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沉积物物源研究作为连接沉积盆地与造山带的纽带,是重建盆地沉积过程、恢复盆地岩相古地理以及再现盆—山耦合关系的重要内容(杨仁超等,2013;吴颖等,2023)。碎屑岩的元素地球化学特征虽然受到源岩性质、风化再循环、搬运、沉积以及后期成岩和变质作用等一系列因素的控制,但仍能从一定程度上反映物质来源、源区构造和沉积环境,对盆地“源—汇”系统的建立有良好的指导意义(McLennan et al.,1983;Bhatia and Crook,1986;McLennan,1993;Garzanti et al.,2015;李乐等,2015;彭治超等,2018;屈李华等,2018),被国内外学者广泛运用(Pearce et al.,1984;Roser and Korsch,1988;刘春来等,2021;蒋赟等,2022;李俊等,2024)。
柴达木盆地具有特殊的盆—山构造格局,新生代是盆地演化的重要阶段,这一时期的沉积物为源区属性和源区构造演化过程的研究提供了最直接的证据(付玲等,2012)。近年来,前人利用矿物岩石学、古地磁学、元素地球化学和地球物理勘探等多学科、多方法对新生代柴达木盆地内多个地区进行了物源体系、沉积演化和古气候环境等方面的综合研究(叶爱娟和朱扬明,2006;惠博等,2011;李凤杰等,2014;李林林等,2015;孙国强等,2015;李高杰等,2017;刘康等,2020;路晶芳等,2020;马万里等,2021;魏岩岩等,2021;蔡火灿等,2022;段磊等,2022;冯怀伟等,2022;栗兵帅等,2022;田继先等,2022;桑胜萍等,2024)。研究分析表明,柴达木盆地新生界的物源具有旋回造山带的构造属性,在新生代构造演化过程中,源区性质随时间并没有发生明显改变(关平和简星,2013),古近纪以来,盆地周围山脉快速抬升,源自阿尔金山、东昆仑山、祁连山被侵蚀的碎屑物质被河流系统搬运至柴达木盆地,盆地范围于早中新世达到鼎盛(Métivier et al.,1998),受喜马拉雅运动的持续影响,沉积中心自西向东迁移(楼谦谦等,2016;冯德浩等,2021),在盆地东部发生拗陷、持续稳定沉降,形成了近源的、活动构造背景下的第四系泥岩沉积(关平和简星,2013;司马立强等,2023)。目前对沉积物源的研究往往依赖于某一种或几种方法,如通过分析现今水系分布、储层岩性、矿物组合、重矿物等特征来判断物源。然而,每种方法均有其局限性和不确定性。例如,重矿物的分布可能受到后期地质作用的影响而发生改变,导致其指示的物源信息不准确;水系分布可能会因后期的构造运动或气候变化而发生改变,不能完全反映第四纪时期的物源情况。虽然多方法的综合运用可一定程度提高物源分析的准确性,但目前在多方法综合分析方面还不够充分,不同方法之间的相互印证和结合也不够紧密,缺乏系统性的综合研究,使得物源的分析仍存在一定的不确定性。
三湖坳陷涩北地区第四系泥岩型生物气藏,是油气勘探发现的新型气藏(司马立强等,2023)。目前,对该地区第四系的研究主要集中于自生自储生物气的形成机理和控制因素(芮华松和关平,2012;王万春等,2016a,2016b;单俊峰等,2019),而沉积物源区属性方面缺少相关的证据,这极大地限制了对该区有效储层分布情况的整体认识和预测。因此,本文在前人研究的基础上,对柴达木盆地三湖坳陷涩北地区涩探1井、涩探2井第四系岩心样品进行主、微量元素和稀土元素测试分析,结合潜在源区地质背景、沉积盆地格局,探讨样品的源岩类型和源区构造环境,对盆—山耦合关系、大地构造背景和第四系生物气藏的油气勘探有重要的地质意义。
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柴达木盆地位于青藏高原东北缘,是印支运动之后发展起来的中、新生代大型山间含油气盆地,经历了多期构造运动(张景廉等,2008;孙国强等,2010),平面形态似三角形,西北为阿尔金山、东北为祁连山、南侧为东昆仑山(杨永恒等,2019;蒋赟等,2020)(图1a)。三湖坳陷位于盆地东南部,西起船形丘构造、东止南北霍布逊湖、北接一里坪坳陷和柴北缘隆起、南至昆仑山山前边界断裂,是盆地第四系的沉积中心,面积约为30 000 km2(郭泽清等,2011;周铁锁等,2020)(图1b)。坳陷基底稳定、褶皱和断层均不发育,可划分为中央凹陷区和四个斜坡区(孙平等,2013;单俊峰等,2019)。涩北地区位于东台吉乃尔湖与涩聂湖之间,是中央凹陷区和北斜坡区的过渡地带。该区被第四系大面积覆盖,从下到上发育涩北组、察尔汗组、达布逊组和盐桥组,不同区域保存的层段和厚度有所差异,岩性组合以泥岩、粉砂质泥岩、泥质粉砂岩、碳质泥岩以及顶部的盐岩交互沉积为特征,沉积相以滨浅湖为主(朱筱敏等,2002;杨辉等,2012;孙平等,2013)(图1c)。涩北组和察尔汗组为本文重点研究层位,沉积厚度大,可统称为七个泉组,是一套稳定、连续的湖相沉积,主要为灰黑色泥岩(Yin et al.,2021;王波等,2025)。
图 1 (a,b)柴达木盆地三湖坳陷构造简图(据朱筱敏等,2002;杨辉等,2012;孙平等,2013修改)及(c)第四系地层柱状图(据王波等,2025修改)
Figure 1. (a, b) Tectonic map (modified from Zhu et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2013) and (c) stratigraphic histogram (modified from Wang et al., 2025) of the Quaternary Formation in the Sanhu Depression, Qaidam Basin
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分别从柴达木盆地三湖坳陷涩北地区的涩探1井(ST1井)、涩探2井(ST2井)第四系钻孔岩心采集了78件新鲜、受成岩作用影响较弱的含粉砂泥岩、粉砂质泥岩或泥岩样品,其中,ST1井的19个样品连续取自1 208.03~1 319.88 m深度范围,ST2井的59个样品连续取自1 680.83~1 745.88 m深度范围(图2)。
图 2 (a)研究区第四系等厚图(Yin et al.,2021)及(b,c)采样井岩性柱状图
Figure 2. (a) Isopach map of the Quaternary in the study area and (b, c) lithologic column of sampling wells
研究样品主要为灰色泥岩和灰色、灰绿色粉砂岩,少量碳酸盐岩,其中泥岩包括含粉砂泥岩、粉砂质泥岩和含灰粉砂质泥岩,粉砂岩包括泥质粉砂岩和云质粉砂岩,发育部分白云岩,发育块状、条带状、纹层状构造,常见粉砂岩条带、碳质条带、灰质泥岩条带互层(图3)。
用锉刀处理样品,去除表面灰尘和风化部分,将样品用钢研钵研磨破碎后,用标准分样筛过筛保留小于200目的部分,准备好要称量的样品放在105 ℃烘箱中烘干4 h,随后保存于干燥器中冷却,在显微镜下观察样品的组成和结构以确保用于分析测试的两口井的所有样品没有经历蚀变、矿化或二次风化之后,进行主量元素分析、无机元素微量分析和稀土元素分析,主量元素使用扫描型波长色散X射线荧光光谱仪(XRF,Thermo Arl Advant XP+)进行测试,微量和稀土元素使用激光耦合等离子体质谱仪(ICP-MS)进行测试。检测均在温度为25 ℃、湿度为40%的条件下进行,检测设备为AXIOS mAX X射线荧光光谱仪。全岩主微量元素地球化学测试均委托深地科技(北京)有限公司地质实验室完成。
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研究区样品主量元素测试结果见表1所示,SiO2含量介于21.08%~54.62%,平均为47.83%,低于后太古宙澳大利亚平均页岩值(PAAS,SiO2=62.80%)(Taylor and McLennan,1985),SiO2、Al2O3和Na2O的平均值均略低于上大陆地壳值(Upper Continental Crust,UCC),CaO、Fe2O3、MgO和K2O的平均值均略高于上大陆地壳值(Taylor and McLennan,1985)。样品具有低硅(SiO2=48.17%)、高铝(Al2O3=15.23%,铝指数A/NK=2.54,铝饱和指数A/CNK=1.59)、富镁钙(MgO=3.81%,CaO=7.91%)、较富铁(Fe2O3=4.99)、较低的全碱含量(K2O+Na2O=5.94%)的特征。根据大陆上地壳平均含量将样品主量元素标准化,从UCC标准化蛛网图(图4a)中可以发现ST1井、ST2井的主量元素整体相似性较好,SiO2含量相对UCC表现为亏损,Al2O3、Fe2O3、K2O、Na2O、MnO、TiO2、P2O5含量与UCC含量相当,CaO、MgO含量相对UCC表现为较明显的富集。
表 1 ST1井、ST2井样品主量元素含量(%)及相关参数
Table 1. Main element contents in samples from well ST1 and well ST2
样品 ST1 ST1平均值 ST2 ST2平均值 ST1+ST2平均值 UCC平均值 SiO2 21.08~52.54 46.00 38.76~54.62 49.65 48.17 66.60 Al2O3 7.56~18.10 14.73 8.41~18.34 15.57 15.23 15.40 Fe2O3 3.24~9.21 4.99 3.74~10.93 5.89 5.52 5.04 CaO 4.01~19.12 9.62 1.23~15.85 6.75 7.91 3.59 MgO 3.05~13.83 4.41 2.52~4.60 3.41 3.81 2.48 K2O 1.42~4.06 3.09 1.65~4.21 3.48 3.32 2.80 Na2O 1.65~3.10 2.66 1.79~4.75 3.41 2.61 3.27 MnO 0.07~0.21 0.10 0.04~0.25 0.12 0.11 0.10 TiO2 0.27~0.63 0.50 0.32~0.73 0.58 0.55 0.64 P2O5 0.09~0.15 0.12 0.09~0.22 0.12 0.12 0.15 Al2O3/TiO2 22.33~37.74 29.61 16.41~33.93 26.89 27.99 24.06 SiO2/Al2O3 2.73~3.97 3.15 2.63~4.65 3.25 3.21 4.32 Na2O/K2O 0.59~1.45 0.92 0.52~1.14 0.75 0.82 1.17 Fe2O3/K2O 1.24~3.14 1.66 1.26~2.85 1.73 1.70 1.80 A/CNK 0.34~1.64 1.03 0.49~1.93 1.27 1.18 1.59 A/NK 2.23~2.84 2.54 2.06~2.82 2.59 2.57 2.54 CIA 47.49~57.66 52.75 46.19~58.06 54.32 53.69 CIW 54.39~69.98 62.26 53.99~71.47 62.23 64.03 WIP 65.83~86.46 76.35 50.24~96.37 75.45 75.82 ICV 1.42~6.10 2.08 1.46~2.69 1.73 1.87 注: UCC为上大陆地壳,数据引自Taylor and McLennan(1985);铝饱和指数A/CNK=Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O);铝指数A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O);化学蚀变指数CIA=n(Al2O3)/[n(Al2O3)+n(CaO*)+n(Na2O)+n(K2O)]×100,CaO*指的是仅存于硅酸盐中CaO的数量,不包括碳酸盐和磷酸盐矿物,计算方法:CaO剩余=CaO-P2O5×10/3,若CaO剩余<Na2O,令CaO*=CaO剩余,若CaO剩余>Na2O,令CaO*=Na2O,n指摩尔量;CIW=100×[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O)];ICV=[n(Fe2O3)+n(K2O)+n(Na2O)+n(CaO*)+n(MgO)+n(MnO)+n(TiO2)]/n(Al2O3);WIP=[(2Na2O/0.35+MgO/0.9+2K2O/0.25+CaO*/0.7)]×100。 -
研究区微量元素测试结果如表2所示,其中含量最高的是Ba、Sr和Zr,与UCC各元素含量相比,Ba和Cu含量明显更高,Ba的平均含量为1 418.68 μg/g,远高于UCC平均值(628 μg/g),Cu的平均含量为69.86 μg/g,远高于UCC平均值(28 μg/g)。Nb元素含量明显偏低,平均为9.62 μg/g,远低于UCC平均值(27 μg/g),其余微量元素含量均与UCC相当,具有Ba和Cu富集,Nb亏损的特征。
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研究区稀土元素整体含量介于55.96~223.97 μg/g,平均为162.22 μg/g,变化范围较大,低于北美页岩平均值173.21 μg/g,高于上大陆地壳平均值(128.44 μg/g,Taylor and McLennan,1985),轻稀土元素/重稀土元素(LREE/HREE)介于4.92~12.96,平均为9.82,高于北美页岩(7.5),(La/Yb)N含量介于0.84~1.73,平均为1.35,低于UCC平均值(1.50),反映稀土元素分馏程度不高,Sm/Nd介于0.17~0.23,平均为0.21,略高于大陆上地壳平均值(0.17)。δEu含量介于0.67~1.23,平均为0.95,δCe含量介于0.77~0.99,平均为0.85,Ceanom介于-0.086 8~0.018 0,平均为-0.059,δEu、δCe和Ceanom均低于大陆上地壳平均值,呈弱负异常。
两口井的稀土元素北美页岩标准化曲线(图5)整体上均表现出轻稀土相对富集、曲线陡峭,重稀土相对亏损、曲线平缓的右倾趋势,显示源岩成分与上地壳的长英质成分相似,ST1井样品表现出Eu强烈亏损(图5a),ST2井样品表现出Eu轻微亏损、Dy强烈亏损(图5b)。两口井样品具有不一致的稀土元素配分曲线,表明研究区第四系沉积物可能具有不同的物源。
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沉积岩的地球化学成分在受源区特征控制的基础上,也会受到风化、再旋回作用以及成岩作用的影响,改变沉积岩化学成分,导致运用地球化学特征判断源区不准确,所以需要对干扰因素进行讨论(李俊等,2024)。
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黏土及粉砂级全岩样品可以减少搬运过程中分选作用对物源区成分的影响,本文所采用的样品均为成岩作用弱的泥岩或粉砂质泥岩,其地球化学特征可以基本反映沉积物物源区的物质组成特征(张茜等,2020)。Th/Sc-Zr/Sc交会图能够反映沉积物是否受到分选以及再循环作用的影响(McLennan,1993)。沉积再循环会轻微提高沉积岩的Th/Sc值,而大幅度提高Zr/Sc值。在Th/Sc-Zr/Sc判别图中,Th/Sc和Zr/Sc值变化趋势与成分分异演化线正相关性较强,ST1、ST2几乎所有点均沿着玄武岩—安山岩—英安岩—UCC—花岗岩成分演化线分布,且主要在上地壳长英质附近(图6a),这表明沉积物没有受到沉积分选和再循环作用的影响或只经历了微弱的沉积再循环。在[Al2O3-(CaO*+Na2O)-K2O](A-CN-K)三角图中(图6b),样点呈线性关系,近似平行于预测化学风化趋势线,说明钾的交代作用对样品影响较小。
图 6 样品Th/Sc⁃Zr/Sc判别图(McLennan,1993)、A⁃CN⁃K三角图(Fedo et al.,1995)、ICV⁃CIA(Deng et al.,2019)、WIP⁃CIA(Garzanti et al.,2013)交会图
Figure 6. Sample Th/Sc⁃Zr/Sc discrimination diagram, A⁃CN⁃K triangulation, ICV⁃CIA, and WIP⁃CIA rendezvous diagrams
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在风化过程中,斜长石比钾长石更容易分解蚀变,矿物中的Na+比K+更容易析出,导致长石类矿物发生黏土化、碱金属离子流失,以致矿物中K2O/Na2O值异常的高(屈李华等,2018),样品K2O/Na2O值平均为1.22,略高于上地壳的0.85,指示母岩经历较弱程度风化。碎屑沉积岩SiO2主要来自石英碎屑,Al2O3主要来自黏土矿物和长石,因此,SiO2/Al2O3可以用来反映沉积物的成熟度,随着石英含量增多,长石和基性矿物减少,SiO2/Al2O3值增大,沉积物成熟度升高(张茜等,2020)。本文样品SiO2/Al2O3值介于2.63~4.65,平均为3.21,具有成熟度低、硅质富集、近物源特征,表明其未经历强烈蚀变作用。
前人研究提出,CIA=50~60,反映弱的风化程度;CIA=60~80,反映中等风化程度;CIA=80~100,反映强烈风化程度(Deng et al.,2019)。ST1井样品的CIA值介于47.49~57.66,平均为52.75,ST2井样品的CIA值介于46.19~58.06,平均为54.32,两口井的平均值为53.69,反映源区遭受弱的风化作用(图6b,c)。CIW值越高,代表的物源区风化程度越强,样品的CIW平均值为64.03,同样显示源岩未经历强烈风化作用。
碎屑岩的ICV>1,指示未风化、低成分成熟度和构造活动带的首次沉积;ICV<1,指示可能经历了强烈的风化作用。研究区第四系样品的ICV值介于1.42~6.10,平均值为1.87(>1),说明样品成分成熟度低、未经历强烈风化作用(图6c)。此外,更低的WIP值通常指示更强的风化作用(Garzanti et al.,2013),样品的WIP值介于50.24~96.37,平均为75.82,CIA-WIP图中,样点均落入低等化学风化区域附近(图6d)。
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稀土元素的分配模式会受成岩作用影响而发生变化,受成岩作用影响越强,Ce越富集、Eu越亏损,δCe与∑REE、δCe与(La/Sm)N则呈现良好的正相关性,反之亦然(苑广尧和李凤杰,2023)。ST1井样品的δCe与δEu、δCe与∑REE、δCe与∑REE相关系数分别为R2=0.029 41、R2=0.004 42、R2=0.477 25,ST2井样品的δCe与δEu、δCe与∑REE、δCe与(La/Sm)N相关系数分别为R2=0.058 22、R2=0.233 26、R2=0.012 94。两口井样品的δCe与δEu、∑REE和(La/Sm)N的相关性均极低(图7),反映了成岩作用对该组样品的稀土元素分配模式影响较小。
图 7 样品的δCe⁃δEu、δCe⁃ΣREE、δCe⁃(La/Sm)N相关性图解
Figure 7. Correlation diagrams of δCe⁃δEu, δCe⁃ΣREE, and δCe⁃(La/Sm)N of the samples
通过上述综合判断,研究区样品受到的风化、再旋回和成岩作用较弱,地球化学组分从源区到沉积区变化较小,能够有效地反映源区特征,可以用来指示物源和源区属性。
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利用前人总结的判别参数对本次样品进行分析,认为涩北地区ST1井、ST2井第四系泥岩源区为上地壳长英质岩,可能为古老的地质体、克拉通或是再旋回造山带(张茜等,2020)。依据如下:
(1) 沉积岩的Al2O3/TiO2值一般与其母岩保持一致,当Al2O3/TiO2值介于19~28时,沉积物的母岩可能来源于长英质岩石,当Al2O3/TiO2值小于14时,沉积物的母岩可能来源于镁铁质岩石(张云望等,2023)。两口井样品的Al2O3/TiO2平均值为27.99,反映母岩可能来自长英质岩石。长英质的物源一般具有较低的TiO2/Zr值(<55),中等的TiO2/Zr值(55~200)指示中性的物源,而高的TiO2/Zr值(>200)则指示铁镁质的物源(Hayashi et al.,1997)。两口井样品的TiO2/Zr平均值均低于55,指示长英质火成物源区。代表超铁镁—铁镁质组分的铬铁矿、橄榄石和辉石等矿物趋于富集Cr元素,而代表长英质组分的锆石中富集Zr元素(屈李华等,2018)。ST1井样品Cr/Zr值为0.47,ST2井样品Cr/Zr值为0.49,明显低于1,反映源岩为长英质。La/Sc、Th/Sc、Cr/Th和Co/Th大体上均指示长英质源区(表3)。
表 3 样品与不同源岩相关参数对比表
Table 3. Correlation parameters between samples and different source rocks
判别参数 长英质源区 铁镁质源区 ST1 ST2 ST1+ST2 Al2O3/TiO2 19-28 <14 29.61 26.89 27.99 TiO2/Zr <55 >200 35.86 45.31 41.49 Cr/Zr <1 >1 0.47 0.49 0.48 La/Sc 2.50-16.00 0.40-1.10 3.11 2.55 2.76 Th/Sc 0.83-20.00 0.04-0.05 1.23 0.50 0.78 Cr/Th 0.50-7.70 22.00-100.00 4.56 9.58 7.67 Co/Th 0.22-1.50 7.10-8.30 1.40 4.819 3.52 注: Al2O3/TiO2数据来自张云望等(2023),TiO2/Zr数据来自Hayashi et al.(1997) ,Cr/Zr数据来自屈李华等(2018),La/Sc、Th/Sc、Cr/Th、Co/Th数据来自Cullers(1994)。(2) 根据TiO2、Al2O3、Fe2O3、MgO、CaO、Na2O、K2O而建立的多变量判别函数图解进行投图,样品在限定物源区特征的F1-F2图解中,大部分投在了长英质火成物源区,少数投在中性岩火成物源区,只有个别样点落入石英质沉积物源区和中性岩火成物源区(图8a)。
(3) 所有样品均具有低而相对稳定的Co/Th的值,La/Sc值的变化范围较大,Co/Th-La/Sc判别图解反映ST1、ST2井的样品源区主要为长英质岩石(图8b)。
(4) La/Th-Hf判别图解显示,ST1井、ST2井的大多数样品投点落在上地壳、长英质物源区和长英质/基性混合物源区范围内,ST1井样品更偏向上地壳物源,ST2井样品更多落在长英质和基性岩混合源区(图8c)。
(5) 沉积物的稀土元素化学性质稳定,其配分模式整体保留了源岩的分配特征,对揭示物源具有重要指示意义(刘兵等,2022)。在La/Yb-ΣREE图中(图8d),ST1井、ST2井泥岩样品投点位于沉积岩、花岗岩交界区域,少部分落在玄武岩区域边缘,进一步说明ST1井、ST2井的大多数样品均来自上地壳,成分主要受到长英质源区影响。
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大地构造背景和物源条件是决定碎屑沉积岩地球化学特征最重要的因素,因此,碎屑沉积岩地球化学特征不仅能示踪物源条件,也能准确判别沉积岩源区的大地构造背景(Liu et al.,2021)。碎屑岩中的La、Zr、Th、Co和Sc等含量对构造环境极为敏感,是良好的大地构造背景指标(Bhatia and Crook,1986)。SiO2/Al2O3-K2O/Na2O图解和K2O/Na2O-SiO2图解(Roser and Korsch,1986,1988)显示(图9a,b),样品几乎所有的点均投到活动大陆边缘区和岛弧区域内,个别点落在大洋岛弧和被动大陆边缘区域。
方国庆(1993)认为SiO2/Al2O3大致表示石英的富集程度,K2O/(Na2O+CaO)值能较好地反映出物源区性质及砂岩成熟度的高低,随着石英富集程度降低,SiO2/Al2O3值减小,构造环境从被动大陆边缘向活动大陆边缘和岛弧环境转化,K2O/(Na2O+CaO)-SiO2/Al2O3图解显示样品大部分均分布于活动大陆边缘区域,仅少数样品偏移落入岛弧环境区域。在Ti/Zr-La/Sc构造环境判别图解中,样品投点主要落在活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧区域附近(图9c,d)。
Bhatia and Crook(1986)认为Th、Sc、Co等很难被分解、不易受风化搬运以及沉积作用的影响,能很好地反映物源区的地球化学性质,故可以应用在沉积物源以及构造背景的研究中。La-Th-Sc、Th-Co-Zr/10和Th-Sc-Zr/10图解是较为有效的微量元素源区构造背景判别图解,将构造背景分成四种:大洋岛弧、大陆岛弧、活动大陆边缘及被动大陆边缘,三湖地区第四系泥岩均投点于活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧区域,与上述结果相吻合。
Bhatia and Crook(1986)总结了不同构造背景的地球化学参数,本文样品与之对比表明,本区第四系泥岩多与活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧的元素特征相近(表4)。综上所述,多种图解、参数特征相互印证涩北地区第四系沉积物源区为活动大陆边缘环境,具有构造活动强烈的构造背景。
表 4 样品与不同构造背景相关参数对比表(Bhatia and Crook,1986;Bhatia,1985)
Table 4. Comparison of relevant parameters between samples and different structural backgrounds (Bhatia and Crook,1986;Bhatia,1985)
构造背景 大洋岛弧 大陆岛弧 活动大陆边缘 被动大陆边缘 ST1 ST2 ST1+ST2 ∑REE 58±10 146±20 186 210 171.03 156.82 162.22 LREE/HREE 3.8±0.9 7.7±1.7 9.10 8.50 8.36 10.72 9.82 La/Yb 4.2±1.5 11.0±3.6 12.5 15.9 14.01 13.82 13.89 (La/Yb)N 2.8±0.9 7.5±2.5 8.30 10.80 1.36 1.34 1.35 δEu 1.04±0.11 0.79±0.13 0.60 0.56 0.82 1.07 0.97 Th 2.27±0.7 11.11±1.1 18.8±3 16.7±3.5 14.80 7.31 10.16 U 1.09±0.21 2.53±0.24 3.9±0.5 3.2±0.8 5.17 1.81 3.09 Zr 96±20 229±27 179±33 298±80 142.13 129.63 134.38 Nb 2.0±0.4 8.5±0.8 10.7±1.4 7.9±1.9 9.75 9.54 9.62 Y 19.5±5.6 24.2±2.2 24.9±3.6 27.3±5.3 25.51 22.33 23.54 Nd 11.36±2.9 20.8±1.6 25.4±3.4 29.0±5.03 31.76 25.36 27.79 V 131±40 89±13.7 48±5.9 31±9.9 87.93 93.17 91.18 Cr 37±13 51±6.5 26±4.9 39±8.5 66.90 62.40 64.11 Ni 11±5.1 13±2.0 10±2.5 8±4.4 34.70 36.02 35.52 Rb/Sr 0.05±0.05 0.65±0.33 0.89±0.24 1.19±0.40 0.47 0.37 0.41 Ba/Rb 21.3±5.0 7.5±1.3 4.5±0.8 4.7±1.1 10.69 15.94 13.95 Ba/Sr 0.95±0.60 3.55±1.40 3.8±0.7 4.7±1.3 4.46 5.01 4.80 Th/U 2.1±0.78 4.6±0.45 4.8±0.38 5.6±0.7 3.31 5.10 4.42 Zr/Th 48±13.4 21.5±2.4 9.5±0.7 19.1±5.8 9.69 20.01 16.09 Zr/Y 5.67±1.94 9.6±0.8 7.2±0.4 12.4±4.0 5.62 5.84 5.76 Nb/Y 0.11±0.03 0.36±0.04 0.43±0.04 0.30±0.06 0.39 0.43 0.41 -
印度大陆与欧亚大陆的碰撞、持续汇聚和远程效应使得柴达木盆地周围山脉快速抬升、盆地快速沉降(段磊等,2022)。大量的低温热年代学与盆地分析研究揭示,柴达木盆地南缘东昆仑山在35~25 Ma发生快速隆升,10~15 Ma以来东昆仑断裂带强烈活动,盆地北缘南祁连山自~30 Ma开始变形、抬升、侵蚀,10~15 Ma开始快速隆升并伴随强烈的侵蚀作用,盆地西缘的阿尔金断裂带渐新世强烈左旋走滑,约15 Ma发生显著的构造变形(王伟涛等,2022),河流系统将三大山脉风化、侵蚀的碎屑物质搬运到沉降盆地中;即柴达木盆地南、北、西三侧造山带(断裂带)均已成为沉积物源区。第四纪继承了古近纪—新近纪盆地南、北、西三向物源区特点,物源分布具有区域性,不同沉积部位受各物源供给影响不同。三湖坳陷位于盆地中东部,在第四纪属于盆地沉积中心,距离西缘阿尔金山物源较远。前人在三湖坳陷的第四系重矿物、沉积特征物源研究表明(田继先等,2009;郭泽清等,2010),三湖坳陷主要受到南部昆仑山物源控制,第四系乌图美仁河、格尔木河、大灶火河等均可能为其搬运剥蚀物质,其次为东北部埃坶尼克山物源,北部祁连山弱物源控制,这与此次研究结论吻合(Cheng et al.,2021)。ST1和ST2地球化学特征具有相似性,也存在不同,说明其存在部分相同的物源,同时也存在来自不同方向的物源。前人在柴北缘鱼卡河测得的花岗质片麻岩原岩年龄为952±19 Ma(林慈銮等,2006),地球化学特征显示为过铝质特征,具有地壳重熔型同碰撞花岗岩的特征,记录了中—新元古代的陆块汇聚事件。早古生代,柴达木盆地北缘存在陆—陆碰撞的深俯冲以及俯冲后的折返过程(张建新等,2000);在早二叠世,受古亚洲洋汇聚碰撞的影响塔里木板块东南缘也处于岛弧向后造山环境方向的演化(刘东晓等,2016),其地球化学特征与ST1井更为一致。三湖坳陷南侧的东昆仑造山带以长英质沉积岩和火成岩为主,大地构造背景为活动大陆边缘和大陆岛弧的背景,地球化学特征与ST2井一致,说明来自东昆仑的物源为ST2井的主要物源。因此,推断三湖坳陷涩北地区第四系沉积物均接受来自坳陷南侧的东昆仑造山带和坳陷北侧的南祁连造山带的物源供给,其中ST1井以来自北侧的南祁连造山带为主要物源,ST2井以来自南侧的东昆仑造山带为主要物源。
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(1) 涩北地区第四系沉积物源主要来自上地壳长英质沉积岩和火成岩源区,源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘。
(2) 涩北地区第四系沉积物均接受了来自坳陷南侧的东昆仑造山带和坳陷北侧的南祁连造山带的物源供给,其中ST1井以来自北侧的南祁连造山带为主要物源,ST2井以来自南侧的东昆仑造山带为主要物源。
样品 ST1 ST1平均值 ST2 ST2平均值 ST1+ST2平均值 UCC平均值 Rb 44.11~244.92 151.10 31.91~162.13 103.35 121.49 82 Sr 108.24~921.34 420.98 141.50~1525.67 410.40 414.42 320 U 2.42~9.27 5.17 0.66~6.06 1.81 3.09 2.70 Ba 465.70~2586.86 1267.03 594.52~7292.71 1511.63 1418.68 628 V 38.27~118.19 87.93 23.95~119.35 93.17 91.18 97 Cr 29.29~91.98 66.90 18.64~77.70 62.40 64.11 92 Ni 20.48~53.36 34.70 12.31~68.86 36.02 35.52 47 Ta 0.47~1.03 0.85 0.28~1.08 0.89 0.88 0.9 Nb 5.36~11.83 9.75 2.63~15.74 9.54 9.62 27 Yb 1.48~3.28 2.66 0.86~3.30 2.70 2.68 2 Hf 2.17~5.06 3.96 1.33~4.48 3.53 3.69 5.3 Zr 76.69~179.76 142.13 51.00~192.90 129.63 134.38 193 Y 15.29~32.32 25.51 8.13~29.04 22.33 23.54 21 Sc 5.80~16.86 12.19 6.69~27.91 15.99 14.55 14 Th 8.69~19.63 14.80 1.53~17.22 7.31 10.16 10.5 Co 13.93~26.86 19.92 15.12~64.72 27.50 24.62 17.3 Cu 15.94~60.01 41.04 9.38~603.10 87.52 69.86 28 Zn 41.33~106.93 84.98 6.54~138.74 50.11 63.36 67 La 19.63~49.22 37.00 14.02~46.45 36.80 36.88 31 Ce 39.25~88.54 68.45 24.01~86.26 66.41 67.19 63 Pr 4.96~11.47 8.52 2.76~9.55 7.60 7.95 7.1 Nd 18.84~42.42 31.76 8.54~34.09 25.36 27.79 27 Sm 3.43~7.92 5.99 1.90~7.13 5.60 5.75 4.7 Eu 0.58~1.39 1.05 0.42~1.56 1.21 1.15 1 Gd 3.14~7.00 5.31 1.46~10.82 4.46 4.78 4 Tb 0.51~1.12 0.86 0.28~1.05 0.82 0.84 0.7 Dy 2.88~6.26 4.89 0.39~6.26 1.49 2.78 3.9 Ho 0.57~1.23 0.96 0.32~3.96 1.08 1.04 0.83 Er 1.58~3.41 2.73 0.76~7.37 2.53 2.60 2.3 Tm 0.24~0.52 0.42 0.12~0.46 0.37 0.39 0.3 Yb 1.48~3.28 2.66 0.86~3.30 2.70 2.68 2 Lu 0.22~0.49 0.40 0.13~3.30 2.70 0.40 0.31 Rb/Sr 0.18~1.37 0.47 0.02~0.63 0.37 0.41 0.26 Ba/Rb 2.75~58.64 10.69 6.28~77.58 15.94 13.95 7.66 Ba/Sr 0.77~17.48 4.46 0.76~25.79 5.01 4.80 1.96 Th/U 0.94~5.53 3.31 0.79~11.15 5.10 4.42 3.89 Zr/Th 7.44~15.74 9.69 8.18~33.26 20.01 16.09 18.38 Zr/Y 3.89~8.90 5.62 4.95~9.17 5.84 5.76 9.19 Nb/Y 0.29~0.58 0.39 0.39~0.61 0.42 0.41 1.29 La/Yb 8.67~16.51 14.01 11.21~17.90 13.82 13.89 15.50 ∑REE 100.43~223.97 171.03 55.96~198.62 156.82 162.22 148.14 LREE 87.73~200.66 152.78 51.65~182.15 142.99 146.71 133.8 HREE 10.62~23.32 18.25 4.31~33.08 13.83 15.51 14.34 LREE/HREE 6.62~9.33 8.36 4.92~12.96 10.72 9.82 9.33 δCe 0.80~0.99 0.84 0.77~0.93 0.86 0.85 0.92 δEu 0.76~0.89 0.82 0.67~1.23 1.07 0.97 1.01 Ceanom -0.09~0.01 -0.07 -0.09~-0.02 -0.05 -0.06 -0.03 (La/Yb)N 0.84~1.60 1.36 1.09~1.73 1.34 1.35 1.50
Geochemical Characteristics and Source Area Analysis of Quaternary Mudstones in the Sanhu Depression of the Qaidam Basin
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摘要: 目的 明确柴达木盆地三湖坳陷第四系泥岩的物源属性和构造背景,可为三湖地区第四系生物气勘探开发提供地质依据。 方法 对涩北地区涩探1井(ST1井)、涩探2井(ST2井)第四系不同深度的岩心样品进行主、微量元素及稀土元素分析。 结果 (1)涩北地区第四系泥岩具有低硅(SiO2=48.17%)、高铝(Al2O3=15.23%,铝指数A/NK=2.54,铝饱和指数A/CNK=1.59)、富镁钙(MgO=3.81%,CaO=7.91%)、较富铁(Fe2O3=4.99)、全碱含量较低(K2O+Na2O=5.94%)、Ba和Cu相较于上大陆地壳(UCC)明显富集、Nb亏损、其余微量元素和稀土元素含量与上地壳相当的特征;(2)涩北地区样品受沉积分选和再循环、化学风化和成岩作用影响小,其元素特征可以有效地指示物源和构造背景。主微量元素和稀土元素比值均指示三湖坳陷第四系泥岩沉积物源主要来自上地壳长英质沉积岩和火成岩源区,物源区构造背景为活动大陆边缘环境;(3)三湖坳陷第四系沉积物的潜在物源区为坳陷南侧的东昆仑造山带、坳陷北侧的南祁连造山带,其中ST1井以来自北侧的南祁连造山带为主要物源,ST2井以来自南侧的东昆仑造山带为主要物源。 结论 三湖坳陷第四系泥岩物质来源具有南北双向供给特征,其地球化学参数为活动大陆边缘背景下沉积岩—火成岩混合源区的可靠指示。Abstract: Objective Clarifying the provenance and structural background of the Quaternary mudstone in the Sanhu Depression of the Qaidam Basin can provide geological basis for the exploration and development of Quaternary biogas in the Sanhu area. Methods This study conducted analysis of the major, trace, and rare earth elements on core samples from different depths of the Quaternary strata in the well Setan 1 and well Setan2 (well ST1 and well ST2) of the Sebei area. Results (1) The Quaternary mudstones in the Sebei area have low silicon (SiO2=48.17%), high aluminum (Al2O3=15.23%, aluminum index A/NK=2.54, aluminum saturation index A/NK = 1.59), rich magnesium and calcium (MgO=3.81%, CaO=7.91%), relatively rich iron (Fe2O3=4.99), and low total alkali content (K2O + Na2O=5.94%). The Ba and Cu contents are significantly enriched compared to Upper Continental Crust (UCC). Nb is deficient, and the content of other trace and rare earth elements is equivalent to that of the upper crust. (2) The samples in the research area are less affected by sedimentary sorting and recycling, chemical weathering, and diagenesis, and their elemental characteristics can indicate the source and tectonic background. The ratios of major, trace, and rare earth elements of Quaternary mudstones in the Sanhu Depression indicate that the sedimentary sources are primarily derived from the upper crustal felsic sedimentary and igneous rocks, with the tectonic background of the source areas being an active continental margin environment. (3) The potential source areas of Quaternary sediments in the Sanhu Depression are the East Kunlun and South Qilian Orogenic Belts. Among them, well ST1 is mainly sourced from the South Qilian Orogenic Belt on the north side, and well ST2 is mainly sourced from the East Kunlun Orogenic Belt on the south side. Conclusions The source of Quaternary mudstones in the Sanhu Depression has a bidirectional supply characteristic from north to south, and its geochemical parameters are reliable indicators of the mixed source area of sedimentary rocks, which came from igneous rocks under the background of active continental margins.
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Key words:
- elemental geochemistry /
- source area /
- mudstones /
- Sanhu Depression /
- Qaidam Basin
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图 1 (a,b)柴达木盆地三湖坳陷构造简图(据朱筱敏等,2002;杨辉等,2012;孙平等,2013修改)及(c)第四系地层柱状图(据王波等,2025修改)
Figure 1. (a, b) Tectonic map (modified from Zhu et al., 2002; Yang et al., 2012; Sun et al., 2013) and (c) stratigraphic histogram (modified from Wang et al., 2025) of the Quaternary Formation in the Sanhu Depression, Qaidam Basin
图 2 (a)研究区第四系等厚图(Yin et al.,2021)及(b,c)采样井岩性柱状图
Figure 2. (a) Isopach map of the Quaternary in the study area and (b, c) lithologic column of sampling wells
图 6 样品Th/Sc⁃Zr/Sc判别图(McLennan,1993)、A⁃CN⁃K三角图(Fedo et al.,1995)、ICV⁃CIA(Deng et al.,2019)、WIP⁃CIA(Garzanti et al.,2013)交会图
Figure 6. Sample Th/Sc⁃Zr/Sc discrimination diagram, A⁃CN⁃K triangulation, ICV⁃CIA, and WIP⁃CIA rendezvous diagrams
表 1 ST1井、ST2井样品主量元素含量(%)及相关参数
Table 1. Main element contents in samples from well ST1 and well ST2
样品 ST1 ST1平均值 ST2 ST2平均值 ST1+ST2平均值 UCC平均值 SiO2 21.08~52.54 46.00 38.76~54.62 49.65 48.17 66.60 Al2O3 7.56~18.10 14.73 8.41~18.34 15.57 15.23 15.40 Fe2O3 3.24~9.21 4.99 3.74~10.93 5.89 5.52 5.04 CaO 4.01~19.12 9.62 1.23~15.85 6.75 7.91 3.59 MgO 3.05~13.83 4.41 2.52~4.60 3.41 3.81 2.48 K2O 1.42~4.06 3.09 1.65~4.21 3.48 3.32 2.80 Na2O 1.65~3.10 2.66 1.79~4.75 3.41 2.61 3.27 MnO 0.07~0.21 0.10 0.04~0.25 0.12 0.11 0.10 TiO2 0.27~0.63 0.50 0.32~0.73 0.58 0.55 0.64 P2O5 0.09~0.15 0.12 0.09~0.22 0.12 0.12 0.15 Al2O3/TiO2 22.33~37.74 29.61 16.41~33.93 26.89 27.99 24.06 SiO2/Al2O3 2.73~3.97 3.15 2.63~4.65 3.25 3.21 4.32 Na2O/K2O 0.59~1.45 0.92 0.52~1.14 0.75 0.82 1.17 Fe2O3/K2O 1.24~3.14 1.66 1.26~2.85 1.73 1.70 1.80 A/CNK 0.34~1.64 1.03 0.49~1.93 1.27 1.18 1.59 A/NK 2.23~2.84 2.54 2.06~2.82 2.59 2.57 2.54 CIA 47.49~57.66 52.75 46.19~58.06 54.32 53.69 CIW 54.39~69.98 62.26 53.99~71.47 62.23 64.03 WIP 65.83~86.46 76.35 50.24~96.37 75.45 75.82 ICV 1.42~6.10 2.08 1.46~2.69 1.73 1.87 注: UCC为上大陆地壳,数据引自Taylor and McLennan(1985);铝饱和指数A/CNK=Al2O3/(CaO+Na2O+K2O);铝指数A/NK=Al2O3/(Na2O+K2O);化学蚀变指数CIA=n(Al2O3)/[n(Al2O3)+n(CaO*)+n(Na2O)+n(K2O)]×100,CaO*指的是仅存于硅酸盐中CaO的数量,不包括碳酸盐和磷酸盐矿物,计算方法:CaO剩余=CaO-P2O5×10/3,若CaO剩余<Na2O,令CaO*=CaO剩余,若CaO剩余>Na2O,令CaO*=Na2O,n指摩尔量;CIW=100×[Al2O3/(Al2O3+CaO*+Na2O)];ICV=[n(Fe2O3)+n(K2O)+n(Na2O)+n(CaO*)+n(MgO)+n(MnO)+n(TiO2)]/n(Al2O3);WIP=[(2Na2O/0.35+MgO/0.9+2K2O/0.25+CaO*/0.7)]×100。表 3 样品与不同源岩相关参数对比表
Table 3. Correlation parameters between samples and different source rocks
判别参数 长英质源区 铁镁质源区 ST1 ST2 ST1+ST2 Al2O3/TiO2 19-28 <14 29.61 26.89 27.99 TiO2/Zr <55 >200 35.86 45.31 41.49 Cr/Zr <1 >1 0.47 0.49 0.48 La/Sc 2.50-16.00 0.40-1.10 3.11 2.55 2.76 Th/Sc 0.83-20.00 0.04-0.05 1.23 0.50 0.78 Cr/Th 0.50-7.70 22.00-100.00 4.56 9.58 7.67 Co/Th 0.22-1.50 7.10-8.30 1.40 4.819 3.52 注: Al2O3/TiO2数据来自张云望等(2023),TiO2/Zr数据来自Hayashi et al.(1997) ,Cr/Zr数据来自屈李华等(2018),La/Sc、Th/Sc、Cr/Th、Co/Th数据来自Cullers(1994)。表 4 样品与不同构造背景相关参数对比表(Bhatia and Crook,1986;Bhatia,1985)
Table 4. Comparison of relevant parameters between samples and different structural backgrounds (Bhatia and Crook,1986;Bhatia,1985)
构造背景 大洋岛弧 大陆岛弧 活动大陆边缘 被动大陆边缘 ST1 ST2 ST1+ST2 ∑REE 58±10 146±20 186 210 171.03 156.82 162.22 LREE/HREE 3.8±0.9 7.7±1.7 9.10 8.50 8.36 10.72 9.82 La/Yb 4.2±1.5 11.0±3.6 12.5 15.9 14.01 13.82 13.89 (La/Yb)N 2.8±0.9 7.5±2.5 8.30 10.80 1.36 1.34 1.35 δEu 1.04±0.11 0.79±0.13 0.60 0.56 0.82 1.07 0.97 Th 2.27±0.7 11.11±1.1 18.8±3 16.7±3.5 14.80 7.31 10.16 U 1.09±0.21 2.53±0.24 3.9±0.5 3.2±0.8 5.17 1.81 3.09 Zr 96±20 229±27 179±33 298±80 142.13 129.63 134.38 Nb 2.0±0.4 8.5±0.8 10.7±1.4 7.9±1.9 9.75 9.54 9.62 Y 19.5±5.6 24.2±2.2 24.9±3.6 27.3±5.3 25.51 22.33 23.54 Nd 11.36±2.9 20.8±1.6 25.4±3.4 29.0±5.03 31.76 25.36 27.79 V 131±40 89±13.7 48±5.9 31±9.9 87.93 93.17 91.18 Cr 37±13 51±6.5 26±4.9 39±8.5 66.90 62.40 64.11 Ni 11±5.1 13±2.0 10±2.5 8±4.4 34.70 36.02 35.52 Rb/Sr 0.05±0.05 0.65±0.33 0.89±0.24 1.19±0.40 0.47 0.37 0.41 Ba/Rb 21.3±5.0 7.5±1.3 4.5±0.8 4.7±1.1 10.69 15.94 13.95 Ba/Sr 0.95±0.60 3.55±1.40 3.8±0.7 4.7±1.3 4.46 5.01 4.80 Th/U 2.1±0.78 4.6±0.45 4.8±0.38 5.6±0.7 3.31 5.10 4.42 Zr/Th 48±13.4 21.5±2.4 9.5±0.7 19.1±5.8 9.69 20.01 16.09 Zr/Y 5.67±1.94 9.6±0.8 7.2±0.4 12.4±4.0 5.62 5.84 5.76 Nb/Y 0.11±0.03 0.36±0.04 0.43±0.04 0.30±0.06 0.39 0.43 0.41 样品 ST1 ST1平均值 ST2 ST2平均值 ST1+ST2平均值 UCC平均值 Rb 44.11~244.92 151.10 31.91~162.13 103.35 121.49 82 Sr 108.24~921.34 420.98 141.50~1525.67 410.40 414.42 320 U 2.42~9.27 5.17 0.66~6.06 1.81 3.09 2.70 Ba 465.70~2586.86 1267.03 594.52~7292.71 1511.63 1418.68 628 V 38.27~118.19 87.93 23.95~119.35 93.17 91.18 97 Cr 29.29~91.98 66.90 18.64~77.70 62.40 64.11 92 Ni 20.48~53.36 34.70 12.31~68.86 36.02 35.52 47 Ta 0.47~1.03 0.85 0.28~1.08 0.89 0.88 0.9 Nb 5.36~11.83 9.75 2.63~15.74 9.54 9.62 27 Yb 1.48~3.28 2.66 0.86~3.30 2.70 2.68 2 Hf 2.17~5.06 3.96 1.33~4.48 3.53 3.69 5.3 Zr 76.69~179.76 142.13 51.00~192.90 129.63 134.38 193 Y 15.29~32.32 25.51 8.13~29.04 22.33 23.54 21 Sc 5.80~16.86 12.19 6.69~27.91 15.99 14.55 14 Th 8.69~19.63 14.80 1.53~17.22 7.31 10.16 10.5 Co 13.93~26.86 19.92 15.12~64.72 27.50 24.62 17.3 Cu 15.94~60.01 41.04 9.38~603.10 87.52 69.86 28 Zn 41.33~106.93 84.98 6.54~138.74 50.11 63.36 67 La 19.63~49.22 37.00 14.02~46.45 36.80 36.88 31 Ce 39.25~88.54 68.45 24.01~86.26 66.41 67.19 63 Pr 4.96~11.47 8.52 2.76~9.55 7.60 7.95 7.1 Nd 18.84~42.42 31.76 8.54~34.09 25.36 27.79 27 Sm 3.43~7.92 5.99 1.90~7.13 5.60 5.75 4.7 Eu 0.58~1.39 1.05 0.42~1.56 1.21 1.15 1 Gd 3.14~7.00 5.31 1.46~10.82 4.46 4.78 4 Tb 0.51~1.12 0.86 0.28~1.05 0.82 0.84 0.7 Dy 2.88~6.26 4.89 0.39~6.26 1.49 2.78 3.9 Ho 0.57~1.23 0.96 0.32~3.96 1.08 1.04 0.83 Er 1.58~3.41 2.73 0.76~7.37 2.53 2.60 2.3 Tm 0.24~0.52 0.42 0.12~0.46 0.37 0.39 0.3 Yb 1.48~3.28 2.66 0.86~3.30 2.70 2.68 2 Lu 0.22~0.49 0.40 0.13~3.30 2.70 0.40 0.31 Rb/Sr 0.18~1.37 0.47 0.02~0.63 0.37 0.41 0.26 Ba/Rb 2.75~58.64 10.69 6.28~77.58 15.94 13.95 7.66 Ba/Sr 0.77~17.48 4.46 0.76~25.79 5.01 4.80 1.96 Th/U 0.94~5.53 3.31 0.79~11.15 5.10 4.42 3.89 Zr/Th 7.44~15.74 9.69 8.18~33.26 20.01 16.09 18.38 Zr/Y 3.89~8.90 5.62 4.95~9.17 5.84 5.76 9.19 Nb/Y 0.29~0.58 0.39 0.39~0.61 0.42 0.41 1.29 La/Yb 8.67~16.51 14.01 11.21~17.90 13.82 13.89 15.50 ∑REE 100.43~223.97 171.03 55.96~198.62 156.82 162.22 148.14 LREE 87.73~200.66 152.78 51.65~182.15 142.99 146.71 133.8 HREE 10.62~23.32 18.25 4.31~33.08 13.83 15.51 14.34 LREE/HREE 6.62~9.33 8.36 4.92~12.96 10.72 9.82 9.33 δCe 0.80~0.99 0.84 0.77~0.93 0.86 0.85 0.92 δEu 0.76~0.89 0.82 0.67~1.23 1.07 0.97 1.01 Ceanom -0.09~0.01 -0.07 -0.09~-0.02 -0.05 -0.06 -0.03 (La/Yb)N 0.84~1.60 1.36 1.09~1.73 1.34 1.35 1.50 -
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