less than 2.5 Φ, their shape gradually shows a downward trend longshore from the exposed section to the sheltered section. The grain-shape increase direction indicates the transport trend of the sediment. The grain-shape trend analysis model is highly accurate and useful for calculating the transport trend of any grain size range, and works well in combination with other grain-size analysis methods for different research purposes. Conclusions The results of the study provide theoretical support for beach evolution mechanism analysis and beach stability research. [Objective and Methods] The basic properties of sediment particles （grain size and shape） provide information about their transport history, mode, and sedimentary environment. The grain size and shape of 253 sediments from 52 beach profiles in Baoding Bay were analyzed using the dynamic image method. The cross-shore and longshore distribution characteristics of the grain size and grain shape are analyzed and discussed. A trend analysis model was established for grain size and shape.
Results The grain shape in exposed, intermediate and sheltered parts of the Baoding Bay beach show little difference longshore, but there is a trend of gradually decreasing size from land to sea cross-shore. When the size of the grains in different parts of the beach is less than 2.5 Φ, their shape gradually shows a downward trend longshore from the exposed section to the sheltered section. The grain-shape increase direction indicates the transport trend of the sediment. The grain-shape trend analysis model is highly accurate and useful for calculating the transport trend of any grain size range, and works well in combination with other grain-size analysis methods for different research purposes. Conclusions The results of the study provide theoretical support for beach evolution mechanism analysis and beach stability research. [Objective and Methods] The basic properties of sediment particles （grain size and shape） provide information about their transport history, mode, and sedimentary environment. The grain size and shape of 253 sediments from 52 beach profiles in Baoding Bay were analyzed using the dynamic image method. The cross-shore and longshore distribution characteristics of the grain size and grain shape are analyzed and discussed. A trend analysis model was established for grain size and shape.
2024, 42(5): 1553-1567.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.064
Abstract:
Objective The latest three-dimensional （3D） seismic data displays a large amount of strong reflection seismic event progradation in the Yanchang Formation； this is significantly different from the traditional stratigraphic scheme of "flat rise flat fall and equal thickness distribution." This difference provides a new perspective for understanding the stratigraphic framework of the Yanchang Formation. Methods The seismic facies, sequence stratigraphy, and sedimentary system in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin are systematically studied through core observation, well seismic calibration, and 3D seismic interpretation combined with seismic inversion technology. Results The continuous seismic events of strong reflections in the Yanchang Formation can indicate the deposition of condensed layers during lake flooding. The seismic facies along and across provenance are extremely different. The seismic profiles along provenance can be divided into three types： sub-parallel structures with medium amplitude and medium continuity, progradational reflections with strong amplitude and strong continuity, and disordered structures with low amplitude and low continuity, among which the progradational type are the most evident. The seismic profiles across provenance can also be divided into three types： parallel structures with strong amplitude and strong continuity, mound structure with medium-strong amplitude and strong continuity, and disordered structures with low amplitude and low continuity. The lake basin evolution of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area with rapid lake transgression and slow lake regression fluctuating processes can be divided into a third-order sequence unit consisting of multi-stage transgressive-regressive （T-R） system tracts. The sequence units prograded and overlapped as they formed wedges toward the center of the lake, developing the sedimentary sequence of "slope rich in mudstone and both top-set and bottom-set rich in sand bodies." Conclusion This region differs from the traditional sedimentary model in three aspects. First, the mudstone marker layer has not changed, and the corresponding relationship between individual wells has changed. Second, the extent of the lake in the Yanchang Formation has not changed； however, the evolution of basin filling has changed. Third, the overall distribution of sandstone has not changed, whereas the connectivity between sand layers has changed.
Objective The latest three-dimensional （3D） seismic data displays a large amount of strong reflection seismic event progradation in the Yanchang Formation； this is significantly different from the traditional stratigraphic scheme of "flat rise flat fall and equal thickness distribution." This difference provides a new perspective for understanding the stratigraphic framework of the Yanchang Formation. Methods The seismic facies, sequence stratigraphy, and sedimentary system in the Longdong area of the Ordos Basin are systematically studied through core observation, well seismic calibration, and 3D seismic interpretation combined with seismic inversion technology. Results The continuous seismic events of strong reflections in the Yanchang Formation can indicate the deposition of condensed layers during lake flooding. The seismic facies along and across provenance are extremely different. The seismic profiles along provenance can be divided into three types： sub-parallel structures with medium amplitude and medium continuity, progradational reflections with strong amplitude and strong continuity, and disordered structures with low amplitude and low continuity, among which the progradational type are the most evident. The seismic profiles across provenance can also be divided into three types： parallel structures with strong amplitude and strong continuity, mound structure with medium-strong amplitude and strong continuity, and disordered structures with low amplitude and low continuity. The lake basin evolution of the Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area with rapid lake transgression and slow lake regression fluctuating processes can be divided into a third-order sequence unit consisting of multi-stage transgressive-regressive （T-R） system tracts. The sequence units prograded and overlapped as they formed wedges toward the center of the lake, developing the sedimentary sequence of "slope rich in mudstone and both top-set and bottom-set rich in sand bodies." Conclusion This region differs from the traditional sedimentary model in three aspects. First, the mudstone marker layer has not changed, and the corresponding relationship between individual wells has changed. Second, the extent of the lake in the Yanchang Formation has not changed； however, the evolution of basin filling has changed. Third, the overall distribution of sandstone has not changed, whereas the connectivity between sand layers has changed.
2024, 42(5): 1568-1577.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.131
Abstract:
Objective In the Early Permian, Junggar Basin was an intracontinental successive rift basin formed after the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. During the syn-rifting stage, the most important source rock, the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation alkaline lake source rock, filled in the Mahu Sag on the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, but the exact depositional age remains unclear. Methods A detailed petrological analysis of a piece of tuffaceous lithic sandstone was conducted by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. [Results and Conclusions] It showed that the sample contained a large amount of tuffaceous clasts and volcanic glass （52%）, intermediate-felsic lithic clasts （38%）, and a small amount of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende minerals （10%）. The published LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of this sample shows that the average age of the five youngest detrital zircons and the youngest age peak are consistent, with an age of 282±4 Ma, suggesting that the Early Permian syn-sedimentary volcanic rocks are the major source area, and the mountains in west Junggar and the Zhongguai-Luliang uplifts also have been source areas. Combined with the published zircon U-Pb results of two tuffaceous samples at the bottom and top of the alkaline lake deposition, the average ages of the five youngest detrital zircons were 284±4 and 279±4 Ma, respectively. The age gradually becomes younger from the bottom to top, which is the syn-sedimentary record of episodic volcanic eruptions in the syn-rift stage of the basin, indicating that the sedimentary age of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation alkaline lake is 284-279 Ma.
Objective In the Early Permian, Junggar Basin was an intracontinental successive rift basin formed after the closure of the Paleo-Asian Ocean. During the syn-rifting stage, the most important source rock, the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation alkaline lake source rock, filled in the Mahu Sag on the northwestern margin of the Junggar Basin, but the exact depositional age remains unclear. Methods A detailed petrological analysis of a piece of tuffaceous lithic sandstone was conducted by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive analysis. [Results and Conclusions] It showed that the sample contained a large amount of tuffaceous clasts and volcanic glass （52%）, intermediate-felsic lithic clasts （38%）, and a small amount of quartz, feldspar, and hornblende minerals （10%）. The published LA-ICP-MS zircon U-Pb dating of this sample shows that the average age of the five youngest detrital zircons and the youngest age peak are consistent, with an age of 282±4 Ma, suggesting that the Early Permian syn-sedimentary volcanic rocks are the major source area, and the mountains in west Junggar and the Zhongguai-Luliang uplifts also have been source areas. Combined with the published zircon U-Pb results of two tuffaceous samples at the bottom and top of the alkaline lake deposition, the average ages of the five youngest detrital zircons were 284±4 and 279±4 Ma, respectively. The age gradually becomes younger from the bottom to top, which is the syn-sedimentary record of episodic volcanic eruptions in the syn-rift stage of the basin, indicating that the sedimentary age of the Lower Permian Fengcheng Formation alkaline lake is 284-279 Ma.
2024, 42(5): 1578-1591.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.119
Abstract:
[Objective and Methods] Triassic strata are considered absent in the Yungang Basin in northcentral North China, while the Shihezi Formation at the top of the Yangquantou section within the Yungang Basin belongs to the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation based on the regional geological survey results of the 1：50 000 Shijiatun map. To settle the dispute and determine the reliability of this new understanding, this study conducted lithostratigraphic correlation and detrital zircon dating of the Shihezi Formation from the Madaotou and Yangquantou sections within the Yungang Basin, and compared with other contemporaneous stratigraphic sections in northcentral North China to determine its deposition age. [Results and Conclusions] It shows that the ‘so-called’ Liujiagou Formation identified in the upper part of Yangquantou section has similar lithofacies associations and gravel compositions with the Shihezi Formation in the Madaotou section, and they are both characterized by grey-green or yellow-green medium- to thick-bedded medium- to coarse-grained sandstone interbedded with thin-bedded purple-red siltstone and sandy mudstone, as well as several layers of thick conglomerates. This differs from the diagnostic characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation in the Fugu, Ningwu, Taiyuan Xishan, and Qinshui Basins in North China, which are characterized by abundant light to fresh red thick-bedded medium- to fine-grained arkose. Moreover, the youngest detrital zircons ages （288.0±4.7 Ma） constrained the maximum depositional age to the Middle Permian. Therefore, the strata at the top of the Yangquantou section belongs to the Middle Permian Shihezi Formation, not the Liujiagou Formation. It is inferred that the orogenic belts in the northern margin of North China likely experienced intense compression and uplift during the Late Triassic, resulting in the denudation of the Triassic strata within the Yungang Basin, which was then unconformable overlain by the Lower Jurassic strata.
[Objective and Methods] Triassic strata are considered absent in the Yungang Basin in northcentral North China, while the Shihezi Formation at the top of the Yangquantou section within the Yungang Basin belongs to the Lower Triassic Liujiagou Formation based on the regional geological survey results of the 1：50 000 Shijiatun map. To settle the dispute and determine the reliability of this new understanding, this study conducted lithostratigraphic correlation and detrital zircon dating of the Shihezi Formation from the Madaotou and Yangquantou sections within the Yungang Basin, and compared with other contemporaneous stratigraphic sections in northcentral North China to determine its deposition age. [Results and Conclusions] It shows that the ‘so-called’ Liujiagou Formation identified in the upper part of Yangquantou section has similar lithofacies associations and gravel compositions with the Shihezi Formation in the Madaotou section, and they are both characterized by grey-green or yellow-green medium- to thick-bedded medium- to coarse-grained sandstone interbedded with thin-bedded purple-red siltstone and sandy mudstone, as well as several layers of thick conglomerates. This differs from the diagnostic characteristics of the Liujiagou Formation in the Fugu, Ningwu, Taiyuan Xishan, and Qinshui Basins in North China, which are characterized by abundant light to fresh red thick-bedded medium- to fine-grained arkose. Moreover, the youngest detrital zircons ages （288.0±4.7 Ma） constrained the maximum depositional age to the Middle Permian. Therefore, the strata at the top of the Yangquantou section belongs to the Middle Permian Shihezi Formation, not the Liujiagou Formation. It is inferred that the orogenic belts in the northern margin of North China likely experienced intense compression and uplift during the Late Triassic, resulting in the denudation of the Triassic strata within the Yungang Basin, which was then unconformable overlain by the Lower Jurassic strata.
2024, 42(5): 1592-1606.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.126
Abstract:
Objective Continental slopes have become a major focus in petroleum exploration because of their enormous sediment and hydrocarbon potential. Research on the geomorphic evolution of continental slopes contributes to deep-water sedimentology and petroleum exploration. This paper focused on the abundant terrigenous supply of a continental slope in a delta reformed passive continental margin basin. A new methodology for the restoration of ancient slope geomorphic evolution based on the principle of depositional architecture was discussed. Methods Taking a study area on a continental slope in Niger Delta Basin as an example, seismic, logging, and core data were comprehensively applied to reveal the geomorphic evolution characteristics of the continental slope based on the spatio-temporal evolution of depositional architecture in 13 sequences. Results The geomorphic evolution of the study area can be divided into 2 stages. In stage 1,study area transformed from an abyssal plain to continental slope,and the landform was unrestricted. The geomorphic evolution in this stage was driven by the progradation of large deltas. The geomorphic evolution in stage 2 included 3 periods dominated by thrust faults,mud-diapirs,and sedimentation. The landform evolved gradually from restricted to semi-restricted and then to the present non-restricted type. The geomorphic evolution in stage 2 was controlled by gravity sliding. During the thrust faulting,the activity intensity of the underlying flowing mudstone was limited,and the landform was controlled by thrust faults. The study area was located in the remote thrust province of a gravity sliding system. During the mud-diapir period,the intensity of diaper activity increased significantly and was able to change the geomorphic characteristics independently. As a result,the topography of study area began to transform from a thrust to mud-diapir province. Conclusions The gravity sliding structural system was driven by sedimentary processes,and its spatial combination and evolution characteristics were similar to sedimentary facies. The adjacent extensional,mud-diapir and thrust province were closely related in genesis,which was similar to a sequential sedimentary facies. Therefore,the vertical superposition relationship of different structural activities indicated the macro trend of the continental slope advancing seaward contemporaneously. In conclusion,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the gravity flow depositional architecture in the typical deep-water study area can provide important evidence for the restoration of paleogeomorphic evolution of a deep-water continental slope.
Objective Continental slopes have become a major focus in petroleum exploration because of their enormous sediment and hydrocarbon potential. Research on the geomorphic evolution of continental slopes contributes to deep-water sedimentology and petroleum exploration. This paper focused on the abundant terrigenous supply of a continental slope in a delta reformed passive continental margin basin. A new methodology for the restoration of ancient slope geomorphic evolution based on the principle of depositional architecture was discussed. Methods Taking a study area on a continental slope in Niger Delta Basin as an example, seismic, logging, and core data were comprehensively applied to reveal the geomorphic evolution characteristics of the continental slope based on the spatio-temporal evolution of depositional architecture in 13 sequences. Results The geomorphic evolution of the study area can be divided into 2 stages. In stage 1,study area transformed from an abyssal plain to continental slope,and the landform was unrestricted. The geomorphic evolution in this stage was driven by the progradation of large deltas. The geomorphic evolution in stage 2 included 3 periods dominated by thrust faults,mud-diapirs,and sedimentation. The landform evolved gradually from restricted to semi-restricted and then to the present non-restricted type. The geomorphic evolution in stage 2 was controlled by gravity sliding. During the thrust faulting,the activity intensity of the underlying flowing mudstone was limited,and the landform was controlled by thrust faults. The study area was located in the remote thrust province of a gravity sliding system. During the mud-diapir period,the intensity of diaper activity increased significantly and was able to change the geomorphic characteristics independently. As a result,the topography of study area began to transform from a thrust to mud-diapir province. Conclusions The gravity sliding structural system was driven by sedimentary processes,and its spatial combination and evolution characteristics were similar to sedimentary facies. The adjacent extensional,mud-diapir and thrust province were closely related in genesis,which was similar to a sequential sedimentary facies. Therefore,the vertical superposition relationship of different structural activities indicated the macro trend of the continental slope advancing seaward contemporaneously. In conclusion,the spatio-temporal evolution characteristics of the gravity flow depositional architecture in the typical deep-water study area can provide important evidence for the restoration of paleogeomorphic evolution of a deep-water continental slope.
2024, 42(5): 1607-1620.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.114
Abstract:
Objective The investigation of the genetic kinds and sedimentary properties of barrier deposits has novel implications for establishing paleocurbation direction. Gravel barrier deposits can be an essential distinguishing feature for determining the sedimentary microfacies of river channels. Methods The sedimentary model and formation mechanism of gravelly sediment were investigated using sedimentary investigations of present gravelly rivers in the Anjihai and TouTunhe Rivers on the southern fringe of the Junggar Basin. Result The results revealed that the shape of gravelly barrier sediments could be classified into four types： lenticular deposition, fusiform deposition, approximately circular mafic deposition, and lateral ridges deposition. The lenticular deposit consists of a single large gravel obstacle and a fine-grained sediment ridge behind it. The length of the sediment ridge to the scour region in front of the gravel should be 2∶1, and the long axis of the sediment ridge determines the direction of water flow. Fusiform deposition consists of a single large gravel acting as a barrier, with the sheet gravel imbricated in front of the barrier gravel, forming a sediment ridge. Circular mafic deposition is the main body of numerous gravels that are similar in size to the obstruction, with a "U" shape in the middle supported by fine conglomerate particles. Lateral ridges deposition is the buildup of big gravel on the side or middle of a channel, forming a beach bar that serves as an obstruction to control the river boundary. Conclusion The phenomena of developing barrier deposition in the conglomerate of Kalaza Formation in Junggar Basin is finely split, and the identifying mark of gravel barrier deposition is established, providing new fundamental data for river sedimentology.
Objective The investigation of the genetic kinds and sedimentary properties of barrier deposits has novel implications for establishing paleocurbation direction. Gravel barrier deposits can be an essential distinguishing feature for determining the sedimentary microfacies of river channels. Methods The sedimentary model and formation mechanism of gravelly sediment were investigated using sedimentary investigations of present gravelly rivers in the Anjihai and TouTunhe Rivers on the southern fringe of the Junggar Basin. Result The results revealed that the shape of gravelly barrier sediments could be classified into four types： lenticular deposition, fusiform deposition, approximately circular mafic deposition, and lateral ridges deposition. The lenticular deposit consists of a single large gravel obstacle and a fine-grained sediment ridge behind it. The length of the sediment ridge to the scour region in front of the gravel should be 2∶1, and the long axis of the sediment ridge determines the direction of water flow. Fusiform deposition consists of a single large gravel acting as a barrier, with the sheet gravel imbricated in front of the barrier gravel, forming a sediment ridge. Circular mafic deposition is the main body of numerous gravels that are similar in size to the obstruction, with a "U" shape in the middle supported by fine conglomerate particles. Lateral ridges deposition is the buildup of big gravel on the side or middle of a channel, forming a beach bar that serves as an obstruction to control the river boundary. Conclusion The phenomena of developing barrier deposition in the conglomerate of Kalaza Formation in Junggar Basin is finely split, and the identifying mark of gravel barrier deposition is established, providing new fundamental data for river sedimentology.
2024, 42(5): 1621-1638.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.120
Abstract:
Objective There are still some disagreement and deficiencies on understanding the sedimentary environment and provenance from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the middle of the western margin of the Ordos Basin Methods Through geochemical methods,sixteen sand and mudstone samples from different sections of the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation were tested and analyzed,and the sedimentary environment,source rock types,and tectonic background of the Yanchang Formation clastic rocks were evaluated. Results Sandstone types are mainly lithic and feldspathic sandstone, the source areas experienced weak-moderate weathering,and the samples were little affected by the recycling. The source is related to the upper crust material. The Yanchang Formation is in an oxidation-weak reduction freshwater sedimentary environment,with an arid-semi-arid paleoclimate, and the Third member is in a weak oxidation brackish water environment with a warm and humid paleoclimate. The source rocks are primarily felsic,and the provenance of the Third member of the Yanchang Formation is complex,with a little intermediate rock. The source area of the Yanchang Formation has a tectonic background of an active continental margin,while the tectonic background of the Third member source area is complex and is related to both a continental island arc and an active continental margin. Conclusions The provenance and sedimentary environment characteristics traced by elemental geochemistry are in good agreement with the lake basin evolution and regional tectonic environment of the Triassic Yanchang Formation.
Objective There are still some disagreement and deficiencies on understanding the sedimentary environment and provenance from the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the middle of the western margin of the Ordos Basin Methods Through geochemical methods,sixteen sand and mudstone samples from different sections of the Late Triassic Yanchang Formation were tested and analyzed,and the sedimentary environment,source rock types,and tectonic background of the Yanchang Formation clastic rocks were evaluated. Results Sandstone types are mainly lithic and feldspathic sandstone, the source areas experienced weak-moderate weathering,and the samples were little affected by the recycling. The source is related to the upper crust material. The Yanchang Formation is in an oxidation-weak reduction freshwater sedimentary environment,with an arid-semi-arid paleoclimate, and the Third member is in a weak oxidation brackish water environment with a warm and humid paleoclimate. The source rocks are primarily felsic,and the provenance of the Third member of the Yanchang Formation is complex,with a little intermediate rock. The source area of the Yanchang Formation has a tectonic background of an active continental margin,while the tectonic background of the Third member source area is complex and is related to both a continental island arc and an active continental margin. Conclusions The provenance and sedimentary environment characteristics traced by elemental geochemistry are in good agreement with the lake basin evolution and regional tectonic environment of the Triassic Yanchang Formation.
2024, 42(5): 1639-1652.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.116
Abstract:
Objective The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments （MSSs） contain both carbonate and detrital components that can concurrently carry aqueous and provenance signatures in their compositions. During the early Cambrian, the MSSs were widely distributed in the Hannan-Micangshan area, western Yangtze Craton, but the factors influencing their development have not been well known. Methods In this study, we performed a combined petrological and sedimentological analysis on the compositions of MSSs in the Xiannüdong Formation of the Zhujiaba section, southern Shaanxi. [Results and Conclusions] The results indicate that MSSs formed from the middle to the inner ramp settings during a regressive depositional cycle, and the highest level of admixture is generally distributed in the middle part of each upward-shoaling sequence compared to that of the lower and upper parts. Fine-grained detrital sediments and low-relief reefs developed in the middle ramp environment, and other carbonate fractions were mainly transported from shallow-water carbonate depositional settings. In contrast, ooid shoals and reefs developed in inner ramp environments with a small quantality of terrigenous sand-sized particles （quartz and lithic fragment）. In addition, the petrological evidence indicates that transported （dolomitized） carbonate grains and fine-grained detritus were concurrently mixed in the lagoon setting. The development of early Cambrian MSSs in the study area may be related to the high carbonate productivity of shallow-water environments, as well as the active onshore-to-offshore transportation mainly induced by storm currents. This study may provide a case for understanding the factors influencing the development of deep-time MSSs and a reference for oil and gas exploration of Cambrian MSSs in the western Yangtze area.
Objective The mixed siliciclastic-carbonate sediments （MSSs） contain both carbonate and detrital components that can concurrently carry aqueous and provenance signatures in their compositions. During the early Cambrian, the MSSs were widely distributed in the Hannan-Micangshan area, western Yangtze Craton, but the factors influencing their development have not been well known. Methods In this study, we performed a combined petrological and sedimentological analysis on the compositions of MSSs in the Xiannüdong Formation of the Zhujiaba section, southern Shaanxi. [Results and Conclusions] The results indicate that MSSs formed from the middle to the inner ramp settings during a regressive depositional cycle, and the highest level of admixture is generally distributed in the middle part of each upward-shoaling sequence compared to that of the lower and upper parts. Fine-grained detrital sediments and low-relief reefs developed in the middle ramp environment, and other carbonate fractions were mainly transported from shallow-water carbonate depositional settings. In contrast, ooid shoals and reefs developed in inner ramp environments with a small quantality of terrigenous sand-sized particles （quartz and lithic fragment）. In addition, the petrological evidence indicates that transported （dolomitized） carbonate grains and fine-grained detritus were concurrently mixed in the lagoon setting. The development of early Cambrian MSSs in the study area may be related to the high carbonate productivity of shallow-water environments, as well as the active onshore-to-offshore transportation mainly induced by storm currents. This study may provide a case for understanding the factors influencing the development of deep-time MSSs and a reference for oil and gas exploration of Cambrian MSSs in the western Yangtze area.
2024, 42(5): 1653-1669.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.111
Abstract:
Objective The collision of the Arabian-Eurasian Plates led to the formation of the Zagros orogenic belt and related foreland basin. The gradual filling of the Zagros foreland basin resulted in the retreat of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region, which caused the transition from the marine to terrestrial environments. This process provides the chance to explore the demise of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Middle East. Methods In this study, we conducted detailed stratigraphy, sedimentology, sandstone petrography, and detrital zircon U-Pb age determination on the Miocene sedimentary strata in the Lurestan and Khuzestan regions of the Zagros Mountains in southern Iran, which provide new constraints on the filling of the Zagros foreland basin and the regression process of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region. Results The Agha Jari Formation in the Lurestan region is characterized by large-scale, medium-to-thick layered sandstones interbedded with mudstones. Sedimentary environment analysis suggests that it has been formed in a fluvial environment. The sandstone petrography shows a significant number of metamorphic clasts. Combined with the detrital zircon U-Pb age peak of Jurassic ~170 Ma, the Agha Jari Formation in the Lurestan region is found to be derived from the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone to the north. The Agha Jari Formation in the Khuzestan area is a large set of thick mudstone beds, thick mudstone interbedded with sandstone, thick sheeted sandstone interbedded with mudstone, and sand-mudstone interbeds. The sedimentary environment analysis shows that it has been formed in a transitional deltaic environment. The sandstone modal composition indicates that the clasts of the sedimentary rocks occurred. The detrital zircon ages show Mesozoic ages, comparable with the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. Thus, they have been mainly recycled from the sedimentary strata in Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. Based on the underlying Gachsaran-Mishan Formations, which are composed of shallow marine limestone and evaporite, the Agha Jari Formation represents the regional youngest marine sedimentation, recording the transition from the marine to the terrestrial environments. The calcareous nannofossil analysis from the underlying Mishan Formation yield the youngest age of the Early Miocene. Considering the other biostratigraphic studies, the age of the Agha Jari Formation is constrained to be no earlier than the Miocene. Therefore, based on the sedimentary and biostratigraphic studies on the Agha Jari Formation in the Khuzestan region, the demise of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Zagros region has been constrained by no earlier than the Miocene, with a trend from the northwest to the southeast. Conclusions Combined with regional paleogeography and provenance analyses on the Miocene strata in the Zagros orogenic belt, the gradual uplift of the Zagros orogenic belt occurred after the Arabia-Eurasia collision. The uplifted Zagros orogenic belt has been eroded to provide the clastic materials for the Zagros foreland basin. As a result, the regression of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region is controlled by the continual filling in the foreland basin. This paleogeography of northwest-southeast regression of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean existed no later than the Early Miocene.
Objective The collision of the Arabian-Eurasian Plates led to the formation of the Zagros orogenic belt and related foreland basin. The gradual filling of the Zagros foreland basin resulted in the retreat of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region, which caused the transition from the marine to terrestrial environments. This process provides the chance to explore the demise of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Middle East. Methods In this study, we conducted detailed stratigraphy, sedimentology, sandstone petrography, and detrital zircon U-Pb age determination on the Miocene sedimentary strata in the Lurestan and Khuzestan regions of the Zagros Mountains in southern Iran, which provide new constraints on the filling of the Zagros foreland basin and the regression process of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region. Results The Agha Jari Formation in the Lurestan region is characterized by large-scale, medium-to-thick layered sandstones interbedded with mudstones. Sedimentary environment analysis suggests that it has been formed in a fluvial environment. The sandstone petrography shows a significant number of metamorphic clasts. Combined with the detrital zircon U-Pb age peak of Jurassic ~170 Ma, the Agha Jari Formation in the Lurestan region is found to be derived from the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone to the north. The Agha Jari Formation in the Khuzestan area is a large set of thick mudstone beds, thick mudstone interbedded with sandstone, thick sheeted sandstone interbedded with mudstone, and sand-mudstone interbeds. The sedimentary environment analysis shows that it has been formed in a transitional deltaic environment. The sandstone modal composition indicates that the clasts of the sedimentary rocks occurred. The detrital zircon ages show Mesozoic ages, comparable with the Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. Thus, they have been mainly recycled from the sedimentary strata in Zagros Fold-and-Thrust Belt. Based on the underlying Gachsaran-Mishan Formations, which are composed of shallow marine limestone and evaporite, the Agha Jari Formation represents the regional youngest marine sedimentation, recording the transition from the marine to the terrestrial environments. The calcareous nannofossil analysis from the underlying Mishan Formation yield the youngest age of the Early Miocene. Considering the other biostratigraphic studies, the age of the Agha Jari Formation is constrained to be no earlier than the Miocene. Therefore, based on the sedimentary and biostratigraphic studies on the Agha Jari Formation in the Khuzestan region, the demise of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean in the Zagros region has been constrained by no earlier than the Miocene, with a trend from the northwest to the southeast. Conclusions Combined with regional paleogeography and provenance analyses on the Miocene strata in the Zagros orogenic belt, the gradual uplift of the Zagros orogenic belt occurred after the Arabia-Eurasia collision. The uplifted Zagros orogenic belt has been eroded to provide the clastic materials for the Zagros foreland basin. As a result, the regression of the Neo-Tethys Ocean in the Zagros region is controlled by the continual filling in the foreland basin. This paleogeography of northwest-southeast regression of the Neo-Tethyan Ocean existed no later than the Early Miocene.
2024, 42(5): 1670-1684.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.155
Abstract:
Objective The Sichuan Basin has abundant oil and gas resources. The breakthrough of the Sinian Deng-ying and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formations reveals the huge exploration potential of deep oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin. However, the extent of research and exploration of the Cambrian Gaotai Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin is typically low. Research between stratigraphy and sedimentary facies characteristics of the Gaotai Formation can provide a basis for the next step of oil and gas exploration and deployment. Methods The basic geological research on the sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary facies characteristics, and distribution of the Gaotai Formation can provide the basis for future oil and gas exploration and deployment. Based on drilling, logging, outcrop profile, core, and seismic data, a comprehensive study on the sequence lithofacies paleogeo.graphy of the Cambrian Gaotai Formation in eastern Sichuan has been conducted. Results The results show that Gaotai Formation can be divided into three third-order sequences （SQ1-SQ3） and six fourth-order sequences （SSQ1-SSQ6）. During the sedimentary period of Gaotai Formation, the carbonate restricted platform sedimentary environment was developed. From west to east, four sedimentary subfacies developed successively： mixed tidal flat, tidal flat, lagoon and inner platform beach. The Gaotai Formation developed with a silty dolomite reservoir, which is characterized by thin thickness, strong heterogeneity, and "medium-low porosity and low permeability". Conclusions The favourable reservoirs in the study area are located in the dorsal spreading area influenced by tectonic activity and hydrothermal fluids. Tidal flat subfacie （dolomite tidal flat microfacies） is a favourable exploration zone in the western of eastern Sichuan Basin.
Objective The Sichuan Basin has abundant oil and gas resources. The breakthrough of the Sinian Deng-ying and Cambrian Longwangmiao Formations reveals the huge exploration potential of deep oil and gas resources in the Sichuan Basin. However, the extent of research and exploration of the Cambrian Gaotai Formation in the eastern Sichuan Basin is typically low. Research between stratigraphy and sedimentary facies characteristics of the Gaotai Formation can provide a basis for the next step of oil and gas exploration and deployment. Methods The basic geological research on the sequence stratigraphy, sedimentary facies characteristics, and distribution of the Gaotai Formation can provide the basis for future oil and gas exploration and deployment. Based on drilling, logging, outcrop profile, core, and seismic data, a comprehensive study on the sequence lithofacies paleogeo.graphy of the Cambrian Gaotai Formation in eastern Sichuan has been conducted. Results The results show that Gaotai Formation can be divided into three third-order sequences （SQ1-SQ3） and six fourth-order sequences （SSQ1-SSQ6）. During the sedimentary period of Gaotai Formation, the carbonate restricted platform sedimentary environment was developed. From west to east, four sedimentary subfacies developed successively： mixed tidal flat, tidal flat, lagoon and inner platform beach. The Gaotai Formation developed with a silty dolomite reservoir, which is characterized by thin thickness, strong heterogeneity, and "medium-low porosity and low permeability". Conclusions The favourable reservoirs in the study area are located in the dorsal spreading area influenced by tectonic activity and hydrothermal fluids. Tidal flat subfacie （dolomite tidal flat microfacies） is a favourable exploration zone in the western of eastern Sichuan Basin.
2024, 42(5): 1685-1698.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.121
Abstract:
Objective Exploration has shown that the sand body of the Shanxi Formation, the main gas producing layer in the Yan 'an gas field in the southeastern Ordos Basin, is distributed in a long and narrow strip, which is significantly different from its distribution in the north. It is of great significance to clarify the genesis mechanism of the sand body in the 2nd member of Shanxi Formation for understanding the distribution pattern of sand bodies in the area. Methods Taking the 2nd member of the Shanxi Formation in the southeastern basin as the geological prototype, a flume sedimentation simulation experiment was used to investigate the sand formation, evolution process, and control factors. [Results and Conclusions] The gentle slope and low flow intensity of the 2nd member of the Shanxi Formation distributary channel is an important factor in the low sinuosity of the meandering flow state, and the horizontal amplitude rate is a key feature in the longitudinal extension of the sand body, sand size, aspect ratio of the coast, and change of flow control. The extension of the entire distance and length-width ratio of the sand were proportional to the scale and rate of water withdrawal. During the sedimentary period of the Shanxi Formation, the water level dropped significantly, and the shoreline migrated a long distance to the lake area. The water inlet retreated frequently, and the sand in the front of the meandering river delta extended a long distance. The sand superposition style has the characteristics of "vertical superposition", "vertical cutting", and "lateral migration". The results are of great significance to the prediction of sand bodies in the Shanxi Formation and the search for high-quality reservoirs.
Objective Exploration has shown that the sand body of the Shanxi Formation, the main gas producing layer in the Yan 'an gas field in the southeastern Ordos Basin, is distributed in a long and narrow strip, which is significantly different from its distribution in the north. It is of great significance to clarify the genesis mechanism of the sand body in the 2nd member of Shanxi Formation for understanding the distribution pattern of sand bodies in the area. Methods Taking the 2nd member of the Shanxi Formation in the southeastern basin as the geological prototype, a flume sedimentation simulation experiment was used to investigate the sand formation, evolution process, and control factors. [Results and Conclusions] The gentle slope and low flow intensity of the 2nd member of the Shanxi Formation distributary channel is an important factor in the low sinuosity of the meandering flow state, and the horizontal amplitude rate is a key feature in the longitudinal extension of the sand body, sand size, aspect ratio of the coast, and change of flow control. The extension of the entire distance and length-width ratio of the sand were proportional to the scale and rate of water withdrawal. During the sedimentary period of the Shanxi Formation, the water level dropped significantly, and the shoreline migrated a long distance to the lake area. The water inlet retreated frequently, and the sand in the front of the meandering river delta extended a long distance. The sand superposition style has the characteristics of "vertical superposition", "vertical cutting", and "lateral migration". The results are of great significance to the prediction of sand bodies in the Shanxi Formation and the search for high-quality reservoirs.
2024, 42(5): 1699-1710.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.080
Abstract:
Objective Braided rivers are a common type of river that can form large-scale oil and gas reservoirs. However, their sedimentary architecture is complex. To gain a deeper understanding of the sedimentary architecture patterns of sandy braided rivers, this study focuses on the sedimentary architecture analysis and evolutionary process of a typical gravelly braided river deposits in the Jurassic Yungang Formation in Datong, Shanxi. Methods Observations, measurements, detailed dissections, and analytical tests were conducted on eight sections of the Yungang Formation where braided river deposits are well exposed. This systematic summary covers the geometric morphology, scale, lithological structure and sedimentary structures, lithofacies types, and lithofacies associations of the gravelly braided river depositional bodies. Results In the study area, primarily 10 types of lithofacies, 8 lithofacies associations, and 5 fourth-level architecture elements （including point bars, braided channels, abandoned channels, floodplains, and crevasse splays） as well as fall-out beds have been identified. Conclusion Ten main phases of positive cyclical deposition can be identified in the outcrops of the Yungang Formation. Within each phase, the braided rivers experienced periodic alternation between flood and dry periods. Braid bars interoccur with braiding channels, abandoned channels, floodplains, and crevasse splays, developing and waning cyclically to form "laterally connected" sandy bodies. The braid bar complexes and main braiding channels constitute the main body of the gravelly braided river deposits. Based on this, a sedimentary architecture model for sandy braided rivers has been established. The research findings can provide important references for the analysis of the evolution of gravelly braided river deposits, reservoir characterization and modeling, as well as the selection of quantitative parameters.
Objective Braided rivers are a common type of river that can form large-scale oil and gas reservoirs. However, their sedimentary architecture is complex. To gain a deeper understanding of the sedimentary architecture patterns of sandy braided rivers, this study focuses on the sedimentary architecture analysis and evolutionary process of a typical gravelly braided river deposits in the Jurassic Yungang Formation in Datong, Shanxi. Methods Observations, measurements, detailed dissections, and analytical tests were conducted on eight sections of the Yungang Formation where braided river deposits are well exposed. This systematic summary covers the geometric morphology, scale, lithological structure and sedimentary structures, lithofacies types, and lithofacies associations of the gravelly braided river depositional bodies. Results In the study area, primarily 10 types of lithofacies, 8 lithofacies associations, and 5 fourth-level architecture elements （including point bars, braided channels, abandoned channels, floodplains, and crevasse splays） as well as fall-out beds have been identified. Conclusion Ten main phases of positive cyclical deposition can be identified in the outcrops of the Yungang Formation. Within each phase, the braided rivers experienced periodic alternation between flood and dry periods. Braid bars interoccur with braiding channels, abandoned channels, floodplains, and crevasse splays, developing and waning cyclically to form "laterally connected" sandy bodies. The braid bar complexes and main braiding channels constitute the main body of the gravelly braided river deposits. Based on this, a sedimentary architecture model for sandy braided rivers has been established. The research findings can provide important references for the analysis of the evolution of gravelly braided river deposits, reservoir characterization and modeling, as well as the selection of quantitative parameters.
2024, 42(5): 1711-1722.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.102
Abstract:
Objective The interference testing indicates that the sand body connectivity in the lower of He 8 formation, the main gas-producing layer of the Sulige gas field, is poor. Under the condition of the dense well pattern （500 m×600 m） in the SD27-36 block, the distribution characteristics of sand bodies remain unclear.The purpose of this paper is to explore the characterization of sand bodies scale and stacking patterns, so as to clarify the connectivity of sand bodies between wells. Methods Modern river and field outcrop observations were combined with geostatistical inversion to optimize the inversion parameters and establish a characterization model based on the observation results, so as to accurately identify sand body boundaries and their overlapping relationships, and realize three-dimensional quantitative characterization of sand bodies. [Results and Conclusions] The observation shows that the sand body of the braided river single core beach in the lower of He 8 formation has various contact relationships such as isolation, butt and cut stack., and the single sand body has a small plane size （200-600 m long, 50-250 m wide）, and the composite core beach sand body of a specific shape is formed by superposition and composite. The boundary of three-dimensional sand body characterization obtained by geostatistics inversion is clear, the lithology transition between the sand body and the well point is natural, the sand body size is similar to the sediment observation results, and the understanding of sand body connectivity aligns with the results of interference well testing at a rate of 87%. The results and methods of sand body characterization can not only guide the exploration and development planning of the Sulige gas field, but also provide reference for other braided river sand bodies.
Objective The interference testing indicates that the sand body connectivity in the lower of He 8 formation, the main gas-producing layer of the Sulige gas field, is poor. Under the condition of the dense well pattern （500 m×600 m） in the SD27-36 block, the distribution characteristics of sand bodies remain unclear.The purpose of this paper is to explore the characterization of sand bodies scale and stacking patterns, so as to clarify the connectivity of sand bodies between wells. Methods Modern river and field outcrop observations were combined with geostatistical inversion to optimize the inversion parameters and establish a characterization model based on the observation results, so as to accurately identify sand body boundaries and their overlapping relationships, and realize three-dimensional quantitative characterization of sand bodies. [Results and Conclusions] The observation shows that the sand body of the braided river single core beach in the lower of He 8 formation has various contact relationships such as isolation, butt and cut stack., and the single sand body has a small plane size （200-600 m long, 50-250 m wide）, and the composite core beach sand body of a specific shape is formed by superposition and composite. The boundary of three-dimensional sand body characterization obtained by geostatistics inversion is clear, the lithology transition between the sand body and the well point is natural, the sand body size is similar to the sediment observation results, and the understanding of sand body connectivity aligns with the results of interference well testing at a rate of 87%. The results and methods of sand body characterization can not only guide the exploration and development planning of the Sulige gas field, but also provide reference for other braided river sand bodies.
2024, 42(5): 1723-1737.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.156
Abstract:
Objective In recent years, there has been a continuous exploration of the Canglangpu Formation from the Cambrian Series 2 in the central and northern Sichuan Basin, which exhibits substantial exploration potential. At present, the study of pores is relatively weak, restricting the in-depth understanding of reservoir development characteristics. Methods Based on the observation and identification of cores, cast thin sections, and cathode luminescence, image recognition software was used to obtain quantitative data of rock components and pore parameters. The pore characteristics, genesis, and evolution models of different lithological pores in the First member of the Canglangpu Formation were studied. Results The results show that： the pore type of the First member of Canglangpu Formation was mainly intragranular dissolved pores, which have the best positive correlation with the total face rate, followed by intergranular dissolved pores. The higher oolite/terrigenous sand content ratio is an important material basis for pore development, dissolution is the most favorable factor for pore development, and high energy shelf oolitic beach sedimentation is the key to the development of primary pores. The selective dissolution of atmospheric water in the syngenetic period is the key to the formation of the most important dissolution pores in oolitic sands in the First member of Canglangpu Formation, while the dolomitization in the quasi syngenetic and burial period enhances the compression resistance of rocks, reduces the solid volume, and increases the pores. The dissolution in the burial period is located along the fractures by tectonic disruption and early pores expansion. Terrigenous sand, cementation, compaction, and pressure dissolution are not conducive to the development of pores in the First member of the Canglangpu Formation. Conclusions Therefore, favorable carbonate components and subsequent diagenesis and tectonism have affected the development and evolution of pores and formed the lithologic sequence characteristics of the decreasing pore face rate： bright crystal oolitic dolomite, oolitic dolomite with sandy, sandy oolitic dolomite, fine-grained lithic sandstone, limestone, etc.
Objective In recent years, there has been a continuous exploration of the Canglangpu Formation from the Cambrian Series 2 in the central and northern Sichuan Basin, which exhibits substantial exploration potential. At present, the study of pores is relatively weak, restricting the in-depth understanding of reservoir development characteristics. Methods Based on the observation and identification of cores, cast thin sections, and cathode luminescence, image recognition software was used to obtain quantitative data of rock components and pore parameters. The pore characteristics, genesis, and evolution models of different lithological pores in the First member of the Canglangpu Formation were studied. Results The results show that： the pore type of the First member of Canglangpu Formation was mainly intragranular dissolved pores, which have the best positive correlation with the total face rate, followed by intergranular dissolved pores. The higher oolite/terrigenous sand content ratio is an important material basis for pore development, dissolution is the most favorable factor for pore development, and high energy shelf oolitic beach sedimentation is the key to the development of primary pores. The selective dissolution of atmospheric water in the syngenetic period is the key to the formation of the most important dissolution pores in oolitic sands in the First member of Canglangpu Formation, while the dolomitization in the quasi syngenetic and burial period enhances the compression resistance of rocks, reduces the solid volume, and increases the pores. The dissolution in the burial period is located along the fractures by tectonic disruption and early pores expansion. Terrigenous sand, cementation, compaction, and pressure dissolution are not conducive to the development of pores in the First member of the Canglangpu Formation. Conclusions Therefore, favorable carbonate components and subsequent diagenesis and tectonism have affected the development and evolution of pores and formed the lithologic sequence characteristics of the decreasing pore face rate： bright crystal oolitic dolomite, oolitic dolomite with sandy, sandy oolitic dolomite, fine-grained lithic sandstone, limestone, etc.
2024, 42(5): 1738-1752.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.143
Abstract:
Objective Quartz is one of the most important minerals in marine shale and can be found in several forms with multiple origins. In addition, different types of quartz may contribute differently to the geomechanical pro-perties and pore evolution of marine shale, and related research is lacking. It restricts a deep understanding of shale reservoir characteristics. Methods This study briefly reviews recent progress in the classification of quartz in typical marine shales. In order to better understand quartz types, silica sources, and the influence of biogenic microcrystalline quartz on geomechanical properties and pore evolution, marine shale samples were collected from the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation, specifically well Gudi-1 of the Lower Yangtze Platform. These samples were analyzed using thin section-, X-ray diffraction-, and geochemical analysis, optical microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy combined with cathodoluminescence. The aim was to further reveal the pore evolution pattern in the Lower Paleozoic marine shales of the Lower Yangtze Platform from a new perspective and to provide a more reliable geological basis for the storage capacity of shale gas reservoirs.Optical microscope evidence was found of siliceous organism fragments, including biogenic silica accounting for approximately 45.17% of the total silica content, as well as characteristics of major and trace elements, such as a non-hydrothermal area located in the Al-Fe-Mn ternary diagram, negative correlations of Zr and SiO2, an Al/（Al+Fe+Mn） ratio of 0.65 to 0.76, and a cross-plot of Si versus Al. Overall, these indicate that siliceous organisms provided an important silica source for microcrystalline quartz. These siliceous organisms provide a relatively rich silica source for the precipitation of authigenic quartz during early diagenesis. Results and Discussions The quartz in well Gudi-1 is mainly detrital, microcrystalline, and organism skeletal quartz. Detrital quartz is of terrigenous origin and is characterized by bright luminescence. Most detrital quartz particles are silt-sized and range from 10-30 µm. Microcrystalline quartz is one of the most common authigenic quartz types and can be found in several marine shale formations. Microcrystalline quartz has no or low luminescence, indicative of authigenic origin. Furthermore, microcrystalline quartz can be divided into three categories： clay matrix-dispersed microcrystalline quartz, euhedral microcrystalline quartz, and amorphous microcrystalline quartz cements. Organism skeletal quartz is widely distributed in the studied shale samples and was mostly found in fragments of siliceous organisms, such as radiolarians and sponge spicules. Most radiolarians are oval and round with diameters of approximately 100 µm. Conclusions This study indicates that biogenic microcrystalline quartz may have implications for rock mechanics and the evolution of porosity. The positive correlation between the silica content and brittleness index of the studied shale reveals that the development of biogenic microcrystalline quartz enhances the brittleness of the shale to a certain extent. Biogenic microcrystalline quartz can be interconnected to form a rigid siliceous matrix framework, which largely promotes the geomechanical properties of the studied shale. Moreover, the positive correlation between the silica content and porosity indicates that the enrichment of biogenic silica is conducive to pore evolution and preservation. Organic matter and clay minerals in shale are susceptible to ductile deformation by compaction, while biogenic microcrystalline quartz can form a rigid framework to enhance its resistance to compaction, which is conducive to the preser-vation of the internal pore space within shale, especially intergranular- and organic matter pores.
Objective Quartz is one of the most important minerals in marine shale and can be found in several forms with multiple origins. In addition, different types of quartz may contribute differently to the geomechanical pro-perties and pore evolution of marine shale, and related research is lacking. It restricts a deep understanding of shale reservoir characteristics. Methods This study briefly reviews recent progress in the classification of quartz in typical marine shales. In order to better understand quartz types, silica sources, and the influence of biogenic microcrystalline quartz on geomechanical properties and pore evolution, marine shale samples were collected from the Upper Ordovician Wufeng Formation and the Lower Silurian Gaojiabian Formation, specifically well Gudi-1 of the Lower Yangtze Platform. These samples were analyzed using thin section-, X-ray diffraction-, and geochemical analysis, optical microscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, and field-emission scanning electron microscopy combined with cathodoluminescence. The aim was to further reveal the pore evolution pattern in the Lower Paleozoic marine shales of the Lower Yangtze Platform from a new perspective and to provide a more reliable geological basis for the storage capacity of shale gas reservoirs.Optical microscope evidence was found of siliceous organism fragments, including biogenic silica accounting for approximately 45.17% of the total silica content, as well as characteristics of major and trace elements, such as a non-hydrothermal area located in the Al-Fe-Mn ternary diagram, negative correlations of Zr and SiO2, an Al/（Al+Fe+Mn） ratio of 0.65 to 0.76, and a cross-plot of Si versus Al. Overall, these indicate that siliceous organisms provided an important silica source for microcrystalline quartz. These siliceous organisms provide a relatively rich silica source for the precipitation of authigenic quartz during early diagenesis. Results and Discussions The quartz in well Gudi-1 is mainly detrital, microcrystalline, and organism skeletal quartz. Detrital quartz is of terrigenous origin and is characterized by bright luminescence. Most detrital quartz particles are silt-sized and range from 10-30 µm. Microcrystalline quartz is one of the most common authigenic quartz types and can be found in several marine shale formations. Microcrystalline quartz has no or low luminescence, indicative of authigenic origin. Furthermore, microcrystalline quartz can be divided into three categories： clay matrix-dispersed microcrystalline quartz, euhedral microcrystalline quartz, and amorphous microcrystalline quartz cements. Organism skeletal quartz is widely distributed in the studied shale samples and was mostly found in fragments of siliceous organisms, such as radiolarians and sponge spicules. Most radiolarians are oval and round with diameters of approximately 100 µm. Conclusions This study indicates that biogenic microcrystalline quartz may have implications for rock mechanics and the evolution of porosity. The positive correlation between the silica content and brittleness index of the studied shale reveals that the development of biogenic microcrystalline quartz enhances the brittleness of the shale to a certain extent. Biogenic microcrystalline quartz can be interconnected to form a rigid siliceous matrix framework, which largely promotes the geomechanical properties of the studied shale. Moreover, the positive correlation between the silica content and porosity indicates that the enrichment of biogenic silica is conducive to pore evolution and preservation. Organic matter and clay minerals in shale are susceptible to ductile deformation by compaction, while biogenic microcrystalline quartz can form a rigid framework to enhance its resistance to compaction, which is conducive to the preser-vation of the internal pore space within shale, especially intergranular- and organic matter pores.
2024, 42(5): 1753-1764.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.117
Abstract:
Objective The study make clear the main controlling factors of source rock in Shahezi Formation, and provides geologic basis for the optimal selection of gas exploration in deep layer of Songliao Basin. Methods We recovered the sedimentary facies and water property in the Shahazi Formation, based on core observation, organic geochemical analysis, and major and trace elements testing, determining fault activity, sedimentary facies, water properties, and their control on source rock quality. Results Two source rock, mudstone and coal, were identified in the Shahezi Formation. The faulting during the deposition of the first source rock in the Shahezi Formation was characterized by strong activity, generating a small lake with great water depth, high salinity, and strong reducing properties. These source rocks were mudstone in a semi-deep lake. The faulting activity during the deposition of the second source rock gradually weakened, with the lake size increasing while water depth decreased. Salinity and reducibility were also weakened, and the coal in shore lake was the primary source rock. Conclusions The source rock type was mainly controlled by fault activity, sedimentary facies, and water properties. The downthrown side become important storage for mudstone because of the fault activity, which determined the thickness of mudstone. The sedimentary facies controlled the source rock type through their impact on organic matter import. The difference between paleoenvironments, which was determined by paleosalins, paleowater depth, and redox, is the key factor for the enrichment and preservation of organic matter, and the main controlling factor for source rock quality distribution.
Objective The study make clear the main controlling factors of source rock in Shahezi Formation, and provides geologic basis for the optimal selection of gas exploration in deep layer of Songliao Basin. Methods We recovered the sedimentary facies and water property in the Shahazi Formation, based on core observation, organic geochemical analysis, and major and trace elements testing, determining fault activity, sedimentary facies, water properties, and their control on source rock quality. Results Two source rock, mudstone and coal, were identified in the Shahezi Formation. The faulting during the deposition of the first source rock in the Shahezi Formation was characterized by strong activity, generating a small lake with great water depth, high salinity, and strong reducing properties. These source rocks were mudstone in a semi-deep lake. The faulting activity during the deposition of the second source rock gradually weakened, with the lake size increasing while water depth decreased. Salinity and reducibility were also weakened, and the coal in shore lake was the primary source rock. Conclusions The source rock type was mainly controlled by fault activity, sedimentary facies, and water properties. The downthrown side become important storage for mudstone because of the fault activity, which determined the thickness of mudstone. The sedimentary facies controlled the source rock type through their impact on organic matter import. The difference between paleoenvironments, which was determined by paleosalins, paleowater depth, and redox, is the key factor for the enrichment and preservation of organic matter, and the main controlling factor for source rock quality distribution.
2024, 42(5): 1765-1783.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.144
Abstract:
Objective To determine the maturity and origin of crude oils from the Yingxi area, western Qaidam Basin, Methods the distribution and composition of various biomarkers, alkyl phenanthrenes and diamondoid hydrocarbons were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry （GC-MS-MS）. Results and Discussion The analytical results demonstrate that these oils have an even carbon predominance at nC20 and nC22 inthenormal alkane series, the （nC20+nC22）/（nC19+nC21） ratios are more than 1.0. In C13-20 regular isoprenoids, phytane is very abundant, the Pr/Ph ratios are less than 0.60, but the Ph/nC18 ratios are higher than 1.30. Moreover, the content of gammacerane indicating the salinity of depositional environment is relatively high, and the gammacerane index are between 0.90 and 1.36. These characte-ristics are consistent with the geological background of saline depositional environment during the Paleogene in the western Qaidam Basin. Based on the distribution and relative abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes and other biomarkers in different crude oils in the study area, they could be classified into two types. One of them from well Shi 62 and Shixi 58-1 has unusually abundant C19-49 tricyclic terpanes, the C19-30T/C27-35H and C23T/C30H ratios are more than 1.60 and 1.40, respectively. In addition, they have higher sterane/hopane （>4.50） and β-carotane/nC37 ratios （>3.20） and lower nC37/nC36 ratios （<1.0）, suggesting that algae are their main biological input. The other one from well Shi 57 and Shi 61 has the moderate content of extended C19-30 tricyclic terpanes, the C19-30T/C27-35H and C23T/C30H ratios are less than 0.50 and 0.55, respectively. In this king of crude oils, the sterane/hopane and β-carotane/nC37 ratios are less than 2.0 and 1.50, respectively, but the nC37/nC36 ratios are more than 1.0, demonstrating that the algae biological input is relatively low compared to the first one. In the study crude oils, the sterane maturity parameters such as C29 20S/（20S+20R） and ββ/（αα+ββ） have reached their equilibrium values and can not be used to eva-luate their maturity. Furthermore, aromatic maturity parameters related to methyl phenanthrene isomers such as MPI1 and MPR are usually used as maturity indicators, but their distribution and composition in the Paleogene saline source rocks in the study area does not change with increasing the maturity of organic matter, suggesting that they may not be effective maturity parameters in saline environment and can not be used to evaluate the maturity of crude oils. However, the distribution and composition of diamondoid hydrocarbons in source rocks and crude oils are mainly controlled by thermal evolution of organic matter and widely used to evaluate the maturity of organic matter and the cracking extent of crude oils. Based on the maturity parameters MAI and MDI related to diamondoid hydrocarbons, the maturity of these oils from the Yingxi area is very similar, and their Ro values are approximately 1.1%⁃1.3%, suggesting that they were generated after the hydrocarbon generation peak, but before the condensate stage. Conclusions In other words, biological input, not maturity, is the main factor affecting the distribution and abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes in different oils from the Yingxi area. Therefore, the two types of crude oils in the study area should have their own sources, and more attention should be given to them in the future.
Objective To determine the maturity and origin of crude oils from the Yingxi area, western Qaidam Basin, Methods the distribution and composition of various biomarkers, alkyl phenanthrenes and diamondoid hydrocarbons were analyzed in detail by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS） and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-mass spectrometry （GC-MS-MS）. Results and Discussion The analytical results demonstrate that these oils have an even carbon predominance at nC20 and nC22 inthenormal alkane series, the （nC20+nC22）/（nC19+nC21） ratios are more than 1.0. In C13-20 regular isoprenoids, phytane is very abundant, the Pr/Ph ratios are less than 0.60, but the Ph/nC18 ratios are higher than 1.30. Moreover, the content of gammacerane indicating the salinity of depositional environment is relatively high, and the gammacerane index are between 0.90 and 1.36. These characte-ristics are consistent with the geological background of saline depositional environment during the Paleogene in the western Qaidam Basin. Based on the distribution and relative abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes and other biomarkers in different crude oils in the study area, they could be classified into two types. One of them from well Shi 62 and Shixi 58-1 has unusually abundant C19-49 tricyclic terpanes, the C19-30T/C27-35H and C23T/C30H ratios are more than 1.60 and 1.40, respectively. In addition, they have higher sterane/hopane （>4.50） and β-carotane/nC37 ratios （>3.20） and lower nC37/nC36 ratios （<1.0）, suggesting that algae are their main biological input. The other one from well Shi 57 and Shi 61 has the moderate content of extended C19-30 tricyclic terpanes, the C19-30T/C27-35H and C23T/C30H ratios are less than 0.50 and 0.55, respectively. In this king of crude oils, the sterane/hopane and β-carotane/nC37 ratios are less than 2.0 and 1.50, respectively, but the nC37/nC36 ratios are more than 1.0, demonstrating that the algae biological input is relatively low compared to the first one. In the study crude oils, the sterane maturity parameters such as C29 20S/（20S+20R） and ββ/（αα+ββ） have reached their equilibrium values and can not be used to eva-luate their maturity. Furthermore, aromatic maturity parameters related to methyl phenanthrene isomers such as MPI1 and MPR are usually used as maturity indicators, but their distribution and composition in the Paleogene saline source rocks in the study area does not change with increasing the maturity of organic matter, suggesting that they may not be effective maturity parameters in saline environment and can not be used to evaluate the maturity of crude oils. However, the distribution and composition of diamondoid hydrocarbons in source rocks and crude oils are mainly controlled by thermal evolution of organic matter and widely used to evaluate the maturity of organic matter and the cracking extent of crude oils. Based on the maturity parameters MAI and MDI related to diamondoid hydrocarbons, the maturity of these oils from the Yingxi area is very similar, and their Ro values are approximately 1.1%⁃1.3%, suggesting that they were generated after the hydrocarbon generation peak, but before the condensate stage. Conclusions In other words, biological input, not maturity, is the main factor affecting the distribution and abundance of extended tricyclic terpanes in different oils from the Yingxi area. Therefore, the two types of crude oils in the study area should have their own sources, and more attention should be given to them in the future.
2024, 42(5): 1784-1798.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.101
Abstract:
Objective The Ediacaran-Cambrian, as a key transition period in geological history, saw a dramatic transformation of the Earth system in terms of tectonic evolution, climate fluctuations, marine environment and biological community evolution. It is of great significance to study in depth the sediment sources, paleo-water depth, paleosalinity and redox conditions during this period. Methods Samples from the Maidiping Formation and the Qiongzhusi Formation of the well JS1 in the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin were selected and analyzed in detail for total organic carbon （TOC）, major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements （REE）. [Results and Conclusions] The material sources of the Maidiping and Qiongzhusi Formations were found to be relatively consistent. The parent rock primarily consists of sedimentary rock and granite, and the material source area was created in the environment found at the continental margin. The Maidiping Formation contains more light rare earth elements （LREE） than heavy rare earth elements （HREE） （（La/Yb）N=6.05）, slightly to the right, and the average δEu is slightly <1, indicating normal seawater deposition in a shallow water body that was not significantly affected by hydrothermal action. The Qiongzhusi Formation has obvious LREE differentiation （（La/Yb）N=7.69）, LREE enrichment, HREE depletion and an obvious right dip, with weak negative δCe and δEu anomalies, possibly related to intermittent hydrothermal activity. In addition, comparative analyses for different wells have shown that the water body during the sedimentary period of the Maidiping Formation was in an oxidizing environment, and the sedimentary system in the region ranges from tidal-flat to shallow-shelf facies. The Qiongzhusi Formation as a whole belongs to an anaerobic environment, with a reducing environment its base and the degree of anoxia decreasing upwards. The regional develop-ment was a shallow- to deepwater shelf sedimentary system.
Objective The Ediacaran-Cambrian, as a key transition period in geological history, saw a dramatic transformation of the Earth system in terms of tectonic evolution, climate fluctuations, marine environment and biological community evolution. It is of great significance to study in depth the sediment sources, paleo-water depth, paleosalinity and redox conditions during this period. Methods Samples from the Maidiping Formation and the Qiongzhusi Formation of the well JS1 in the southwestern part of the Sichuan Basin were selected and analyzed in detail for total organic carbon （TOC）, major elements, trace elements and rare earth elements （REE）. [Results and Conclusions] The material sources of the Maidiping and Qiongzhusi Formations were found to be relatively consistent. The parent rock primarily consists of sedimentary rock and granite, and the material source area was created in the environment found at the continental margin. The Maidiping Formation contains more light rare earth elements （LREE） than heavy rare earth elements （HREE） （（La/Yb）N=6.05）, slightly to the right, and the average δEu is slightly <1, indicating normal seawater deposition in a shallow water body that was not significantly affected by hydrothermal action. The Qiongzhusi Formation has obvious LREE differentiation （（La/Yb）N=7.69）, LREE enrichment, HREE depletion and an obvious right dip, with weak negative δCe and δEu anomalies, possibly related to intermittent hydrothermal activity. In addition, comparative analyses for different wells have shown that the water body during the sedimentary period of the Maidiping Formation was in an oxidizing environment, and the sedimentary system in the region ranges from tidal-flat to shallow-shelf facies. The Qiongzhusi Formation as a whole belongs to an anaerobic environment, with a reducing environment its base and the degree of anoxia decreasing upwards. The regional develop-ment was a shallow- to deepwater shelf sedimentary system.
2024, 42(5): 1799-1816.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.128
Abstract:
Objective The paleosedimentary environment of the Gulong shale is the basis for the prediction of shale oil desserts. Methods Based on the salinity of modern lakes in Songliao Basin, the common and trace elements, rare earth elements, and biomarkers of the Gulong shale, the geochemical characteristics of the sedimentary environment and the enrichment mechanism of the organic matter were studied. Results The results show that during the formation of the Gulong shale, the climate was warm and humid, a freshwater brackish water reduction environment was developed, paleoproductivity was high, the sedimentational rate was low, and the water body was deep, which provided a geological basis for the formation, preservation, and enrichment of organic matter. The paleoclimate index, chemical index of alteration （CIA） during the shale deposition period was 63-74 and was dominated by a warm and humid climate. During the shale deposition period, the paleosalinity w（Sr）/w（Ba） was between 0.23-1.00, which was a fresh - brackish water environment, and w（V）/ w（V+Ni） was between 0.6-0.9, a dysoxic-anoxic environment. The paleowater depth was 25-117 m, indicating a semi deep-to-deep lake deposition. The （La/Yb）N value fluctuated between 0.90-1.41, representing a low sedimentational rate. Conclusions The enrichment of organic matter in the Gulong shale was caused by the favorable coupling of paleoclimate, paleosalinity, paleowater depth, sedimentation rate, and paleoproductivity. The research results can effectively guide the prediction, exploration, and development of Gulong shale oil desserts in Songliao Basin.
Objective The paleosedimentary environment of the Gulong shale is the basis for the prediction of shale oil desserts. Methods Based on the salinity of modern lakes in Songliao Basin, the common and trace elements, rare earth elements, and biomarkers of the Gulong shale, the geochemical characteristics of the sedimentary environment and the enrichment mechanism of the organic matter were studied. Results The results show that during the formation of the Gulong shale, the climate was warm and humid, a freshwater brackish water reduction environment was developed, paleoproductivity was high, the sedimentational rate was low, and the water body was deep, which provided a geological basis for the formation, preservation, and enrichment of organic matter. The paleoclimate index, chemical index of alteration （CIA） during the shale deposition period was 63-74 and was dominated by a warm and humid climate. During the shale deposition period, the paleosalinity w（Sr）/w（Ba） was between 0.23-1.00, which was a fresh - brackish water environment, and w（V）/ w（V+Ni） was between 0.6-0.9, a dysoxic-anoxic environment. The paleowater depth was 25-117 m, indicating a semi deep-to-deep lake deposition. The （La/Yb）N value fluctuated between 0.90-1.41, representing a low sedimentational rate. Conclusions The enrichment of organic matter in the Gulong shale was caused by the favorable coupling of paleoclimate, paleosalinity, paleowater depth, sedimentation rate, and paleoproductivity. The research results can effectively guide the prediction, exploration, and development of Gulong shale oil desserts in Songliao Basin.
2024, 42(5): 1817-1831.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2023.088
Abstract:
Objective The Middle Ordovician Yanxi Formation is a recently identified set of marine organic rich black fine-grained rock series in central Hunan and its surrounding areas, with good shale gas exploration potential. The research on the sedimentary characteristics of this black fine-grained rock series urgently needs to be strengthened. Methods The lithology and lithofacies combination types of the Yanxi Formation were identified through field exploration and slice identification, and the sedimentary environment was determined through element testing. Basin analysis technology, combined with regional tectonic movement history, was used to identify the nature and morphology of the prototype basin, determining favorable sedimentary facies zones, spatiotemporal distribution, and sedimentary patterns of the black fine-grained rock series. Results The lithology of the Yanxi Formation is primarily siliceous rock and carbonaceous shale, followed by silty shale and siltstone. Siliceous rocks are mainly biogenic in shallow marine environments, and carbonaceous shale is formed in a quiet and anoxic deep water detention environment. Four types of lithofacies combinations can be identified within the Yanxi Formation： thick pure carbon shale, carbon shale and siliceous rock combination, silty shale and siliceous rock combination, and silty fine sandstone with thin layer shale combination. Based on different rock facies combinations, the Yanxi Formation can be vertically divided into three sections： upper, middle, and lower； the distribution thickness of the three sections in the region is relatively stable and has good comparability. The thick layer of carbonaceous shale in the middle section is the most important source rock series. The Yanxi Formation is characterized by a thick southeast and thin northwest distribution in the study area, and the types of sedimentary facies include deep water basins, deep water continental shelves, shallow water continental shelves, and turbidite fans. The distribution positions of each sedimentary facies zone varied in different periods of the Ordovician, with clear zoning and continuous changes. Conclusions The central and surrounding areas of Hunan were in a stagnant hypoxic water environment during the Middle Ordovician and were a stable depression basin within the block. The deep-water continental shelf facies and deep-water basin facies are favorable facies belts for the development of organic shale in the Yanxi Formation.
Objective The Middle Ordovician Yanxi Formation is a recently identified set of marine organic rich black fine-grained rock series in central Hunan and its surrounding areas, with good shale gas exploration potential. The research on the sedimentary characteristics of this black fine-grained rock series urgently needs to be strengthened. Methods The lithology and lithofacies combination types of the Yanxi Formation were identified through field exploration and slice identification, and the sedimentary environment was determined through element testing. Basin analysis technology, combined with regional tectonic movement history, was used to identify the nature and morphology of the prototype basin, determining favorable sedimentary facies zones, spatiotemporal distribution, and sedimentary patterns of the black fine-grained rock series. Results The lithology of the Yanxi Formation is primarily siliceous rock and carbonaceous shale, followed by silty shale and siltstone. Siliceous rocks are mainly biogenic in shallow marine environments, and carbonaceous shale is formed in a quiet and anoxic deep water detention environment. Four types of lithofacies combinations can be identified within the Yanxi Formation： thick pure carbon shale, carbon shale and siliceous rock combination, silty shale and siliceous rock combination, and silty fine sandstone with thin layer shale combination. Based on different rock facies combinations, the Yanxi Formation can be vertically divided into three sections： upper, middle, and lower； the distribution thickness of the three sections in the region is relatively stable and has good comparability. The thick layer of carbonaceous shale in the middle section is the most important source rock series. The Yanxi Formation is characterized by a thick southeast and thin northwest distribution in the study area, and the types of sedimentary facies include deep water basins, deep water continental shelves, shallow water continental shelves, and turbidite fans. The distribution positions of each sedimentary facies zone varied in different periods of the Ordovician, with clear zoning and continuous changes. Conclusions The central and surrounding areas of Hunan were in a stagnant hypoxic water environment during the Middle Ordovician and were a stable depression basin within the block. The deep-water continental shelf facies and deep-water basin facies are favorable facies belts for the development of organic shale in the Yanxi Formation.
2024, 42(5): 1832-1848.
doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2022.153
Abstract:
Results Six lithofacies are identified from the shales of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation： biological siliceous, clayey, （felsic-calcareous） silty, calcareous silty, calcareous, and felsic silty shale. The shale sedimentary environment of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation underwent five stages of bottom-up changes. The paleo-climate shifted from warm and humid at the bottom of the Wufeng Formation to dry and hot at the middle to dry and cold at the top, and then from dry and hot at the lower part of the Longmaxi Formation to warm and humid at the middle and upper sections. In the lower parts of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations, the sea level had risen owing to two large-scale transgressions. When the sea level is high, the extent of basin retention is weak, strong in reduction, low in salinity, and high in paleo-productivity. The glacier event at the top of Wufeng Formation caused the sea level to drop. When the sea level is low, the extent of basin retention is strong, weak in reduction, high in salinity, and low in paleo-productivity. The shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation was mainly formed by suspended sedimentation under low energy conditions. Upwelling sedimentation developed in the middle Wufeng Formation and the lower Longmaxi Formation. A small amount of storm surge sedimentation developed at the top of the Wufeng Formation. In the upper Longmaxi Formation, gravity slumping, debris flows, and turbidity currents developed because of the shallowing of water and the increase of terrige-nous input. Therefore, the sedimentary model of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation shale was established by integrating the lithofacies, depositional processes type, tectonic evolution, and sedimentary environment evolution. Conclusions The frequent changes of sedimentary environment and the diversity of depositional processes control the types and characteristics of lithofacies, further leading to significant differences in organic matter content, porosity, gas content, and other reservoir quality factors of different lithofacies. Further research on shale lithofacies and reservoir quality is required to provide theoretical basis for shale gas exploration and development. [Objective and Methods] The black shales of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian in the southern Sichuan Basin are the main target of shale gas exploration, having attracted extensive attention among domestic and foreign scholars. To provide the theoretical basis for shale exploration and development in the future, the lithofacies division, sedimentary environment, and depositional processes of shale are explored. Through core observation and analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopes, the lithofacies are divided based on mineral composition and content, sedimentary structural characteristics, and comprehensive consideration of biological process and diagenesis. The paleoenvironment is analyzed by oxidation-reduction （U/Th,V/Cr,V/（V+Ni）,Ni/Co）, sea level change （Ce*）, hydrographic restriction （Mo/TOC）, paleo-climate （Sr/Cu）, paleo-salinity （Sr/Ba）, and paleo-productivity （Cu, biogenic Ba） indices. Depositional processes are identified by core and thin section observation, X-ray fluorescence scanning, and mineral X-ray diffraction whole rock analysis.
Results Six lithofacies are identified from the shales of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation： biological siliceous, clayey, （felsic-calcareous） silty, calcareous silty, calcareous, and felsic silty shale. The shale sedimentary environment of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation underwent five stages of bottom-up changes. The paleo-climate shifted from warm and humid at the bottom of the Wufeng Formation to dry and hot at the middle to dry and cold at the top, and then from dry and hot at the lower part of the Longmaxi Formation to warm and humid at the middle and upper sections. In the lower parts of the Wufeng and Longmaxi formations, the sea level had risen owing to two large-scale transgressions. When the sea level is high, the extent of basin retention is weak, strong in reduction, low in salinity, and high in paleo-productivity. The glacier event at the top of Wufeng Formation caused the sea level to drop. When the sea level is low, the extent of basin retention is strong, weak in reduction, high in salinity, and low in paleo-productivity. The shale of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation was mainly formed by suspended sedimentation under low energy conditions. Upwelling sedimentation developed in the middle Wufeng Formation and the lower Longmaxi Formation. A small amount of storm surge sedimentation developed at the top of the Wufeng Formation. In the upper Longmaxi Formation, gravity slumping, debris flows, and turbidity currents developed because of the shallowing of water and the increase of terrige-nous input. Therefore, the sedimentary model of the Wufeng Formation-Longmaxi Formation shale was established by integrating the lithofacies, depositional processes type, tectonic evolution, and sedimentary environment evolution. Conclusions The frequent changes of sedimentary environment and the diversity of depositional processes control the types and characteristics of lithofacies, further leading to significant differences in organic matter content, porosity, gas content, and other reservoir quality factors of different lithofacies. Further research on shale lithofacies and reservoir quality is required to provide theoretical basis for shale gas exploration and development. [Objective and Methods] The black shales of the Upper Ordovician and Lower Silurian in the southern Sichuan Basin are the main target of shale gas exploration, having attracted extensive attention among domestic and foreign scholars. To provide the theoretical basis for shale exploration and development in the future, the lithofacies division, sedimentary environment, and depositional processes of shale are explored. Through core observation and analysis using optical and scanning electron microscopes, the lithofacies are divided based on mineral composition and content, sedimentary structural characteristics, and comprehensive consideration of biological process and diagenesis. The paleoenvironment is analyzed by oxidation-reduction （U/Th,V/Cr,V/（V+Ni）,Ni/Co）, sea level change （Ce*）, hydrographic restriction （Mo/TOC）, paleo-climate （Sr/Cu）, paleo-salinity （Sr/Ba）, and paleo-productivity （Cu, biogenic Ba） indices. Depositional processes are identified by core and thin section observation, X-ray fluorescence scanning, and mineral X-ray diffraction whole rock analysis.
Since 1983 Bimonthly
Sponsor: Committee of Sedimentology, Chinese Society for Mineralogy, Petrology and Geochemistry
Commission on Sedimentary Geology, Geological Society of China
Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, CAS
Editor-in-chief: Wang Chengshan
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