The Role of Microorganisms in the Oil Generation (I): The degradation of macromolecular organic matter and the elimination of oxygen-containing groups
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摘要: 近20~30年来,高温微生物学研究取得了迅猛发展,已发现高温菌(大于50℃~60℃)约70个属140种。最适合生长的温度普遍在60℃或80℃以上,最高生长温度可达110℃~113℃。在沉积物的浅层至深层,由低温至高温都广泛分布着厌氧微生物群体。它们分布在深层水中或岩石表面,包括各种分解菌、产氢菌、产甲烷菌等。这些菌种生存的温度同石油生成的主要温度段(60℃~100℃)大体相同。
微生物是单细胞生物,个体小,结构简单。当环境变化时,每个细胞能直接感受到环境的刺激,更易发生适应作用,发生遗传上的变异。高温、高压、高盐环境成为嗜热菌生存的良好环境。嗜热菌的大量发现为认识生命起源、油气藏的形成提供了坚实的理论基础。沉积物中有机质转化成石油是由大分子有机质(分子量可达数万至数十万)降解成中、低分子化合物的过程,由有机质富含含氧基团、杂原子变成基本不含含氧基团的过程。这些功能主要是由微生物作用完成的。碳是构成生命的核心原子,微生物需要从有机质中吸取碳源组成细胞壁、细胞膜、细胞质、细胞核等细胞物质。大分子有机质需逐步分解成简单的有机质才能被微生物吸收,如蛋白质分解成二肽,碳水化合物水解成单糖便可被微生物利用。厌氧微生物不断获取碳使有机质逐步变成简单化合物。微生物的厌氧呼吸使有机质中的含氧化合物减少,形成一些较原来基质更为还原的化合物。在沉积物的厌氧呼吸中,作为最终电子受体的物质是有机物结构上的羟基、羧基等官能团,除去含氧基团便形成了烃类。Abstract: Thermophilic microbiology has achieved rapid progress in the past 20 to 30 years and about 70 genera (140 species) of thermophilic bacteria have been found. The optimum growth temperature range for these bacteria is generally above 60℃ or 80℃, and the maximum temperature is 110℃~113℃. Anaerobic microorganisms, including a variety of bacteria like decomposition microorganisms, hydrogenogens and methanogens, are widely distributed from low temperature to high temperature in both shallow and deep deposits. They can be distributed in the deep water or on the surface of rock. The temperature at which these species live is close to the main temperature of oil formation (60℃~100℃).
Microorganisms are unicellular organisms, which have small individuals and simple structures. Each of their cells can directly feel the environmental stimuli when the environment changes. Then, they are more capable of adaptation and easier to generate genetic variations. A hypersaline environment of high temperature, high pressure is suitable for the thermophilic bacteria. The large number discoveries about the thermophilic bacterium provide a solid theoretical basis for understanding the origin of life and the formation of the oil and gas reservoirs. The conversion of sedimentary organic matter into petroleum is related to the process of degradation of macromolecular organic matter (molecular weight can reach tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands) into middle and low molecular compounds and the process of elimination of oxygen-containing (and other heteroatoms-containing) groups. These processes are mainly carried out by the microorganisms. Carbon is the core atom that constitutes life. Microorganisms need to draw the carbon source from the organic matter to form the cellular material, such as cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, and cell nucleus. Macromolecular organic matter can be absorbed by microorganisms when they are gradually broken down into simple organic matter, such as dipeptides from the decomposition of protein and simple sugars from the hydrolysis of carbohydrates. Anaerobic microorganisms will constantly obtain carbons and can help to turn the organic matter into simple compounds gradually. Anaerobic respiration of microorganisms leads to a reduction of the oxygen-containing compounds, forming the compounds that are more reduced than the original ones. As the final electron acceptor material in the anaerobic respiration of sediments, the organic matter containing groups such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, etc. then form the hydrocarbons by elimination of the oxygen-containing groups.-
Key words:
- biogeological processes /
- microorganism /
- oil and gas /
- thermophilic bacterium
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