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Volume 44 Issue 1
Feb.  2026
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TANG JiaQuan, WANG Han, ZHANG YaoYun, WANG Bin, DENG HaoShuang, HOU MingCai. Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 87-105. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046
Citation: TANG JiaQuan, WANG Han, ZHANG YaoYun, WANG Bin, DENG HaoShuang, HOU MingCai. Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 87-105. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046

Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046
Funds:

Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, No. DGERA 20221103

 DGERA20221103

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  • Corresponding author: HOU MingCai, E-mail: houmc@cdut.edu.cn
  • Received Date: 2023-10-23
  • Accepted Date: 2024-04-26
  • Rev Recd Date: 2024-03-20
  • Available Online: 2024-04-26
  • Publish Date: 2026-02-10
  • Objective Upward shallowing sequences are widely developed in shallow-water carbonate environments, and the identification of upward shallowing sequences in deep-water carbonate rocks has a unique advantage in analyzing the evolutionary process of shallow-water carbonate sedimentary environments. Analyzing the high-precision upward shallowing sequences of the late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Upper Yangtze region can provide important references for understanding the late Cambrian global environmental changes. Methods Detailed field sedimentological dissection and indoor microfacies analysis were conducted on the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in Chengkou town along the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze. Carbonate rock decimeter- and meter-scale upward shallowing sequences were identified, and their compositional characteristics and vertical superposition relationships were analyzed to explore the sedimentary environment and its evolution in the late Cambrian of the Upper Yangtze region. Results Based on detailed field observations and thin section identification, and referring to the Flügel sedimentary microfacies classification scheme, 14 microfacies types were identified in the Xixiangchi Formation at the Chengkou section, including subtidal sedimentary microfacies MF0-MF10; intertidal sedimentary microfacies MF11-MF12; and supratidal sedimentary microfacies MF13. These microfacies include: MF0 argillaceous shale, MF1 micrite, MF2 bright crystal gravel limestone, MF3 bright crystal sand limestone, MF4 muddy siltstone, MF5 dolomitic microcrystalline limestone, MF6 gravel dolomite, MF7 bright crystal sand dolomite, MF8 sandy gravel dolomite, MF9 sandy dolarenite, MF10 sandy dolomite, MF11 laminated dolomite, MF12 bamboo leaf-like gravel dolomite, and MF13 grain dolomite with dissolution pores. Based on microfacies interpretation and vertical stacking relationships, C1-1 to C1-6 decimeter-scale upward shallowing subtidal, C2-1 to C2-6 decimeter-scale upward shallowing subtidal to intertidal, and C3-1 to C3-2 decimeter-scale upward shallowing intertidal to supratidal sedimentary sequences were identified. These decimeter-scale upward shallowing cycles constitute three secondary transgressive-regressive sedimentary cycles, which from bottom to top, constitute the rapid transgression-slow regression upward shallowing sedimentary cycle of the Xixiangchi Formation. Secondary cycle I was developed by subtidal sedimentary microfacies, secondary cycle II was developed by subtidal to intertidal sedimentary microfacies, and secondary cycle III was developed by intertidal to supratidal sedimentary microfacies. From bottom to top, the thickness of subtidal sedimentary microfacies in the lower part of each secondary cycle decreases successively, whereas the thickness and exposure degree of intertidal to supratidal sedimentary microfacies in the upper part of each secondary cycle gradually increase. Conclusions Based on the identification of upward shallowing sedimentary sequences and the analysis of their compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships, the Xixiangchi Formation in the late Cambrian was significantly influenced by high-frequency sea level changes, strongly controlled by tides, waves, and storms. It experienced early rapid transgression and late slow regression, and underwent multiple secondary transgressive-regressive cycles, forming a limited carbonate platform sedimentation model characterized by mixed tidal flat subfacies, micritic lagoon subfacies, and intraplatform grain shoal subfacies. Furthermore, the development of paleo-weathering crust at the top indicates significant regression and erosion events in the late Cambrian in this region. By comparing with chronostratigraphic and evolutionary characteristics of platforms in the Yangtze Platform, North China Platform, Tarim Platform, United States, and Australia, it further confirms the global sea level fall events in the late Cambrian.
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  • Received:  2023-10-23
  • Revised:  2024-03-20
  • Accepted:  2024-04-26
  • Published:  2026-02-10

Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze

doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046
Funds:

Open Fund of Key Laboratory of Deep-time Geography and Environment Reconstruction and Applications of Ministry of Natural Resources, Chengdu University of Technology, No. DGERA 20221103

 DGERA20221103

Abstract: Objective Upward shallowing sequences are widely developed in shallow-water carbonate environments, and the identification of upward shallowing sequences in deep-water carbonate rocks has a unique advantage in analyzing the evolutionary process of shallow-water carbonate sedimentary environments. Analyzing the high-precision upward shallowing sequences of the late Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Upper Yangtze region can provide important references for understanding the late Cambrian global environmental changes. Methods Detailed field sedimentological dissection and indoor microfacies analysis were conducted on the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in Chengkou town along the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze. Carbonate rock decimeter- and meter-scale upward shallowing sequences were identified, and their compositional characteristics and vertical superposition relationships were analyzed to explore the sedimentary environment and its evolution in the late Cambrian of the Upper Yangtze region. Results Based on detailed field observations and thin section identification, and referring to the Flügel sedimentary microfacies classification scheme, 14 microfacies types were identified in the Xixiangchi Formation at the Chengkou section, including subtidal sedimentary microfacies MF0-MF10; intertidal sedimentary microfacies MF11-MF12; and supratidal sedimentary microfacies MF13. These microfacies include: MF0 argillaceous shale, MF1 micrite, MF2 bright crystal gravel limestone, MF3 bright crystal sand limestone, MF4 muddy siltstone, MF5 dolomitic microcrystalline limestone, MF6 gravel dolomite, MF7 bright crystal sand dolomite, MF8 sandy gravel dolomite, MF9 sandy dolarenite, MF10 sandy dolomite, MF11 laminated dolomite, MF12 bamboo leaf-like gravel dolomite, and MF13 grain dolomite with dissolution pores. Based on microfacies interpretation and vertical stacking relationships, C1-1 to C1-6 decimeter-scale upward shallowing subtidal, C2-1 to C2-6 decimeter-scale upward shallowing subtidal to intertidal, and C3-1 to C3-2 decimeter-scale upward shallowing intertidal to supratidal sedimentary sequences were identified. These decimeter-scale upward shallowing cycles constitute three secondary transgressive-regressive sedimentary cycles, which from bottom to top, constitute the rapid transgression-slow regression upward shallowing sedimentary cycle of the Xixiangchi Formation. Secondary cycle I was developed by subtidal sedimentary microfacies, secondary cycle II was developed by subtidal to intertidal sedimentary microfacies, and secondary cycle III was developed by intertidal to supratidal sedimentary microfacies. From bottom to top, the thickness of subtidal sedimentary microfacies in the lower part of each secondary cycle decreases successively, whereas the thickness and exposure degree of intertidal to supratidal sedimentary microfacies in the upper part of each secondary cycle gradually increase. Conclusions Based on the identification of upward shallowing sedimentary sequences and the analysis of their compositional characteristics and vertical stacking relationships, the Xixiangchi Formation in the late Cambrian was significantly influenced by high-frequency sea level changes, strongly controlled by tides, waves, and storms. It experienced early rapid transgression and late slow regression, and underwent multiple secondary transgressive-regressive cycles, forming a limited carbonate platform sedimentation model characterized by mixed tidal flat subfacies, micritic lagoon subfacies, and intraplatform grain shoal subfacies. Furthermore, the development of paleo-weathering crust at the top indicates significant regression and erosion events in the late Cambrian in this region. By comparing with chronostratigraphic and evolutionary characteristics of platforms in the Yangtze Platform, North China Platform, Tarim Platform, United States, and Australia, it further confirms the global sea level fall events in the late Cambrian.

TANG JiaQuan, WANG Han, ZHANG YaoYun, WANG Bin, DENG HaoShuang, HOU MingCai. Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 87-105. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046
Citation: TANG JiaQuan, WANG Han, ZHANG YaoYun, WANG Bin, DENG HaoShuang, HOU MingCai. Recognition and Depositional Environment Interpretation of the Shallowing-Upward Sequence: A case study from the Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze[J]. Acta Sedimentologica Sinica, 2026, 44(1): 87-105. doi: 10.14027/j.issn.1000-0550.2024.046
  • 研究区位于北大巴山逆冲推覆构造带前缘、城口断裂带南侧的厚坪一带(图1),属于上扬子台地北缘(齐哲等,2022)。上扬子地区前寒武时期发生晋宁运动与澄江运动,形成了复杂的盆地基底,并在其上沉积震旦系盖层(谢环羽等,2021)。震旦纪末期—早寒武纪的桐湾运动致使四川盆地全面抬升剥蚀,导致震旦系与寒武系呈假整合接触(黄福喜等,2011);中寒武世—早奥陶世发生局部构造运动,米仓山地区抬升出露水面遭受剥蚀,导致该区域部分地层发生缺失(夏康杰,2020);志留纪末期的加里东运动加剧了区域性剥蚀,形成了东低西高的古地理格局;二叠纪发生峨眉地裂运动影响了四川盆地构造沉积格局,川北地区形成坳拉槽群(罗志立,2012);晚三叠世至早白垩世,由于板块运动活跃,盆地内部发生强烈的造山运动,龙门山—米仓山—大巴山与四川盆地周缘在此时隆起,盆地的雏形就此形成(黄丹,2012);晚白垩世至第四纪,四川盆地整体隆升并伴随剥蚀,盆地边缘变形强烈,内部变形较弱(潘安,2019)。

    Figure 1.  Geological map of the northern margin of the Upper Yangtze Platform and comprehensive histogram of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation(Wang et al., 2022

    晚寒武世时期,上扬子为一套受陆源碎屑影响的稳定碳酸盐岩沉积(黄福喜等,2011)。研究区中—晚寒武世地层发育齐全,实测剖面自下而上划分为中寒武统覃家庙组、上寒武统洗象池组以及下奥陶统杨家坝组。洗象池组与下伏覃家庙组整合接触,与上覆奥陶统杨家坝组呈不整合接触关系。前人研究表明,覃家庙组处于寒武系第二次海退的晚期阶段,主要发育一套以云质泥岩、粉砂质泥岩为主的混积潮坪沉积(张芮,2018)。随后在中—晚寒武世洗象池组早期发生第三次海侵,随着海平面快速上升,陆源碎屑供给减少,主要发育以灰岩、白云岩为主的碳酸盐岩台地沉积;洗象池组晚期处于第三次海退时期,以陆源碎屑含量较高的混积潮坪沉积为主,在洗象池组顶部发育不整合面与古风化壳(图2a)(张满郎等,2010王瀚等,2019)。

    Figure 2.  Field sedimentary characteristics of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

  • 根据野外露头精细解剖和室内岩石薄片鉴定结果,参考Flügel(2010)沉积微相划分方案,确定城口修齐剖面洗象组主要发育14种微相类型(表1),按照微相沉积环境分为潮下带沉积微相MF0~MF10;潮间带沉积微相MF11~MF12;潮上带沉积微相MF13;下面将具体介绍主要沉积微相的特征及分析解释结果。

    城口修齐剖面洗象池组微相名称发育层位标准微相(SMF)(Flügel,2010)沉积环境
    MF0泥页岩洗象池组下部未划分开阔或局限潮下带深水低能环境
    MF1泥粉晶灰岩洗象池组下部SMF8开阔潮下带深水低能环境
    MF2亮晶砾屑灰岩洗象池组下部SMF10开阔潮下带强振荡水体环境
    MF3亮晶砂屑灰岩洗象池组下部SMF11开阔潮下带中等振荡水体环境
    MF4泥质粉砂岩洗象池组中、上部未划分局限潮下带深水低能环境
    MF5云质微晶灰岩洗象池组中、下部未划分局限潮下带深水低能环境
    MF6砾屑白云岩洗象池组全段SMF12局限潮下带强振荡水体环境
    MF7亮晶砂屑白云岩洗象池组全段SMF16局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境
    MF8砂质砾屑白云岩洗象池组全段SMF17局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境
    MF9砂质砂屑白云岩洗象池组全段SMF18局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境
    MF10砂质白云岩洗象池组全段未划分局限潮下—潮间带中等振荡水体环境
    MF11纹层状白云岩洗象池组中—上部SMF19潮间带局限暴露环境
    MF12竹叶状砾屑白云岩洗象池组中—上部SMF24潮间带局限暴露环境
    MF13具溶蚀孔洞晶粒白云岩洗象池组上部SMF21潮上带蒸发、暴露环境

    Table 1.  Microfacies classification of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, Chongqing

    泥页岩MF0:主要发育于各沉积旋回底部,野外露头呈黑色—深黑色薄层状产出,厚约2~20 cm不等,发育水平层理。该微相认为是悬浮在水中的黏土物质在较平静水动力条件下缓慢沉降形成,水平层理为细粒沉积物在静水环境中发生垂向加积作用沉淀而成。推测MF0是最大海泛面沉积,位于开阔或局限的潮下带深水低能环境。

    泥粉晶灰岩MF1:野外露头呈中—深灰色薄—中层状产出,局部发育水平层理;镜下方解石呈暗色、均质,以泥粉晶为主,晶粒小于4 μm,自形程度较差,呈镶嵌状接触,被茜红素染色,部分薄片可见少量泥晶方解石重结晶形成微亮晶方解石。镜下可见泥质纹层,具有水平层理,认为其形成于开阔潮下带深水低能环境。

    亮晶砾屑灰岩MF2:主要发育于洗象池组下段,野外露头呈中灰色中层状产出。颗粒以砾屑为主,含量约为85%,以亮晶胶结为主,胶结物含量约为15%,砾屑呈椭圆状,分选中等,磨圆呈次圆状,杂乱状分布,无定向排列;部分颗粒周缘边界模糊,有磨蚀、破损现象,颗粒内部泥晶方解石重结晶为细晶方解石,具残余砾屑结构。根据其颗粒粒度、形态与分布性特征,推测是风暴、波浪及潮汐作用对半固结沉积物不断冲刷、侵蚀改造,并经历短距离搬运作用形成,其沉积环境为开阔潮下带强振荡水体环境。

    亮晶砂屑灰岩MF3:主要发育于洗象池组下段,野外露头呈浅—中灰色中层状产出。镜下颗粒以砂屑为主,砂屑含量为80%,呈亮晶胶结,胶结物含量约为20%;颗粒磨圆呈次棱角状—次圆状,分选差—中等(图3a)。其形成是较强水动力对原有碳酸盐质灰泥打碎、淘洗、筛选形成砂屑颗粒,并且海水发生化学沉淀形成亮晶胶结。推测该微相沉积环境为开阔潮下带中等振荡水体环境。

    Figure 3.  Microscopic sedimentary characteristics of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    泥质粉砂岩MF4:主要发育于洗象池组中上部,野外露头呈灰黑色、灰绿色薄层状产出(图2b)。其形成是由于海平面下降,沉积环境由开阔转为局限,水体流动减少,水动力减弱,漂浮于海水中的黏土物质与粉砂在静水环境中沉降到海底固结成岩。推测该微相沉积环境为局限潮下带深水低能环境。

    云质微晶灰岩MF5:野外露头呈中灰色中层状产出,含有少量黑色黄铁矿。镜下方解石以粉晶为主,含量约为55%,自形程度较差,呈镶嵌式接触;白云石含量约为45%,以微晶为主,为方解石白云石化产物,部分晶粒白云石化不彻底,常呈他形镶嵌于粉晶方解石中(图3b)。该岩性为灰岩与白云岩的过渡岩性,为微晶结构,认为其发育于局限潮下带深水低能环境。

    砾屑白云岩MF6:野外露头呈中灰色中层状砾屑层产出,砾屑形态为长条状、椭圆状,呈菊花状、叠瓦状顺层延伸(图2c),部分层位砾屑呈正粒序分布;底部发育底冲刷构造,上部可见丘状交错层理(图2d)。镜下砾屑颗粒含量约为80%,颗粒形态为长条状、撕裂状,分选差—中等,磨圆呈次圆状、次棱角状,杂乱状分布;可见少量分选中等、磨圆呈次圆状—次棱角状的陆源石英分布于砾屑颗粒间,含量约为5%(图3c)。砾屑菊花状、叠瓦状或撕裂状的排列方式反映了风暴涡流作用(王瀚等,2019),而两种不同成分的砾屑颗粒指示风暴流搬运造成不同成分砾屑的混合作用;底冲刷构造是由风暴流对沉积物底面进行侵蚀、改造形成的再沉积充填沉积构造;丘状交错层理为风暴远端振荡流、摆动流作用的产物(金鑫等,2021);粒序层理为风暴作用衰退期,风暴流搬运的砾屑逐渐减少进而在侵蚀面上伏形成正粒序(王牧源等,2024);撕裂的内碎屑与石英颗粒可能为风暴回流带来沉降于砾屑颗粒间。推测该微相形成主要受风暴作用的影响,其沉积环境为正常浪基面与风暴浪基面之间,为局限潮下带强振荡水体环境。

    亮晶砂屑白云岩MF7:野外露头呈浅—中灰色中层状产出。镜下砂屑颗粒含量约80%,少量颗粒呈点、线接触,大部分颗粒呈亮晶胶结,分选较好—中等,磨圆呈次圆状、次棱角状;颗粒边缘发育暗色泥晶包壳,内部为泥晶白云石;亮晶胶结,胶结物含量约为20%(图3d)。根据砂屑颗粒类型,认为是在强波浪和潮汐作用下对原有的沉积物进行了冲刷、淘洗、筛选,海水发生化学沉淀形成亮晶胶结,固结成岩而成。推测其发育于局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境。

    砂质砾屑白云岩MF8:野外露头呈中灰色中层状产出。镜下砾屑含量约为75%,呈长条状、椭圆状,分选差,磨圆呈次圆状,整体杂乱状分布,砾屑成分为泥晶白云石,为原有白云石泥沉积物被强水动力破碎形成;陆源石英含量约25%,分选中等,磨圆呈次圆状—次棱角状,分布于砾屑颗粒间,部分石英颗粒与砾屑颗粒镶嵌式接触(图3e)。其形成主要受波浪、潮汐作用控制,涨潮时,波浪将原有沉积物打碎、淘洗形成砾屑,古陆被侵蚀而提供大量陆源碎屑供给;退潮时,波浪沿岸流将陆源碎屑带入海洋与白云岩砾屑混合沉积。推测该微相发育于水体较浅、离岸较近、环境相对闭塞的局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境。

    砂质砂屑白云岩MF9:野外露头呈中灰色中层状产出,颗粒以砂屑为主,含有细—中粒黑色燧石。镜下砂屑颗粒含量约为75%,由泥晶基质构成,磨圆呈次棱角状、次圆状,分选中等,部分颗粒发生重结晶作用,呈残余砂屑结构;陆源石英含量约25%,以细粒、中粒为主,分选差,磨圆呈次棱角状、次圆状,充填于白云石砂屑之间。推测其是海侵过程中白云石泥沉积物被海水破碎形成砂屑,而后沿岸流分选出少量的陆源石英分布于砂屑颗粒之间,形成混合沉积物,认为其发育于局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境。

    砂质白云岩MF10:野外露头呈中灰色中层状或条带状产出,部分层位陆源石英呈正粒序分布。镜下白云石含量约为60%,以细晶为主;陆源石英含量约为40%,以细—中粒为主,分选中等—较差,磨圆呈次圆状—次棱角状(图3f)。根据石英颗粒的产状,认为是在海平面上升过程中,海岸受到风暴、波浪的冲刷、侵蚀作用,进而提供大量陆源碎屑,且未经过远距离搬运与白云石泥混合沉积;正粒序层理是由于风暴作用减弱,流体能量降低、流速减缓,陆源碎屑颗粒发生重力分异作用快速沉降形成。推测该微相发育于正常浪基面与平均低潮线之间,沉积环境为局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境。

    纹层状白云岩MF11:露头上表现为灰白色薄层状云岩与暗色薄层状云岩互层,两者纵向上呈韵律状相间沉积形成细密平直纹层(图2e)。镜下亮层与暗层界限明显,亮层以亮晶白云石为主,暗层以泥—粉晶白云石为主;发育鸟眼孔构造,被粗晶白云石充填。细密平直纹层为沉积条件短期变化形成,指示了间歇性变化的低能水动力环境:暗色纹层为潮落时在安静水体中沉积;亮层为涨潮时淹没、冲刷原有白云石泥,海水化学沉降亮晶白云石形成。鸟眼孔构造指示暴露环境。推测该微相沉积环境为潮间带局限暴露环境。

    竹叶状砾屑白云岩MF12:野外露头呈浅灰色薄层状产出,砾屑颗粒形态为竹叶状、长条状,呈叠瓦状分布,砾屑间充填渗流粉砂,发育泥裂构造(图2f)。镜下砾屑呈竹叶状、长条状,砾屑内部为泥—粉晶白云石,分选中差,磨圆呈次棱角状—次圆状;颗粒间存在渗流粉砂,石英颗粒分选差,磨圆呈次棱角状。其形成过程为原有沉积物在暴露于水面后,发生脱水作用,干裂收缩形成泥裂以及长条状、竹叶状砾屑原地沉积;当海平面上升,水流带来的碎屑物质沿着裂隙充填。推测该微相形成于潮间局限暴露环境。

    具溶蚀孔洞晶粒白云岩MF13:野外露头浅灰色中—厚层状产出,岩溶现象丰富,发育大量溶蚀孔、洞和溶蚀缝,部分孔、缝被泥质、方解石充填,另一部分被有机质充填,可见大片浸染状沥青;部分层位发育块状岩溶垮塌角砾。镜下以细晶、中晶白云石为主,含量约为95%,泥质、有机质、石英总量约为5%;常见溶孔、溶洞与方解石脉以及缝合线伴生发育,部分孔、洞、缝被沥青充填(图3g,h)。其形成过程认为是局限环境中形成的泥晶白云岩,由于海平面下降,蒸发作用增强,盐度以及碱度升高,发生重结晶形成较粗晶粒白云岩;随着水体不断变浅,沉积物暴露于水面上,遭受风化淋滤作用造成大量溶蚀;岩溶形成的大孔洞在上覆岩层的压力作用下发生塌陷形成块状岩溶角砾。推测该微相发育环境局限的潮上带蒸发、暴露环境。

  • 研究发现城口地区洗象池组共发育14种沉积微相,这些微相在纵向上相互组合并叠置沉积形成若干个厘米、分米、米级向上变浅沉积旋回,揭示了碳酸盐岩台地发生高频振荡海平面升降变化。城口剖面洗象池组以局限台地沉积为主,根据微相的组成和排列,确定3种沉积序列、14种岩相组合类型。旋回类型Ⅰ(C1):潮下旋回(图4a,b);旋回类型Ⅱ(C2)潮下—潮间旋回(图4c,d);旋回类型Ⅲ(C3):潮缘旋回。

    Figure 4.  Macroscopic view of typical shallowing⁃upward sequence from the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    旋回类型Ⅰ(C1)潮下旋回,主要发育于洗象池组中下部,通过对沉积结构、构造、微相的分析,确定了6种亚类:C1-1发育于洗象池组下部,表现为MF1→MF3的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回下部为中灰色薄层状泥粉晶灰岩,旋回上部为浅灰色中层状亮晶砂屑灰岩,反映了开阔潮下带深水低能水体环境—开阔潮下带中振荡水体环境的演化序列。C1-2发育于洗象池组下部,表现为MF5→MF7的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回下部为中灰色薄—中层状云质微晶灰岩,上部为浅灰色中层状亮晶砂屑白云岩(图5),反映了局限潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带中等振荡水体环境的演化序列。C1-3发育于洗象池组下部,表现为MF0→MF10的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回底部为厘米级暗色泥页岩,泥岩顶部发育底冲刷构造,上覆砂质白云岩,可见陆源碎屑呈正粒序分布,推测是风暴事件沉积,风暴流对原有泥质沉积冲刷、侵蚀形成底冲刷面,其携带的大量沿岸陆源碎屑在冲刷面上沉积,随着风暴能量减弱,陆源碎屑由于重力分异快速沉降形成正粒序,反映了局限潮下带深水低能环境遭受风暴影响。C1-4发育于洗象池组中下部,表现为MF4→MF10的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回下部发育约10 cm的暗色泥质粉砂岩,旋回上部为中层状微晶白云岩与砂质白云岩交替沉积,反映了局限潮下带深水低能水体环境—局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境的演化序列,受周期性海平面升降影响形成弱的间断式混积沉积。C1-5发育于洗象池组中下部,表现为MF6→MF10的沉积序列叠置沉积,底部发育明显的底冲刷面,旋回下部为菊花状、倒八状分布的砾屑段,砾屑颗粒间充填陆源石英,上部为砂质白云岩,呈正粒序分布。推测为风暴事件沉积,在风暴高峰期,风暴流卷入大量沿岸陆源碎屑物质并不断冲刷、拍打、簸选原有沉积物,形成杂乱状分布的砂质砾屑段,当风暴作用减弱,携带的陆源石英由于重力分异作用快速沉淀呈正粒序分布,反映了潮下带水体环境遭受风暴影响。C1-6发育于洗象池组上部,表现为MF4→MF8→MF10的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回下部为3 cm泥质粉砂岩,中部为砂质砾屑白云岩,砾屑呈叠瓦状分布,上部为微晶白云岩与砂质白云岩交替沉积,其形成过程受周期性波动的波浪、潮汐控制,形成弱的原地式混积与间断式混积沉积,反映了局限潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带中等振荡水体环境的演化序列。

    Figure 5.  Macro⁃micro characteristics of subtidal cycle C1⁃2 of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section, Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    旋回类型Ⅱ(C2)潮下—潮间旋回,在洗象池组上中下段均发育此类沉积序列,通过对沉积结构、构造、微相的分析,确定了6种亚类:C2-1发育于洗象池组下部,表现为MF0→MF10→MF12的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回底部为约5 cm暗色泥岩,旋回下部发育轻微冲刷底面构造,向上为浅灰色中层状微晶白云岩夹砂质条带,上部为竹叶状砾屑顺层分布,发育泥裂,裂缝间充填陆源石英颗粒,反映了局限潮下带深水低能环境—局限潮下带中等振荡水体环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。C2-2发育于洗象池组下部,表现为MF0→MF6→MF10→MF12的沉积序列叠置沉积,旋回底部发育约5 cm暗色泥岩,其上部可见底冲刷构造与丘状交错层理,旋回下部发育砾屑段,砾屑颗粒形态为长条状,呈正粒序分布,旋回上部发育砂质白云岩,陆源碎屑呈正粒序分布,可见丘状交错层理发育,旋回顶部发育由泥裂形成的呈叠瓦状分布的竹叶状砾屑段,认为此序列受到风暴作用的控制,风暴回流搬运分选、磨圆较好的砾屑颗粒与碎屑颗粒,由于搬运距离的增加,回流的能量降低,砾屑颗粒与陆源碎屑呈正粒序分布沉积,随着水体深度变浅,其上发育暴露成因的竹叶状砾屑白云岩,反映了潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带强振荡水体环境—潮下带中等振荡水体环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。C2-3发育于洗象池组中部,表现为MF0→MF8→MF11的沉积序列重复沉积,旋回底部约5 cm暗色泥页岩,下部为薄层状粉晶白云岩,中部为深灰色中层状砂质砾屑白云岩,上部为纹层状白云岩,反映了潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带中等振荡环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。C2-4发育于洗象池组中部,表现为MF0→MF10→MF11的沉积序列重复沉积,旋回下部约5 cm暗色泥页岩,中部为砂质白云岩,呈层状分布,上部为纹层状白云岩(图6),反映了潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带中等振荡水体环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。C2-5发育于洗象池组中上部,表现为MF0→MF11→MF12,旋回底部发育约3 cm暗色泥页岩,下部发育深灰色薄—中层状粉晶白云岩,中部发育纹层状白云岩,上部发育干裂收缩状竹叶状砾屑白云岩,反映了潮下带深水低能环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。C2-6发育于洗象池组上部,表现为MF4→MF6→MF11,旋回下部为3 cm暗色泥质粉砂岩,中部为中—深灰色中层状砾屑白云岩,上部为纹层状白云岩夹砂质条带,反映了潮下带深水低能环境—潮下带强振荡水体环境—潮间带局限暴露环境的演化序列。

    Figure 6.  Macro⁃micro characteristics of subtidal⁃intertidal cycle C2⁃4 from the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section, Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    旋回类型Ⅲ(C3)潮缘旋回,潮间—潮上沉积序列,主要发育于洗象池组中上部,通过对沉积结构、构造、微相的分析,确定了2种亚类:C3-1发育于洗象池组上部,表现为MF12→MF14的沉积序列重复沉积,旋回下部为纹层状白云岩,发育鸟眼孔构造,旋回上部为浅灰色中—厚层状具有溶蚀孔洞的中晶白云岩,可见沥青呈浸染状分布,反映了潮间带局限暴露环境—潮上带暴露环境的演化序列。C3-2发育于洗象池组上部,表现为MF14在纵向上叠置沉积,此旋回主要发育浅灰色中—厚层状细晶、中晶白云岩,发育大量溶蚀孔、洞、缝,被白云石、方解石及有机质充填,部分层位可见沥青顺层、穿层浸染,岩溶作用明显。推测水体深度变浅,水体盐度增加,原有泥晶沉积物发生重结晶并出露地表,大气淡水对其进行淋滤改造形成溶蚀孔洞。反映潮上带蒸发、暴露环境。

    城口地区晚寒武世洗象池组具有明显的风暴沉积特征,由于风暴作用强度及距离风暴中心远近不同,形成的风暴沉积序列不同。理想的浅水碳酸盐岩风暴沉积序列主要由5个沉积单元构成,由下至上分别为底冲刷面及砾屑段(A)、粒序段(B)、平行层理段(C)、丘状交错层理段(D)、风暴远端浊流沉积段(E)(Aigner, 1985)。通过对洗象池组沉积微相、沉积序列划分,共识别出三类主要风暴沉积序列:C1-3由底冲刷面及砾屑段(A)构成;C1-5由底冲刷面及砾屑段(A)、粒序段(B)构成;C2-2由底冲刷面及砾屑段(A)、粒序段(B)、丘状交错层理段(D)、风暴远端浊流沉积段(E)构成。

    沉积序列随着相对海平面的升降而变化,岩性、厚度、沉积构造均揭示出这种特征,洗象池组沉积序列具有明显的向上变浅的沉积特征,为典型的碳酸盐岩台地向上变浅序列(图7)。潮下旋回发育于潮下带低能水体环境—潮下带振荡水体环境,主要发育于快速海侵时期,以薄层的泥质岩与风暴作用形成的颗粒岩沉积为主;海退时,伴随发育砂质沉积。潮下—潮间旋回主要发育于潮下带低能水体环境—潮下带振荡水体环境—潮间带局限暴露环境,其主要发育于缓慢海退时期,当相对海平面下降时,旋回下部泥质岩的厚度减少,旋回上部陆源碎屑—混积沉积增多,暴露成因的竹叶状砾屑以及沉积构造增多。潮间—潮上旋回发育于潮间带局限暴露环境—潮上带蒸发、暴露环境,主要发育于海退时期,随着相对海平面变浅,大气淡水溶蚀作用形成的孔缝增加,暴露程度不断升高。

    Figure 7.  Schematic diagram of typical sedimentary cycles of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section, Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

  • 基于城口洗象池组剖面的野外沉积学特征解析,结合室内镜下薄片鉴定,识别了高精度向上变浅沉积序列,并判识了沉积环境。综合认为洗象池组沉积相类型以潮下带潟湖沉积与颗粒滩沉积、潮间带混积潮坪沉积、潮上带蒸发(岩溶)沉积为主。沉积物类型受潮汐、波浪、风暴等作用强烈控制,沉积环境演化受全球海平面波动、区域构造活动以及碳酸盐岩沉积速率综合影响。依据纵向演化的沉积微相、沉积旋回形成的沉积环境相对水深变化绘制相对海平面变化曲线,发现晚寒武世洗象池组相对海平面经历3次海侵—海退次级旋回,由下至上次级旋回下部深水沉积物厚度依次减少,而旋回上部浅水沉积以及暴露程度逐渐增加,反映洗象池组整体呈现海退趋势,详细沉积环境演化过程以及海平面变化历程如下所述(图8)。

    Figure 8.  Comprehensive stratigraphic histogram of the sedimentary evolution of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formationin the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    次级旋回Ⅰ由洗象池组下段(26~56层)构成,厚度约为54 m。演化序列主要由C1-1、C1-2、C1-3、C1-4、C1-5、C2-1、C2-2沉积旋回在纵向上叠置沉积构成,总体表现为旋回下段主要由C1-1构成,旋回中段主要由C1-2、C1-3、C1-4、C1-5构成,旋回上段主要由C2-1、C2-2构成。演化序列为泥粉晶灰岩(海侵)、浅潮下带颗粒滩沉积(海侵)、深潮下带泥页岩沉积(最大海泛面)、浅潮下带颗粒滩沉积伴有风暴作用(海退)、潮间带竹叶状砾屑沉积(海退)。

    次级旋回Ⅱ由洗象池组中段(57~85层)构成,厚度约为46 m。演化序列主要由C1-4、C1-5、C2-3、C2-4、C2-5、C2-6沉积旋回在纵向上重复沉积构成,总体表现为旋回下段主要由C1-4、C1-5、C2-3构成,旋回中段主要由C1-5、C2-4、C2-5构成,旋回上段主要由C2-5、C2-6构成。演化序列为深潮下带泥页岩与潟湖沉积(海侵)、浅潮下带颗粒滩沉积伴有风暴作用(海退)、潮间带纹层状白云岩与混积潮坪沉积(海退)。

    次级旋回Ⅲ由洗象池组上段(86~117层)构成,厚度约为45 m。演化序列主要由C1-6、C2-6、C3-1、C3-2沉积旋回在纵向上重复沉积构成,总体表现为旋回下段主要由C1-6、C2-6构成,旋回中段主要由C2-5、C2-6构成。旋回上段主要由C3-1、C3-2构成,演化序列为深潮下带泥页岩沉积(海侵)、浅潮下带颗粒滩沉积(海退)、潮间带纹层状白云岩沉积与混积潮坪沉积(海退)、潮上带岩溶沉积伴有沥青浸染(海退),顶部发育古风化壳与不整合面。

  • 通过识别晚寒武世洗象池组碳酸盐岩向上变浅序列并判识沉积环境,进一步明确了洗象池组沉积特征、沉积环境演化规律,并综合前人研究(黄福喜等,2011井攀等,2016a井攀,2017张芮,2018),建立了上扬子北缘晚寒武世洗象池组浅水局限碳酸盐岩台地的沉积模式(图9)。该模式依据海平面变化以及波浪、潮汐作用影响的范围,将其沉积环境划分为潮下带、潮间局限环境(弱暴露)、潮上暴露环境。在深水潮下带低能环境中,主要发育泥页岩,泥质粉砂岩、泥粉晶灰岩与云质微晶灰岩,在该环境中,水动力较弱,几乎不含颗粒结构;在浅水潮下带振荡环境中,主要发育颗粒滩沉积,最主要为砂屑滩沉积;在潮间带局限环境中,主要发育纹层状白云岩与干裂收缩竹叶状砾屑白云岩;在潮上暴露环境中,发育纹层状白云岩与具有溶蚀孔洞的晶粒白云岩,沥青呈浸染状分布。

    Figure 9.  Sedimentary model of the upper Cambrian Xixiangchi Formation in the Xiuqi section of Chengkou, northern Sichuan Basin

    综上所述,四川盆地晚寒武世洗象池组纵向上发育3个次级海侵—海退旋回,沉积环境受海平面变化影响,受潮汐、波浪以及风暴等作用的强烈控制,主要发育以云质潟湖亚相、台内颗粒滩亚相以及混积潮坪亚相为典型沉积特征的局限碳酸盐岩台地沉积。次级旋回Ⅰ主要发育由潮下带沉积微相构成的沉积旋回,次级旋回Ⅱ主要发育由潮下—潮间带沉积微相构成的沉积旋回,次级旋回Ⅲ主要发育由潮间—潮上沉积微相构成的沉积旋回。由下至上,各个次级旋回下部潮下带沉积微相厚度依次减少,而次级旋回上部潮间—潮上带沉积微相厚度以及暴露程度逐渐增加。由下至上,沉积微相和沉积旋回在纵向的变化均指示由深水沉积环境不断向浅水暴露沉积环境演化,反映洗象池组海平面整体呈海退趋势。同时,其顶部发育古风化壳,也进一步表明该地区晚寒武世发生较大程度的海退侵蚀事件。在年代地层和晚寒武世层序地层研究基础上,通过对比年代地层和演化特征,发现扬子地台洗象池组顶部发育区域性不整合面(黄福喜等,2011)。华北地台晚寒武世末期发育暴露间断面(梅冥相和马永生,2003),塔里木地台晚寒武世顶部的局限沉积(朱金富等,2008黄渊等,2022)均揭示晚寒武世海平面呈海退趋势,与美国晚寒武世牙形类C.proavus带底、Fryxellodontus inornatus亚带底的升降事件(Miller,1995)和澳大利亚晚寒武世的海退事件(Nicoll et al.,1992)研究结果一致,进一步证实了晚寒武世末期发生全球性海平面下降事件(张俊明等,2000)。

  • (1) 根据不同岩石类型的组构差异以及碳酸盐岩微相分类原则,在洗象池组识别出14类沉积微相,其中常见的微相类型包括:MF0泥页岩、MF1泥粉晶灰岩、MF2亮晶砾屑灰岩、MF3亮晶砂屑灰岩、MF4泥质粉砂岩、MF5云质微晶灰岩、MF6砾屑白云岩、MF7亮晶砂屑白云岩、MF8砂质砾屑白云岩、MF9砂质砂屑白云岩、MF10砂质白云岩、MF11纹层状白云岩、MF12竹叶状砾屑白云岩、MF13具有溶蚀孔洞晶粒白云岩。

    (2) 基于微相解释和纵向组合关系,识别出3种大类,共14种亚类向上变浅沉积序列(包含3类风暴沉积序列)。旋回类型Ⅰ(C1):潮下沉积旋回(颗粒滩序列),发育6种亚类;旋回类型Ⅱ(C2):潮下—潮间沉积旋回(潟湖序列),发育6种亚类;旋回类型Ⅲ(C3):潮间—潮上沉积旋回(混积潮坪序列),发育2种亚类。

    (3) 利用高精度向上变浅序列判识沉积环境并揭示其演化过程。将洗象池组划分为三个次级海侵—海退旋回。次级旋回Ⅰ由洗象池组下段构成、次级旋回Ⅱ由洗象池组中段构成、次级旋回Ⅲ由洗象池组上段构成。其中,次级旋回Ⅰ主要发育潮下沉积旋回、潮下—潮间沉积旋回,次级旋回Ⅱ主要发育潮下沉积旋回、潮下—潮间沉积旋回,次级旋回Ⅲ主要发育潮下—潮间沉积旋回和潮间—潮上沉积旋回。洗象池组由下至上整体表现为一个快速海侵—缓慢海退沉积序列,其顶部发育古风化壳与不整合面。

    (4) 四川盆地晚寒武世洗象池组沉积环境受相对海平面变化影响明显,受潮汐、波浪以及风暴作用强烈控制,是以浅潮下带颗粒滩亚相、潮下带潟湖亚相以及混积潮坪亚相为典型沉积特征的局限碳酸盐岩台地沉积。此外,晚寒武世洗象池组整体为一个海侵—海退旋回,在其顶部发育区域性分布的暴露不整合面,进一步证实了晚寒武世末期发生全球海平面下降事件。

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