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水槽沉积模拟实验是沉积学研究的重要手段[6-9]。实验在长江大学CNPC油气储层沉积模拟重点实验室的模拟湖盆内完成,整个实验室为16 m×6 m的大型水槽,本实验的实验区为5 m×5 m的可模拟基底沉降的活动底板区域,实验室条件符合陡坡带边界断裂持续沉降的活动特征。
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在断陷湖盆陡坡带边界断裂幕式活动与水下砂砾岩沉积作用分析的基础上,以东营凹陷北部陡坡带东段盐家及西段利津地区沉积背景和水下砂砾岩沉积特征为依据,根据沉积模拟实验相似性理论,开展了双物源水下砂砾岩沉积模拟实验。整个实验分四4个期次进行,分别模拟沙四下(第一沉积期)、沙四上纯下早期(第二沉积期)、沙四上纯下晚期(第三沉积期)、沙四上纯上(第四沉积期)四个沉积阶段的沉积情况。每一期次均按洪水期—枯水期—间歇期的过程开展沉积模拟,实验方案及实验参数如下所示(表 1)。
表 1 水槽模拟实验实施方案及实验参数
Table 1. Implementation scheme and parameters of flume experiment
(1)构造活动强度:依据东营凹陷北部陡坡带不同阶段沉积地层厚度,结合边界断裂幕式沉降的特征,确定四个沉积期的基底沉降幅度。第一沉积期活动底板平均下降10 cm,分两次完成;第二沉积期平均下降12 cm,分三次完成;第三沉积期活动底板平均下降12 cm,分三次完成;第四沉积期活动底板平均下降10 cm,分两次完成。整个模拟过程活动底板共下降48 cm。
(2)地形坡度:沿陈家庄凸起南侧古基岩面发育的陈南断裂带控制了整个盆地的发育演化,该断裂带东西延伸约200 km,整体呈EW向延伸。其中东段基底坡度较陡,倾角可达30°~40°。断裂的西段坡度相对较缓,倾角约为10°~20°。根据实验装置条件,陡坡带东段沉积基底按30°设计,西段沉积基底按10°设计,设置两个物源。
(3)物源组成:考虑到粒度分析取样时可能仅仅取到了砂岩样品,并没有取砾岩样品,而砂砾岩体含有较多砾岩的实际情况,重新设计物源组成。砾石含量占30%,粒径平均1~4 mm,平均粒径2 mm;粗砂20%,中细砂占50%。两个物源分别采用两种颜色的砂交替进行。
(4)古水深设计:根据古水深资料,沙四段早期基本上是盐湖,水体面积小,水体深度小,因此设计初始水深最大40 cm,最小25 cm,实验过程保持水深不变;随着沉积作用进行,水深逐渐增加,第二期水深平均60 cm,第三期70 cm,第四期80 cm,使沉积物始终处于水下。
(5)砂砾石注入过程:分洪水期和枯水期交替进行,四个模拟期中每一个模拟期注入两次洪水、两次枯水,洪水期与枯水期注入时间比例按照1:3设计,洪水期砂砾石浓度按25%~30%设计,枯水期中细砂浓度按10%设计;每一个模拟期砂砾石使用量按8~10 t设计。
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实验结果表明:陡坡带近岸水下扇是在断层幕式活动和气候控制下的阵发性洪水、洪水间歇期正常河流等多种沉积作用有序发育而形成的粗碎屑沉积体系。近岸水下扇扇主体为向岸一侧由快速堆积的砂砾岩体组成,在空间上呈朵体形态展布,可划分为扇根、扇中、扇端以及扇间4个亚相类型。由于水流频繁改道,形成纵向上多期叠置,平面上叠合连片的特征。扇外缘以深湖泥及滑塌浊积体组成,砂体分布较为局限。
扇主体的发育形态受控于物源供给量、地形坡度、构造活动强度及水体深度等因素的影响,坡度越大,构造活动越强,水体越深,近岸水下扇搬运距离越近。反之,向湖方向推进距离越远。通常情况下,陡坡带边界断层活动剧烈,近岸水带处于饥饿欠补偿的状态下,各期扇体始终以向岸退积序列为主[10-12]。实验第一及第二沉积期的模拟结果反映了上述特点。而在实验后两个沉积期的模拟过程中,随着边界断层活动的减弱及基底沉降量减小,枯水期沉积的扇体在早期洪水期沉积扇体的向湖盆中心一侧的斜坡上形成了一期新的沉积体。通过剖面切片解剖发现,该期沉积物在粒序上呈现明显的反韵律的旋回特征,在结构特征、形成机制以及油气成藏条件上与常规的近岸水下扇都具有较大的差异。该类沉积体超覆发育于前期形成的扇体的扇中—扇端亚相区域的斜坡上;区别于山坡高阶地风化堆积物形成的“坡积体”[13],将该类型的沉积体命名为“坡积朵叶体”。
Sedimentary Model and Genetic Mechanism for the Alluvial Lobes of the Offshore Underwater Fan Slope
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摘要: 通过水槽沉积模拟实验,发现近岸水下扇体系内存在一种特定沉积背景下与扇主体伴生的新沉积类型——坡积朵叶体。这种朵叶体发育于陡坡带砂砾岩体与滑塌浊积岩之间,是向扇根方向尖灭且缺失其所对应的扇根连接的独立砂体。区别于常规的近岸水下扇退积式正韵律的粒序,坡积朵叶体具有独特的前积反韵律的旋回特征,自然电位曲线多为漏斗状的反旋回,地震表现为向上下两侧尖灭的中强反射。研究结果认为坡积朵叶体主要有直接沉积和后期垮塌滑动两种成因机制,所需沉积背景条件为水体较浅,物源供应充足,休止角大于5°。该类型的沉积体与早期扇体与晚期扇体中间均发育泥岩隔层,自成圈闭,具有重要的油气勘探价值。Abstract: Based on the flume deposition simulation, there exists a new sedimentary type in the near-shore underwater fan system, which is associated with the fan body under a specific sedimentary background-slope accumulation lobes. It is an independent sand body developed between the sandy gravel rock body and the fluxoturbidite in the steep slope belt, which is pointed out by the fan root direction and lacks the corresponding fan root connection. Different from the normal grain sequence of the normal positive rhythm for the offshore subsurface fan recession, the porphyritic lobes have a unique characteristic of a reverse cycle of proplanar reverse rhythm, the spontaneous potential curve is mostly a funnel-shaped reverse cycle, and the earthquake is a medium strong reflection to the top and bottom of both sides. According to the study, there are mainly two genetic mechanisms of direct deposition and late-stage collapse and sliding, and the required sedimentary background conditions are shallow water and an abundant material supply, with a resting Angle of greater than 50. The mudstone interlayer is developed in the middle of the early and late fan body and the sedimentary body.
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表 1 水槽模拟实验实施方案及实验参数
Table 1. Implementation scheme and parameters of flume experiment
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