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Volume 44 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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LI GuoGang, WANG Liang, LI YiXin, BI ChongHao, ZHAO Sheng, HU BangQi. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 255-266. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002
Citation: LI GuoGang, WANG Liang, LI YiXin, BI ChongHao, ZHAO Sheng, HU BangQi. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 255-266. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002

Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002
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  • Corresponding author: HU BangQi, E-mail: bangqihu@gmail.com
  • Received Date: 2023-09-28
  • Accepted Date: 2024-03-09
  • Rev Recd Date: 2023-12-30
  • Available Online: 2024-03-09
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective The East Mariana Basin of the West Pacific Ocean, which is located east of the Mariana Trench, south of the Magellan Seamounts, and north of the Caroline Seamounts, is an ideal area for the study of Asian aeolian dust deposits, but the sediment research of the East Mariana Basin is still weak. To reveal the sediment geochemical characteristics and provide background data for further sediment provenance, seabed mineral resource evaluation and climate-environment evolution research, the element geochemistry of surface sediments in the East Mariana Basin was studied. Methods Based on 28 pelagic clay surface sediment (0-10 cm) samples collected in the eastern section of the East Mariana Basin using the box and gravity samplers, contents of major, trace, and rare earth elements of the sediments were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy methods. Then, elements geochemical characteristics were analyzed, and their influencing factors and indicative significance were discussed. Results The results show that the contents of major elements in the pelagic clay sediments in the study area are roughly the same as those in the neighboring sea areas of the West Pacific Ocean. The distribution pattern of major elements (oxides) in sediments follows SiO2> Al2O3 > Fe2O3> Na2O > MgO > K2O > CaO > MnO > TiO2 > P2O5. SiO2 has the highest content of all major elements, with an average of 49.14%, followed by Al2O3, with an average of 15.85%. The trace element with the highest content was Ba, with an average of 770×10-6, followed by Cu, with an average of 289×10-6. The average of total rare earth elements (∑REE) is 284×10-6, which is light rare earth-rich type, with the highest Ce, Nd, and La contents. Principal component analysis of elements shows that the composition of chemical elements can be divided into four categories: The first type is closely related to rare earth elements, including most rare earth elements (except Ce), P2O5, and TiO2, the second type is related to Fe-Mn micronodules, including Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ba, the third type is related to terrigenous debris, including Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, U, Hf, Th, and Ce, and the fourth type is related to biological sources, including Cd, CaO, and Mo. Conclusions The element combination indices (Si/Al, Fe/Al, La/Tb, Th/Sc, etc.) and projection diagrams (La-Th-Sc triangle diagram and La/Th-Hf bivariate diagram) further revealed that the sediments sources were dominated by terrigenous materials, particular terrestrial aeolian dust materials. Furthermore, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicates that the parent rocks in the sediment source area are in low-medium chemical weathering conditions. The redox sensitive elemental (Cr, Ni, V, U, Th, etc.) combination reveals that the bottom sedimentary environment in the study area was oxidation-weak oxidation environment. This study has reference significance for understanding the influence of the Asian aeolian dust on the sediment provenance of the East Mariana Basin, revealing the sedimentary environment characteristics of the basin and the distribution of seabed mineral resources.
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  • Received:  2023-09-28
  • Revised:  2023-12-30
  • Accepted:  2024-03-09
  • Published:  2026-02-10

Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002

Abstract: Objective The East Mariana Basin of the West Pacific Ocean, which is located east of the Mariana Trench, south of the Magellan Seamounts, and north of the Caroline Seamounts, is an ideal area for the study of Asian aeolian dust deposits, but the sediment research of the East Mariana Basin is still weak. To reveal the sediment geochemical characteristics and provide background data for further sediment provenance, seabed mineral resource evaluation and climate-environment evolution research, the element geochemistry of surface sediments in the East Mariana Basin was studied. Methods Based on 28 pelagic clay surface sediment (0-10 cm) samples collected in the eastern section of the East Mariana Basin using the box and gravity samplers, contents of major, trace, and rare earth elements of the sediments were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma optical emission and mass spectroscopy methods. Then, elements geochemical characteristics were analyzed, and their influencing factors and indicative significance were discussed. Results The results show that the contents of major elements in the pelagic clay sediments in the study area are roughly the same as those in the neighboring sea areas of the West Pacific Ocean. The distribution pattern of major elements (oxides) in sediments follows SiO2> Al2O3 > Fe2O3> Na2O > MgO > K2O > CaO > MnO > TiO2 > P2O5. SiO2 has the highest content of all major elements, with an average of 49.14%, followed by Al2O3, with an average of 15.85%. The trace element with the highest content was Ba, with an average of 770×10-6, followed by Cu, with an average of 289×10-6. The average of total rare earth elements (∑REE) is 284×10-6, which is light rare earth-rich type, with the highest Ce, Nd, and La contents. Principal component analysis of elements shows that the composition of chemical elements can be divided into four categories: The first type is closely related to rare earth elements, including most rare earth elements (except Ce), P2O5, and TiO2, the second type is related to Fe-Mn micronodules, including Fe2O3, MnO, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, and Ba, the third type is related to terrigenous debris, including Al2O3, MgO, SiO2, U, Hf, Th, and Ce, and the fourth type is related to biological sources, including Cd, CaO, and Mo. Conclusions The element combination indices (Si/Al, Fe/Al, La/Tb, Th/Sc, etc.) and projection diagrams (La-Th-Sc triangle diagram and La/Th-Hf bivariate diagram) further revealed that the sediments sources were dominated by terrigenous materials, particular terrestrial aeolian dust materials. Furthermore, the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) indicates that the parent rocks in the sediment source area are in low-medium chemical weathering conditions. The redox sensitive elemental (Cr, Ni, V, U, Th, etc.) combination reveals that the bottom sedimentary environment in the study area was oxidation-weak oxidation environment. This study has reference significance for understanding the influence of the Asian aeolian dust on the sediment provenance of the East Mariana Basin, revealing the sedimentary environment characteristics of the basin and the distribution of seabed mineral resources.

LI GuoGang, WANG Liang, LI YiXin, BI ChongHao, ZHAO Sheng, HU BangQi. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 255-266. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002
Citation: LI GuoGang, WANG Liang, LI YiXin, BI ChongHao, ZHAO Sheng, HU BangQi. Geochemical Characteristics of Elements in Surface Sediments of the East Mariana Basin and Their Indicative Implications[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 255-266. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.002
  • 西太平洋作为邻近我国的开阔大洋,存在很多悬而未决的地球系统科学问题。西太平洋拥有全球最古老的洋壳和最年轻的沟—弧—盆地体系,是全球唯一可以同时观察到板块消减与增生的区域(秦蕴珊和尹宏,2011),其弧后盆地热液系统是独特的海底热液活动(Barker and Hill,1980);西太平洋拥有世界上能量流、物质流最强的“西太平洋暖池”,对全球气候变化有重要影响(Webster,1994);西太平洋是全球海山最密集的区域,其基底构造、形成年代与漂移轨迹、沉积物与环流系统、生物群落与生态系统均是当今研究的热点(Staudigel and Clague,2010Wessel et al.,2010);西太平洋是全球深海矿产资源最富集的大洋之一,蕴含着丰富的多金属结核、结壳和稀土资源(Hyeong et al.,2013Takaya et al.,2018Mimura et al.,2019Ren et al.,2019Yasukawa et al.,2020)。此外,西太平洋还是亚洲风尘物质的主要沉降区,国内外学者对海盆、海山区沉积物开展了广泛的沉积环境和物源研究(Duce et al.,1991Maher,2011万世明和徐兆凯,2017Wan et al.,2020Zhang et al.,2020)。

    元素地球化学是海洋地质研究的基础手段,在沉积物源示踪、气候环境反演、矿产资源评价等方面有重要应用。前人对西太平洋沉积物元素地球化学研究主要集中于邻近大陆的边缘海海盆和国际海底矿区邻近的海山区域(石学法和陈丽蓉,1995徐兆凯等,2010褚征等,2016邱忠荣等,2020丁雪等,2023),而针对马里亚纳海沟岛弧以东的东马里亚纳海盆区研究仍然较少,迄今仅有大洋钻探ODP 129航次曾开展过1个航次的调查(Karl et al.,1992Karpoff et al.,1992),其余报道鲜见,区域研究相对薄弱。本文基于在西太平洋东马里亚纳海盆中东部获取的28个表层沉积物样品,分析其元素地球化学特征,探讨其影响因素和指示意义,旨在为该海区沉积物物源、海底资源和气候环境研究等提供背景资料。

  • 东马里亚纳海盆位于马里亚纳海沟以东、麦哲伦海山群以南、加罗林海山以北的热带西北太平洋海域(图1)。海盆平均水深约6 000 m,盆内地形相对平坦。从构造上划分,东马里亚纳海盆位于太平洋板块的西部,由于位于俯冲带前缘,其地壳为古老的大洋地壳,海盆基底由白垩纪中期的玄武岩组成(李三忠等,2019)。ODP 129航次在东马里亚纳海盆获取的802孔揭示该区沉积层厚度达500 m,顶部15 m均为远洋黏土(Karl et al.,1992),802孔钻穿了51 m的玄武岩枕状熔岩及熔岩流,其40Ar/30Ar测年达到114.6±3.2 Ma(Pringle,1992)。

    Figure 1.  Geographic location of the study area

    东马里亚纳海盆所处海域远离西边界陆地,海流系统主要由赤道流控制。赤道流系是由南北半球信风带所控制的西向风成环流,在南北半球分别对应南赤道流和北赤道流(Hu et al.,2015),其中北赤道流在10°~20° N自东向西流动,宽约2 000 km,厚200 m,流速约0.5 m/s(丁雪等,2023)。

    由于海区远离大陆,又有海沟的阻隔,除了邻近岛屿的物质能直接进入海盆沉积外,其余大量陆地物质被阻隔于海盆外,源自亚洲大陆的风尘物质可在大气环流(西风、季风、高空气流等)作用下输入扩散至太平洋深处(Prospero et al.,2002Maher,2011Wan and Sun,2020),因此该海区沉积通量极低(矿物气溶胶通量小于10 g/cm2*ky(Duce et al.,1991))。

  • 2020年,自然资源部北海局“向阳红06”船在西太平洋东马里亚纳海盆采用箱式取样器、重力取样器开展海底底质调查,取得了东马里亚纳海盆中东部的28个表层沉积物(0~10 cm)(图1)。研究区水深大、地形平坦,各站位多波束现场实测水深介于5 980~6 080 m,均位于热带太平洋4 800 m的碳酸盐补偿深度(CCD)(齐泽坤等,2020)以下,实验室沉积物涂片鉴定结果显示全部站位沉积物类型均为远洋黏土。

    室内对沉积物分样并进行多指标测定,主量元素Si采用重量法,测试方法参照GB/T 14506.3—2010,其余主量元素采用美国赛默飞iCAP6300全谱直读等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)测试,微量及稀土元素采用美国赛默飞iCAP RQ电感耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行测试,测试方法参照GB/T 20260—2006执行,以上测试在自然资源部第一海洋研究所海洋沉积与环境地质重点实验室测试中心完成。为保证测试精度,采用GSD-9标样和重复样对测试实施质量控制,每10个样品测试一个标样和重复样,结果表明主量元素的测试相对误差为0.07%~3.68%,微量及稀土元素的测试相对误差为0.03%~4.97%。

  • 主量元素含量以氧化物质量分数表示,东马里亚纳海盆表层沉积物化学元素组成如表1所示。主量元素平均含量依次为SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3>Na2O>MgO>K2O>CaO>MnO>TiO2>P2O5,含量最高的主量元素是SiO2(48.24%~54.18%,平均为49.14%),其次为Al2O3(12.40%~16.68%,平均为15.85%),其余元素含量均小于10%,其中MnO、TiO2、P2O5含量小于1%。对比28个调查站位,主量元素站间差异较小,除MnO、P2O5含量变异系数(变异系数=标准偏差/平均值)稍大外(分别为12.27%和11.01%),其余均小于10%。

    海区/样品SiO2Al2O3CaOFe2O3K2OMgOMnONa2OP2O5TiO2
    东马里亚纳海盆/黏土(本研究)最小值48.2412.400.996.402.423.200.404.090.190.68
    最大值54.1816.681.729.082.953.671.026.230.360.95
    平均值49.1415.851.238.632.843.510.914.460.300.90
    标准偏差1.060.770.120.490.090.090.110.400.030.05
    变异系数/%2.164.849.865.663.132.6212.279.0711.015.33
    西菲律宾海/黏土(褚征等,2016)51.0015.902.179.191.564.770.333.220.160.76
    东菲律宾海/黏土(徐兆凯等,2010)49.1615.642.479.362.433.581.094.240.290.78
    九州—帕劳海脊/样品平均(丁雪等,2023)13.801.527.992.164.111.145.810.260.64
    马库斯—威克海山/黏土(邱忠荣等,2020)53.2216.531.237.793.473.610.943.000.300.81
    麦哲伦海山/黏土(Bi et al.,2021)48.2615.752.139.302.953.410.914.470.581.19
    中国黄土(文启忠,1989)54.6611.457.876.741.963.441.70
    加罗林群岛/碱性玄武岩(赵晗等,2022)44.8513.4310.2514.550.679.740.162.310.353.11
    上地壳(Taylor and McLennan,1985)65.8915.174.199.983.392.200.073.890.200.50
    洋壳/基性玄武岩(Wedepohl,1981)49.3031.2011.8020.100.408.300.154.800.231.20

    Table 1.  Statistics of major element content in the study area and related samples (%)

    与同处西太平洋的菲律宾海、马库斯—威克海山、麦哲伦海山等海区远洋黏土沉积物相比,各海区沉积物主量元素含量水平大致相当,表明具有相近的物质组成。与黄土、上地壳相比,研究区沉积物具有较低的Ca含量,具有鲜明的远洋沉积物特征。与洋壳(基性玄武岩)和邻近的加罗林群岛(碱性玄武岩)基岩相比,各主量元素含量区分明显,尤其洋壳具有明显的高Al、Ca、Fe含量。

  • 东马里亚纳海盆沉积物微量及稀土元素含量结果如表2表3所示。微量元素中含量最高是Ba,平均为770×10-6,其次为Cu,平均为289×10-6,另外V、Co、Ni、Zn、Sr和Zr等元素含量稍高,介于100×10-6~200×10-6,Cr、Y、Li、Pb、Sc、U和Th等元素含量稍低,介于10×10-6~100×10-6。总稀土元素含量∑REE介于202×10-6~308×10-6,平均为284×10-6,其中轻稀土(LREE,La至Eu,不含Pm)平均含量240×10-6,重稀土(HREE,Gd至Lu)平均含量45×10-6,为轻稀土富集型。稀土元素中含量前3的元素依次为Ce、Nd和La,平均分别为102×10-6、55.7×10-6和52.8×10-6

    海区/样品LiScVCrCoNiCuZnHfPbThUBaSrZrYMo
    东马里亚纳海盆/黏土(本研究)最小值46.915.112067.573.385.91931233.4028.69.81.7050515512943.35.2
    最大值69.020.919293.41171864081584.8544.613.82.45138319718083.817.8
    平均值63.319.317987.51091702891514.4841.312.22.2577018517270.212.4
    标准偏差4.21.113.44.97.918.231.56.10.262.80.70.152107.39.28.02.8
    变异系数/%6.65.77.55.67.310.710.94.05.86.85.76.727.34.05.411.422.6
    中国黄土(文启忠,1989)3812.59947.6213925796.053012.23.155101642300.59
    加罗林群岛/碱性玄武岩(赵晗等,2022)4.4526.1351344642861091133.841.131.430.3918751815222.6
    上地壳(Taylor and McLennan,1985)2013.610785174425715.82010.72.8550350190221
    洋壳/基性玄武岩(Wedepohl,1981)8.84025231745144817820.190.12431348529

    Table 2.  Trace element content in the study area and related samples (×10-6)

    海区/样品LaCePrNdSmEuGdTbDyHoErTmYbLu∑REE
    东马里亚纳海盆/黏土(本研究)最小值36.080.89.4437.17.991.987.981.328.121.534.390.664.120.66202
    最大值58.010915.5062.513.603.4314.302.3414.102.767.891.167.331.21308
    平均值52.810213.8055.712.103.0312.502.0512.502.386.831.036.441.05284
    标准偏差4.34.81.205.11.100.291.300.211.300.260.720.100.670.1120.2
    变异系数%8.14.78.709.29.109.6010.4010.2010.4010.9010.509.7010.4010.507.1
    西菲律宾海/黏土(褚征等,2016)26.4056.706.5725.905.491.445.070.895.501.063.080.483.080.50142
    马库斯—威克海山/黏土(邱忠荣等,2020)56.30115.0014.5058.9012.002.7611.302.0411.902.446.471.147.491.12303
    麦哲伦海山/黏土(Bi et al.,2021)65.0885.2516.8073.4916.144.1717.212.7717.963.639.891.458.731.44324
    中国黄土(文启忠,1989)34.0066.807.9737.306.201.184.430.834.531.172.610.522.690.43171
    加罗林群岛/碱性玄武岩(赵晗等,2022)15.1034.104.4820.205.341.815.480.864.640.862.070.271.540.2297
    上地壳(Taylor and McLennan,1985)30.0064.007.1026.004.500.883.800.643.500.802.300.332.200.32146
    洋壳/基性玄武岩(Taylor et al.,1985)3.7011.501.8010.003.301.304.600.875.701.703.700.545.100.5654

    Table 3.  Rare earth element content of the study area and related samples(×10-6

    与西太平洋周边海区表层黏土沉积物进行对比,研究区表层沉积物∑REE显著大于菲律宾海表层黏土沉积物,但略小于麦哲伦海山、马尔库斯—威克海山丘陵区的远洋黏土。与代表陆地物质的黄土、上地壳相比,研究区表层沉积物∑REE稍高,大部分微量元素也更加富集。研究区稀土总量∑REY(REE+Y)平均含量355×10-6,小于深海富稀土沉积的边界值(700×10-6)(石学法等,2021)。

  • 沉积物化学元素组合通常用以反映元素之间的内在联系。对28个样品的化学元素等开展主成分分析,经Kaiser标准化的正交旋转,挑选特征值大于1的因子,结果显示4个因子可以解释总方差的92.56%(表4)。

    因子1因子2因子3因子4
    Ho0.9530.2080.2030.064
    Tb0.9460.2330.2110.066
    Er0.9450.2190.2200.046
    Y0.9410.2910.0840.116
    Dy0.9360.2370.2380.067
    Gd0.9360.2260.2230.112
    Eu0.9360.2400.2290.097
    Tm0.9320.2560.2370.035
    Yb0.9320.2520.2480.020
    Lu0.9240.2810.238-0.013
    Sm0.9230.2050.2870.131
    Nd0.9230.2520.2530.105
    P2O50.9120.2840.0580.165
    Pr0.9090.2940.2580.099
    La0.8710.3630.2870.066
    TiO20.6710.4990.5050.071
    Sc0.1180.9040.1370.180
    Cr0.1130.8960.2520.199
    Co0.2920.8930.2320.184
    V0.3100.8800.329-0.023
    MnO0.4510.7670.428-0.051
    Fe2O30.3970.7540.502-0.079
    Ni0.2430.7440.3960.372
    Zn0.4530.7400.1580.364
    Zr0.3630.7160.5470.020
    Cu0.2720.6990.1070.032
    Na2O-0.536-0.688-0.3370.030
    Ba-0.572-0.6540.0260.258
    Pb0.3790.6530.610-0.007
    K2O0.3830.6430.5450.257
    U0.4740.2600.777-0.215
    MgO0.0480.2860.7730.159
    Hf0.4330.4240.759-0.068
    Th0.3620.1050.7440.417
    Cs0.1590.6560.6830.062
    Al2O30.3300.6080.676-0.052
    Ce0.4510.5090.6440.219
    SiO2-0.486-0.491-0.506-0.349
    Sr0.4630.4210.4960.459
    Cd0.0450.2900.1440.859
    CaO0.2730.0900.0590.783
    Mo0.5030.4600.364-0.580
    注:提取方法为主成分。旋转法:具有Kaiser标准化的正交旋转法。

    Table 4.  Factor loading matrix of sediment elements in the study area

    因子1的贡献为69.72%,对元素组成具有决定性影响,此类元素主要由稀土元素(Ce除外)、P2O5、TiO2组成,均为正载荷。稀土元素包括镧系元素和Y等,是一组化学性质相近的元素组合,其在自然界密切共生。海洋中的P2O5主要以磷酸盐形式(磷灰石、独居石、磷钇矿)存在,研究表明深海稀土元素的富集主要与磷酸盐物质有关,其中稀土元素最主要的赋存矿物为生物磷灰石(石学法等,2021)。TiO2主要以金红石的形式存在,常与磷灰石及独居石、磷钇矿等富稀土矿物共生(汪双双等,2018)。由此,因子1元素组合均与稀土元素关系密切。

    因子2贡献为12.37%,元素组合主要包括Fe2O3、MnO等主量元素及Cu、Cr、Co、Ni、Ba等微量金属元素,此类元素大都为铁锰结核(铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物)的高含量元素,均直接来自海水(Hein et al.,2013)。海水中的Mn2+、Fe2+氧化形成氧化物或氢氧化物胶体或颗粒,通过“清扫”作用吸收海水中的Cu2+、Cr2+、Co2+等金属离子,导致金属元素的富集(姜柳青等,2021)。海洋沉积物中Ba主要来源于陆源硅铝酸盐和生源重晶石,特别是开阔的远洋环境保存了大部分的生物重晶石(邹亮等,2011),导致Ba含量远高于其他微量元素,研究表明铁锰氧化物是Ba的高效载体,呈吸附状态附着于铁锰结核(Dymond et al.,1992),作为含量最高的微量元素,Ba在本组合中为负载荷,与其他金属呈此消彼长的关系。由上推断,因子2组合元素与铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物有关,其在研究区表现为铁锰微结核(图2)。

    Figure 2.  Fe⁃Mn micronodules under microscope

    因子3贡献为5.98%,此类元素包括Al2O3、MgO、SiO2等主量元素和U、Hf、Th、Ce等微量、稀土元素,其中SiO2为负载荷,其余为正载荷。Al在表生环境下稳定,是硅铝酸盐矿物(黏土矿物)主要成分之一,一般被认为是陆源物质代表(杨锐等,2007吴旻哲等,2010),Mg也是硅铝酸盐矿物中的常见元素(靳宁等,2007石学法等,1995),而深海中的硅铝酸盐以陆源供应为主(姜柳青等,2021)。Si在深海沉积中主要以石英碎屑、硅铝酸盐矿物和生物碎片(如硅藻、放射虫等)的形式存在(Li et al.,2022),镜下观察沉积物生源物质含量极低,且鉴于Si与Al等大多数元素呈负相关(图2),推断Si主要以石英碎屑形式存在。Th、Hf和稀土元素(如Ce)等在水体中溶解度很低,在沉积物搬运和沉积成岩过程中基本保持不变,可反映陆源信息(丁雪等,2023)。海洋中的U也主要来自陆地,且易被黏土矿物富集(刘季花等,1996)。由上可知,本类元素组合与陆源碎屑关系密切。

    因子4的贡献为4.49%,仅包括Cd、CaO和Mo,推断该类元素组合与生物源有关。Ca广泛存在于钙质生物壳体,通常指示钙质生源物质,但研究区水深普遍位于CCD以下,碳酸盐基本溶解,推测Ca可能以生物磷酸盐(如鱼牙)形式存在,全岩矿物粉末X射线衍射(XRD)数据也显示样品普遍存在约10%的磷灰石(未发表)。Cd是一种类营养盐元素,有一定比例取代Ca离子进入生物壳体(凤羽和田军,2018)。Mo也有类营养盐行为(Howarth and Cole,1985),在元素组合中为负载荷,其化学行为有待进一步研究。

  • 海洋沉积物来源包括陆源、火山源、生物源和自生等不同来源,常选取不同元素组合来指示物质来源(Cho et al.,1999Yang et al.,2003)。利用元素与Al等稳定元素进行标准化比值,可消除沉积物中矿物和粒度变化对元素含量的影响(Adamo et al.,2005),进而可以判断元素在海洋环境中的物质来源和转化。硅铝、铁铝比值是识别沉积物物源的有效指标,成功运用于太平洋沉积物物源研究。前人研究发现,典型的火山源Si/Al比值为2.87,生物源比值为7.39,太平洋陆源深海黏土特征值3.19(Bischoff et al.,1979),研究区黏土沉积物Si/Al比值平均为3.53,与太平洋陆源深海黏土接近。同样,研究区黏土沉积物Fe/Al比值平均为0.41,接近于太平洋陆源黏土0.61(Bischoff et al.,1979)和黄土0.47(文启忠,1989),而区分于火山碎屑的0.73和胶体、生物组分的1.56,均指示本区沉积物的陆源属性。

    微量元素Sc、Th、Zr、Hf等在母岩风化、搬运与沉积过程中不易迁移,Zr/Hf、Th/Sc等比值能保持很好的稳定性,可有效示踪(马英军和刘丛强,1999丁雪等,2023)。另外,稀土元素La/Tb和La/Yb比值也可反映沉积物物源(沈华悌,1990刘季花,1992),可应用于太平洋沉积物物源研究。在此尝试用上述特征元素比值区分物源,由表5所示,代表基性玄武岩的洋壳物质La/Tb、Th/Sc和代表碱性玄武岩的加罗林群岛岩石Th/Sc比值很低,研究区相关元素比值与西太平洋邻近海区黏土沉积物相近,更接近于代表陆源的黄土、上陆壳,进一步说明了本区沉积物的陆源成因。

    东马里亚纳海盆/黏土马库斯—威克海山/黏土(邱忠荣等,2020)西菲律宾海/黏土(褚征等,2016)中国黄土(文启忠,1989)加罗林群岛碱性玄武岩(赵晗等,2022)上陆壳(Taylor and McLennan,1985)洋壳(Taylor and McLennan,1985)
    La/Tb25.7827.6029.6640.9617.60046.884.250 0
    La/Yb8.227.528.5712.649.81013.640.730 0
    Zr/Hf38.2726.1238.0039.46032.7632.000 0
    Th/Sc0.630.830.970.0550.970.005 8

    Table 5.  Ratio of characteristic elements of the study area and related samples

    元素La-Th-Sc三角图解法也是示踪物源的有效手段,在太平洋沉积物物源研究中得到广泛应用(Bhatia and Crook,1986Olivarez et al.,1991Zhang et al.,2020)。研究区沉积物La-Th-Sc图解投影与代表陆源风尘物质的黄土极为接近(图3),而远离岩浆岩物质。另外,研究区样品在La/Th-Hf双变量图(Floyd and Leveridge,1987)中也全部投影在长英质源区,以上均证实了研究区沉积物陆地风尘物质来源。

    Figure 3.  La⁃Th⁃Sc triangle diagram (a) and La/Th⁃Hf bivariate diagram (b) (base map is modified from Bhatia and Crook,1986Floyd and Leveridge,1987)

    深海沉积物的陆源物质主要受大气环流控制,亚洲大陆的风尘物质主要在西风、季风、高空气流等作用下输入扩散至太平洋深处(Maher,2011Hu et al.,2015Wan et al.,2020姜柳青等,2021)。太平洋深海沉积物研究表明,西自西菲律宾海盆(石学法等,1995褚征等,2016丁雪等,2023)、帕里西维拉海盆(靳宁等,2007徐兆凯等,2010),东至西北太平洋海山(邱忠荣等,2016;谢一璇等,2019)、东北太平洋海盆(Zhang et al.,2020)、东太平洋CC区(姜柳青等,2021),均揭示了亚洲风尘沉积的分布。与上述海区相比,东马里亚纳海盆远离陆地,又有海沟阻隔,陆地物质难以通过河流直接输入,海盆区内海山分布少,火山、热液活动微弱,同时海盆主体位于CCD以下,缺少生物沉积。因此,研究区外生沉积物物源单一,陆源风尘物质构成了沉积物物源主体,本区也成为研究亚洲风尘沉积的理想区域。

  • 源区母岩遭受风化会导致K、Na、Ca等碱金属的淋失,同时Al、Zr、Ti等稳定元素趋于富集。为了评价母岩的化学风化程度和源区所处的气候环境,在此引入常用的化学蚀变系数(Chemical Index of Alteration,CIA)指标,计算公式为:

    CIA=[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O+K2O)×100] (1)

    式中:CaO*是指硅酸盐中的CaO,其值依据McLennan法(McLennan,1993)进行估算。CIA值越大代表化学风化程度越强:CIA小于50,反映以物理剥蚀为主,未遭受化学风化;CIA介于50~65,反映寒冷、干燥条件下的弱化学风化;CIA值介于65~85,反映温暖、湿润条件下的中等化学风化;CIA值介于85~100,反映炎热、潮湿的特点条件下的强化学风化(Nesbitt and Young,1982)。研究区沉积物CIA介于57.89~69.81,平均为67.74,反映源区母岩均处于低—中等化学风化程度。研究区沉积物在Al2O3-CaO*+Na2O-K2O三角图(A-CN-K)的投影与黄土接近(图4),进一步证实了上文关于样品陆源风尘来源的推论。

    Figure 4.  A⁃CN⁃K triangle diagram of sediments in the study area (base map is modified from Zhang et al., 2020; Ding et al., 2023)

    沉积物中的一些元素,如微量元素Cr、Co、Ni、V、U、Th、Mo等,对底层氧化还原条件响应敏感,其比值如Th/U、V/Cr和V/(V+Ni)等可以指示水体氧化还原环境。前人研究表明(Hatch and Leventhal,1992Jones and Manning,1994Wignall and Twitchett,1996Rimmer,2004),缺氧环境下Th/U值较小(<2),氧化环境下Th/U较大,强氧化环境下Th/U值可达8;氧化环境下V/Cr<2,贫氧环境下2<V/Cr<4.25,缺氧环境下V/Cr>4.25;V/(V+Ni)<0.46指示氧化环境,0.46<V/(V+Ni)<0.57指示弱氧化环境,0.57<V/(V+Ni)<0.83指示缺氧环境,0.83<V/(V+Ni)<1指示硫化环境。研究区Th/U平均为5.42,V/Cr平均为2.04,V/(V+Ni)为0.51,各参数指示结果一致,均指示研究区为氧化—弱氧化沉积环境。研究区处于低温富氧的南极底层水向北太平洋迁移路径区(Hu and Piotrowski,2018),周边海底普遍发育的多金属结核、结壳也印证了区域沉积环境的氧化特征(Hu et al.,2012Hyeong et al.,2013Deng et al.,2022)。

  • 东马里亚纳海盆的远洋黏土表层沉积物主量元素氧化物含量依次为SiO2>Al2O3>Fe2O3>Na2O>MgO>K2O>CaO>MnO>TiO2>P2O5,含量最高为SiO2,平均为49.14%,其次为Al2O3,平均为15.85%;微量元素中含量最高是Ba,平均为770×10-6,其次为Cu,平均为289×10-6;稀土总量(∑REE)平均值为284×10-6,其中Ce、Nd和La含量最高,为轻稀土富集型。对化学元素开展主成分分析,元素组合可分为四类:第一类与稀土元素关系密切,包括稀土元素、P2O5、TiO2等;第二类与铁锰氧化物有关,包括Fe2O3、MnO以及Cr、Co、Ni、Cu、Ba等金属元素;第三类与陆源碎屑有关,包括Al2O3、MgO、SiO2、U、Hf、Th、Ce等;第四类与生物源有关,包括Cd、CaO、Mo。各种元素组合指标进一步揭示了沉积物以陆源物质,尤其是以陆地风尘物质为主,同时化学蚀变系数指示沉积物源区母岩处于低—中等化学风化条件,氧化还原敏感元素揭示研究区沉积环境为氧化—弱氧化环境。本研究对了解亚洲大陆风尘物质对东马里亚纳海盆物源影响,揭示海盆沉积环境和海底资源分布具有参考意义。

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